CN102771040A - 用于开关电功率的电子部件 - Google Patents

用于开关电功率的电子部件 Download PDF

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CN102771040A
CN102771040A CN2011800084942A CN201180008494A CN102771040A CN 102771040 A CN102771040 A CN 102771040A CN 2011800084942 A CN2011800084942 A CN 2011800084942A CN 201180008494 A CN201180008494 A CN 201180008494A CN 102771040 A CN102771040 A CN 102771040A
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conductor
semiconductor switch
electronic unit
conductor bar
substrate
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安德里亚斯·格鲁恩德尔
伯恩哈德·霍夫曼
克雷梅尔·亚历山大
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Compact Dynamics GmbH
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Abstract

一种用于开关电功率的电子部件,具有两个彼此间隔开的功率供给轨道,在功率供给轨道之间设有半导体开关,通过控制输入驱动该半导体开关,从而通过总线条输出电功率,所述半导体开关设置在电源输出处。设置在两个功率供给轨道之间的电容部件在该功率供给轨道的至少一部分长度上延伸。半导体开关和功率供给轨道和总线与和衬底适配的电导体连接。电容部件没有明显伸出超过功率供给轨道或总线。在它的至少两个边缘区域中,衬底在每种情况下具有电导体,该电导体具有彼此相对应的电势。半导体开关、功率轨道、负载轨道和/或电容部件设置在衬底的一侧上,在另一侧上,衬底具有与功率轨道电连接的电势传导表面。

Description

用于开关电功率的电子部件
描述
背景
呈现了一种用于开关电功率的电子部件。这样的电子部件可例如配置为半桥电路,以用作各种应用领域中的反相器和变频器。这包括用于同步机、异步机、磁阻电机、永磁电机或作为马达和发电机的类似物的操作的电子部件(例如见DE-A-40 27 969或DE-A-42 30 510)。
由此,例如,WO 2004/110123 A1描述的电子部件具有两个电源条(powersupply bars)、总线条、设置在电源条之间的半导体开关、以及设置在电源条上方并桥接电源条的电容。
操作具有变频器的电机(尤其是交变场电机)是已知的。通常,该变频器包括半桥装置,该半桥装置的数量与和它相连接的电机的相数对应,且该半桥装置可从驱动电子设备接收控制信号。根据电机是作为马达还是作为发电机,对电机输入功率、以达到所需的速度或所需的转矩,或者从电机获取功率并将其转换成用于下游负载的所需量和相位置。
尤其在具有高速开关变频器或反相器时,输入功率和输出功率的开关边沿处将出现高的过冲脉冲或负脉冲电压峰。由于过电压脉冲的出现,电子部件中采用的半导体开关的介电强度远大于它们的操作介电强度。这将显著增加部件的成本。
DE 198 26 731示出了用于开关功率的半桥部件的示例,该部件设置在包含电绝缘冷却液体的壳体中。该半桥部件的结构为紧凑设置,使得所需的冷却液体的体积较小。
US 5,671,134示出了另一种类型的反相器单元,其每个开关组件具有自己的电容装置,且每例电容装置都没有设置在高电压电势和低电压电势之间。
US 5,493,472示出的电子部件中,使用两个螺栓将电容装置安装到电源线上。这两个螺栓插入到电容装置的两个独立的孔中,从而将电容装置与电源条连接。电容装置具有两个绕组,其通过线缆彼此相互连接,以及通过螺栓与电源条连接。
US 6,249,448描述的电源设备中,将电容分组设置在电源条之间。所使用的开关并联设置。
