CN102656346A - 带有排气系统的内燃机 - Google Patents

带有排气系统的内燃机 Download PDF

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CN102656346A
CN102656346A CN2010800399238A CN201080039923A CN102656346A CN 102656346 A CN102656346 A CN 102656346A CN 2010800399238 A CN2010800399238 A CN 2010800399238A CN 201080039923 A CN201080039923 A CN 201080039923A CN 102656346 A CN102656346 A CN 102656346A
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exhaust gas
secondary air
combustion engine
internal
firing chamber
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M·米克劳奇施
S·布彻尔
S·巴伯尼茨
J·贝克尔
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • F01N3/34—Arrangements for supply of additional air using air conduits or jet air pumps, e.g. near the engine exhaust port
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/22—Control of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/0203—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves
    • F02D13/0207—Variable control of intake and exhaust valves changing valve lift or valve lift and timing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02—Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/0261—Controlling the valve overlap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/024—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/0255—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to accelerate the warming-up of the exhaust gas treating apparatus at engine start
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/01—Internal exhaust gas recirculation, i.e. wherein the residual exhaust gases are trapped in the cylinder or pushed back from the intake or the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber without the use of additional passages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F01N2430/10—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by modifying inlet or exhaust valve timing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/04—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions
    • F02D41/06—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up
    • F02D41/062—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting
    • F02D41/064—Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions for engine starting or warming up for starting at cold start
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
    • F02D41/40—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type with means for controlling injection timing or duration
    • F02D41/402—Multiple injections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49231—I.C. [internal combustion] engine making

Abstract

本发明涉及包括至少一个燃烧室(2)和一个设置在废气排出通道(5)上的排气系统(3)的内燃机(1)，该排气系统具有至少一个在燃烧室(2)和设置于排气系统(3)内的废气净化装置(5)之间用于将二次空气吹入排气系统(3)中的二次空气吹入装置(4)，其中，在内燃机(1)运行时，燃烧室(2)内的剩余气体含量是可变的，并且排气系统(3)上的二次空气吹入点(4’)如此远地离开燃烧室(2)，以使得吹入的二次空气由于排气系统(3)内回流的废气而回流至废气排出通道(5)中，却恰好不回流至燃烧室(2)中。通过本发明的设计，有可能使得先前似乎无法保证SULEV标准的、具有多个燃烧室和/或废气涡轮增压器的发动机也能遵守SULEV-排放极限值。

Description

带有排气系统的内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有权利要求1前序部分中所述特征的带有排气系统的内燃机。
背景技术
例如在“维基百科”—自由百科全书中，对二次空气系统说明如下：为遵守施行的废气排放标准和法规，在汽油发动机(Ottomotor)中使用二次空气系统。该二次空气系统主要包括二次空气泵和二次空气阀。在冷启动阶段，使用该系统将废气组分HC(碳氢化合物)和CO(一氧化碳)氧化。另外，该系统还将催化净化器很快地加热至运行温度。发动机控制装置通过进气量探测器(Lambdasonde)确认催化净化器的使用效力并随后切断二次空气泵。为了能够符合越来越严格的废气排放标准和法规，二次空气系统越来越重要。
作用原理：
通过二次空气吹入系统，在发动机(λ≤1，富足的燃料/空气混合物)的冷启动阶段和热运转阶段中，通过热力后燃来减少HC和CO有害物质。在该发动机工作状态中，经调节的三元催化净化器还未完全进入工作准备状态。
通常的现有技术：
为了达到例如加州SULEV尾气排放标准认证(超低排放机动车)以及为了遵守其他非常严格的汽油发动机废气排放极限值而使用二次空气吹入系统(SL-吹入)。这里，直接就在冷启动之后，在一定时间内借助于二次空气泵(SL-泵)将外界空气导入内燃机的热的废气气流中，用以(如上所述)启动再反应过程。这种再反应促使未完全