DE 199 10 787 A1描述了用于工业卡车中三相马达的反相器,其中,每种情况下,操作功率晶体管以在正的和负的DC电压之间的桥的分支中生成三相AC输出电压,以及在每种情况下,在一个电流线处分接相AC电压。另外,晶体管与冷却体连接,电容电池与DC电压电势连接。
DE 298 19 349 U1描述了半导体电路装置,尤其是具有低中间电路电压的大电流转换器。在该情况中,第一布局层(arrangement level)设有动力单元,第二布局层位于第一布局层以上,设有中间电路组件。
潜在问题
与以上所引用的现有技术相比,此处所呈现的部件是为了改善其操作特性,使其制备更加经济,结构更加紧凑。由此还可用于移动应用(例如,汽车领域)。
发明内容
方案
方案中提供了一种用于开关电功率的电子部件,该电子部件包括两个彼此间隔开的导体条、以及设置在两个导体条之间的半导体开关,通过控制输入驱动该半导体开关,从而通过总线条在功率输出处提供电功率。至少一个导体迹线,其所具有的电势不同于导体条的电势。电容装置设置在两个导体条之间。半导体开关和导体条和总线条与沉积在衬底上的电导体连接。在每种情况中,衬底在它的至少两个边缘区域中具有电导体,该电导体具有的电势实质上彼此相对应。半导体开关、导体条、负载/总线条、和/或电容装置设置在衬底的一侧上,该衬底在其另一侧上具有与导体条电连接的电势导体(传导表面)。导体能够包括线和传导表面,诸如导体条和负载/总线条。
优点、变形和配置
该结构使得具有不同电势的导体能够与非常低的寄生电感电容性连接。而且,在该方式中,可获得尤其紧凑的设置,使得以前方案中的封装密度无法与之相比。而且,甚至开关过程中脉冲持续时间在10到1000纳秒范围内的电压脉冲峰值、以及在几十瓦特到几千瓦特范围中的开关电容(switching capacities)显著减少。从而显著增加了抗干扰性能。归因于所描述的装置,去往/来自半导体开关的功率传输线和用作备份电容的电容装置具有非常低的感应系数。另一个重要的优点是部件的模块化结构,从而可根据各个需要对电子部件进行无忧扩展或调整。
该设置还可获得非常低的断电过电压。因此,可以更好地使用半导体阻断电压。另外,平坦的结构成为可能,既可以采用键合(所谓的无封装)半导体,也可采用封装的标准半导体组件(例如TO封装的组件)进行设计。
还可能与芯片薄膜电容简单适配。使用直接铜键合(DCB)衬底具有同样的一系列优点。DCB衬底具有绝缘体,例如陶瓷,诸如Al2O3(氧化铝)或AlN(氮化铝),纯铜沉积在该绝缘体上,并在高温熔融和扩散过程中坚固胶合到陶瓷绝缘体上。
首先,对于功率电子部件而言,Al2O3(24W/mK))或AlN(130到180W/mK)的高热传导性、铜涂层的高热容量和热延散性(可具有100-900μm的相对厚的设计)都具有优势。沉积的例如未封装的硅芯片的机械应力负荷较低,因为与基于金属或塑料的衬底相比,其热膨胀系数(Al2O3为7.1ppm/K,AlN为4.1ppm/K)与功率半导体开关的硅(4ppm/K)更为适配。
还可采用碳化硅或氮化硅作为衬底。作为替代,还可使用在每种情况中同时在两面上支撑绝缘层(例如玻璃)的铝衬底。在每种情况中,一层铜或一层其它的电导体(例如铝)沉积到绝缘层上。除了以上所述的衬底的变形,还可采用有机塑料。该塑料可包含聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)或乙二醇改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PETG)、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯(PEN)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯基苯酚(PVP)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚碳酸酯(PC)或它们的衍生物中的一种或多种。
使用高纯铜作为传导和接触金属可以获得非常高的电流输运性能。铜表面采用镍和镍/金抛光,还可设有阻焊。
DCB的下侧用于接触负极条。本结构实现了高速开关,从而使得开关损失达到最小。此处通常可获得每开关操作为100到200ns。该结构同时适用于MOSFET反相器和IGBT反相器。
因为一方面电容装置在空间上和电学上放置得非常接近接触区域,另一方面电容装置在空间上和电学上放置得非常接近半导体开关,因此很难出现将导致明显干扰感应分量的线部分。而且,地电势和电流输运线和组件之间的空间间隔最小。这允许实现非常短的开关时间。实际上,因为该配置,感应寄生分量本质上与衬底的厚度有关,衬底的一侧上设置地电势,另一侧上设置电流输运线。
多个依据本发明的部件彼此相邻设置可进一步获得短的开关时间,电容装置和部件的低线路电感可以避免相邻部件的干扰脉冲(串扰)。
电容装置的每个或一些可设置在一个导体条与总线条之间。
一个导体条可设置大致与其它的导体条和/或总线条平行。
电容装置和导体条和总线条的尺寸可相对彼此设置,以使得电容装置不会伸出导体条和总线条之外,其中通过设置导体条和总线条比电容装置高出20%到30%来实现电容装置不会伸出导体条和总线条之外。
电势导体(传导表面)可接触冷却装置或集成冷却装置。
半导体开关以及与该半导体开关连接的电气或电子组件可彼此连接在一起,以使得它们可设置在由电势导体限定的平面(传导表面)和由导体条和总线条的一侧限定的平面之间,后一个平面远离电势导体(传导表面)。
在优选实施例中,由场效应晶体管(FET)或由具有绝缘栅极端的双极晶体管(IGBT)形成半导体开关。具体而言,可采用具有与晶体管并联连接的集成续流二极管或其它外接续流二极管的MOSFET。这些外接续流二极管优选地以与半导体开关相同的方式设置,并设置在它们一个导体条的紧邻处。
半导体可具有大面积接触点,该接触点具有贵金属涂层。因此,它们可通过多个相邻设置的接触线(例如键合线)与导体(导体表面)/导体条/总线条电连接。
具有用于耦连半桥的中间电路的部件可设置在一个或两个导体条的侧边上,该导体条远离电势传导表面,该中间电路具有其它的电容。
电容装置可具有薄膜电容。后者用于形成低感应整流电路。
电子部件可具有虚拟横截面,其同时与半导体开关对的两个半导体开关相交。在虚拟横截面中,第一虚拟横截面区域小于第二虚拟横截面区域的近似一半,第一虚拟横截面区域由电势不同于电势传导表面的电势的传导表面来划界,第二虚拟横截面区域由电势传导表面以及通过位于衬底上的导体条的侧边限定的平面来划界。
该措施将导体条(正极条和/或负极条)和总线条之间的电感减少至可能的最少级别。从而还可最小化干扰。
两个导体条和总线条可通过电绝缘衬底来彼此坚固机械连接在一起。衬底还可用于接纳导体迹线,以用于输出控制信号至半导体、以用于接纳其它有效组件或无源组件、或者以用于将测试或测量点引出部件。该衬底还可用于接纳半导体开关的各个控制输入与用于连接到驱动设备的端口之间的连接线。
衬底还设有开孔,设置开孔的尺寸,以使得直接沉积在导体条或衬底上的半导体(晶体管和二极管)至少暴露在它们的接触点下。从而没有增加半导体的有效整体高度以及衬底的有效整体高度。相反地,半导体可在相同的层与导体条直接连接,至少在它们的一些连接点处与之连接。因此衬底同时用于导体条彼此之间的机械连接以及电力线布线。
衬底可在驱动线路中具有用于半导体开关的限流电阻,这些(栅)电阻设置在各个控制输入和用于连接到驱动机构的端口之间。
电子部件可具有至少两个半导体开关,其串联连接以形成半桥。每个半导体开关具有控制输入,以用于连接到驱动设备。第一半导体开关通过它的漏极端与高电压电势连接。第二半导体开关通过它的源极端与低电压电势连接。为了形成输出,每个第一半导体开关的源端分别与各个第二半导体开关的漏极端连接。至少一个电容装置设置在高电压电势与低电压电势之间。设置各个第一半导体开关的漏极端在与高电压电势连接的常规第一金属导体上。设置各个第二半导体开关的漏极端在形成输出的常规第二金属导体上。在该情况中,设置第二导体与第一导体相邻,但彼此间隔开。每个第二半导体开关通过它的源极端与第三金属导体连接,该第三金属导体与低电压电势连接,并设置其与第一和第二导体相邻但间隔分开。
通过下面的描述并结合附图,其它的特点、性质、优点以及可能的变形对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。
附图说明
图1描绘了电子部件的示意电路图;
图2a描绘了依据图1中的示意电路图的电子部件的实施例沿图2b中的A-A线的示意截面视图;
图2b描绘了依据图2a的电子部件的示意平面视图。
具体实施方式
图1中描绘的电子部件10为半桥电路,其包括三对并联连接的N沟道MOSFET 12a、12b、12c,以用作半导体开关。每两个MOSFET 14,22;16,24;18,26串联连接,并构成一对MOSFET。每对中的第一MOSFET 14;16;18的漏极端D与高电压电势VDD连接,每对中的第二MOSFET 22;24;26的源极端S与低电势VSS连接。在该情况中,为了形成输出A,每个第一MOSFET的源极端S与每个第二MOSFET的漏极端D彼此连接。
一个控制输入E1;E2分别输入至第一MOSFET组14;16;18和第二MOSFET组22;24;26,其中通过栅电阻36;38;40和44;46;48分别驱动各个MOFET的栅极端G。将每个半导体开关配置为具有自由轮二极管(free-wheeling diode)Di的MOSFET,该自由轮二极管Di设置在功率端D和S之间,它作为所谓的“体二极管”通过在相同的半导体元件上与各个半导体开关集成而形成。作为该方式的替代,设置独立的二极管直接与MOSFET相邻。
在高和低电压电势VDD和VSS之间设置备用电容装置,通过多个彼此并联的备用电容52a,52b,52c构成该电容装置。以下将进一步详细地描述该电容装置的配置。通过两个输入E1和E2提供开关频率达到或超过100kHz的控制信号(例如脉宽可调控制信号)来驱动各个MOSFET组。
如图2a、2b所示,电子部件10在平面视图中大致具有矩形结构。在长边的两个边沿区域中,每种情况中衬底58在它的(图2a中的上部)侧边上具有电导体58a、58b,两者具有彼此相互对应的电势。这两个电导体58a、58b的每个分别与两个长边上的具有角度的导体条(conductor bar)60、62接触,导体条60、62中的每个覆盖衬底58,并延伸至冷却体66以与冷却体66连接,例如通过螺接、铆接、钎焊或焊接的方式连接。导体条60、62以及冷却体66具有对应的(低)电势VSS
设置在导体条60、62之间的半导体开关14,22;16,24;18,26通过控制输入E1,E2驱动,以通过总线条(bus bas)64输出电功率,从而将电功率从电子部件10引出。
设置在两个导体条60、62之间的还有电容装置,该电容装置由备用电容52a,52b,52c构成。在本实施例中,备用电容52a,52b,52c沿导体条62设置。
半导体开关14,22;16,24;18,26以及导体条60、62连同总线条64均与沉积在衬底58上的电导表面连接。电容装置没有设计在导体条60、62和总线条64的上方。相反地,电容装置由与导体条60、62连接的块状薄膜电容52a,52b,52c形成。薄膜电容52a,52b,52c的整体高度小于导体条的高度。薄膜电容52a,52b,52c沿导体条彼此相邻设置。
半导体开关14,22;16,24;18,26以及导体条60、62连同总线条64和电容装置均设置在衬底58的一侧(图2a、2b中的上侧)上。另一侧(图2a、2b中的下侧)上,衬底58具有与导体条60、62电连接的电势传导(potential-conducting)表面58f。衬底58的下侧上的电势传导表面58f也由多个部分组成,如所描绘的。它与冷却体66电接触和化学接触,且同样具有导体条60、62的电势。
第一MOSFET 14;16;18通过它们的漏极端D与共同的第一金属导体迹线(track)58d电连接,从而与高电压电势VDD连接。导体迹线58d由铜制成,或由类似的具有优良导电和导热性能的导体制成,而且像所有其它导体迹线一样,导体迹线58d位于衬底58上。在没有描绘的示例实施例中,导体条可同样设置在导体迹线58d上。其它地或替代地,还可设有电导定距螺栓。
第二MOSFET 22;24;26通过它们的漏极端D以及通过金属导体迹线58c与金属总线条64电连接,以形成输出A,其中总线条64设置在第一和第二导体条60、62之间并与其彼此间隔开。总线条64在截面上具有近似矩形的外形,并采用与第一和第二导体条60、62相同的材料制成。
在每种情况下第二MOSFET 22;24;26通过它们的源极端S以及通过键合线82或其它用于传输电流的导体与常规金属导体条60连接,从而与低电压电势VSS连接,其中导体条60与总线条64相邻设置并与其彼此间隔开。
与第二MOSFET类似,第一MOSFET 14;16;18在每种情况中通过它们的源极端S以及通过多个键合线80或其它用于传输电流的连接器与总线条64连接。
在每种情况中,导体迹线58g和58h分别从两个输入E1和E2分别连接到栅电阻36;38;40和44;46;48(见图1和图2b),这些栅电阻同样设置在衬底上,并在此处配置为SMD组件(表面安装器件)。在每种情况中,键合线72将栅电阻36;38;40和44;46;48分别连接到MOSFET的控制输入G。
半导体开关通过衬底58与冷却装置热连接,该冷却装置通过设有冷却肋的冷却体66形成。配置冷却体66与冷却设备(例如,液体冷却(水,油,空气或类似物))接触。
本示例中的电容装置一点也没有超出导体条和/或总线条之外。推荐地,通过设置导体条和/或总线条的高度超过电容装置的高度的约20%到30%来实现上述的电容装置一点也没有超出导体条和/或总线条之外。这样确保了部件的整体高度非常低(最小)。这样做的结果是干扰辐射非常低。尤其重要的是通过部件的封装来实现较低的干扰辐射,其中部件的封装通过具有低电势(VSS)的导体条60、62以及同样具有低电势(VSS)的冷却装置或与该冷却装置接触的电势传导表面58f确定。除此之外,如果像通过本结构可以实现的那样,设置在衬底上且具有的电势不同于电势传导表面的电势的组件与电势传导表面58f(以及导体迹线60,62)包围一个虚拟的横截面区域,该虚拟的横截面区域小于电势传导表面与导体条彼此包围所形成的虚拟横截面的近似一半的面积,在高速开关操作中,因感应所产生的干扰峰比较低。
因为此处的电容装置没有按照现有技术(例如见DE 103 26 321 A1)中的惯例那样设置在半桥的上方,而是设置在半桥的侧边,因此半桥的容性支持(capacitive support)具有较低的感应分量。不同于将半桥设置在电容装置的横向外侧,电容装置还可设置的半桥装置的下方(衬底的另一侧上),例如设置在冷却体中和/或衬底中(还可部分嵌入)。
在远离电势传导表面的一侧上(即图2b中的顶部上),具有用于耦连半桥的中间电路的部件可设置在导体条的一个或两个上,中间电路具有其它电容。此处并没有描绘这些细节。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于开关电功率的电子部件(10),其特征在于,包括
两个彼此间隔开的导体条(60,62),在所述两个导体条(60,62)之间设有半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26),通过控制输入(E1,E2)驱动所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26),从而通过总线条(64)在功率输出(A)处输出电功率;
至少一个导体迹线(58c,58d),具有的电势不同于所述导体条(60,62)的电势;
电容装置,设置在所述两个导体条(60,62)之间;
所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26)和所述导体条(60,62)和所述总线条(64)与沉积在衬底(58)上的电导体(58a,58b,58c,58d,58e)连接;
所述衬底(58)在它的至少两个边缘区域中具有在每种情况下电势彼此对应的电导体(58a,58b);
所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26)和所述导体条(60,62)、所述总线条(64)和/或所述电容装置设置在所述衬底(58)的一侧上,所述衬底(58)在它的另一侧上具有与所述导体条(60,62)电连接的电势导体(58f)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述电容装置设置在所述导体条(60,62)中的一个与所述总线条(64)之间。
3.根据权利要求1到2任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述导体条中的一个设置得与所述导体条中的另一个和/或所述总线条(64)平行。
4.根据权利要求1到3任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述电容装置(52a)至少部分在所述导体条(60,62)之上延伸和/或没有伸出超过,或者在所述导体条(60,62)和所述总线条的上方伸出不超过所述电容装置(52a)的高度的20%到30%。
5.根据权利要求1到4任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述电势传导表面(58f)与冷却装置接触或集成在所述冷却装置中形成。
6.根据权利要求1到5任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26)和与所述半导体开关相连的电气或电子组件(36,38,40,44,46,48)彼此连接在一起,从而它们设置在通过所述电势传导表面(58f)限定的平面与通过所述导体条(60,62)的侧边和所述总线条(64)的侧边限定的且远离所述电势传导表面(58f)的平面之间。
7.根据权利要求1到6任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,由场效应晶体管(FET)或由具有绝缘栅极端的双极晶体管(IGBT)形成所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26);其中,采用具有与晶体管并联连接的集成自由轮二极管或其它外接自由轮二极管的MOSFET。
8.根据权利要求1到7任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26)具有带贵金属涂层的大面积接触点。
9.根据权利要求1到8任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,具有用于耦连半桥的中间电路的部件设置在远离所述电势传导表面(58f)的所述导体条(60,62)的一个或两个的侧边上,所述中间电路具有其它的电容。
10.根据权利要求1到9任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,所述电容装置具有薄膜电容(52a,52b,52c)。
11.根据权利要求1到10任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,设有虚拟横截面,与半导体开关对(14,22;16,24;18,26)的两个半导体开关(14,16,18,22,24,26)同时相交,第一虚拟横截区域小于第二虚拟横截区域的大约一半;
所述第一虚拟横截区域由电势不同于所述电势传导表面(58f)的电势的所述传导表面(58c,58d,58e,58g,58h)以及所述电势传导表面(58f)来划界;以及
所述第二虚拟横截区域由所述电势传导表面(58f)以及通过位于所述衬底上的所述导体条的侧边来限定的平面来划界。
12.根据权利要求1到11任一项所述的电子部件(10),其特征在于,
至少两个半导体开关对(14,22;16,24;18,26)串联连接以形成半桥(12a,12c,12c);
每个所述半导体开关对(14,22;16,24;18,26)具有用于连接到驱动设备的控制输入(G);
第一半导体开关(14,16,18)通过它的漏极端(D)与高电压电势(VDD)连接;
第二半导体开关(22,24,26)通过它的源极端(S)与低电压电势(VSS)连接;
为了形成输出(A),每个第一半导体开关(14,16,18)的源极端(S)分别与各个第二半导体开关(22,24,26)的漏极端(D)连接;以及
至少一个电容装置设置在高电压电势与低电压电势(VDD,VSS)之间;
设置各个第一半导体开关(14,16,18)的漏极端(D)在与所述高电压电势(VDD)连接的共同第一金属导体上(58d)上;
设置各个第二半导体开关(22,24,26)的漏极端(D)在形成所述输出(A)的共同第二金属导体(58c)上,设置所述第二导体(58c)与所述第一导体(58d)相邻,但彼此间隔开;
每个第二半导体开关(22,24,26)通过它的源极端(S)与共同第三金属导体(58b)连接,所述第三金属导体(58b)与所述低电压电势(VSS)连接,并设置其与所述第一和第二导体(58c,58d)相邻但间隔分开。
13.一种用于多相发电机的驱动设备的功率输出级,其特征在于,针对所述发电机的每一相设有至少一个依据以上权利要求任一项所述的电子部件(10),至少沿所述发电机的周界或表面的一部分设置所述电子部件(10)。
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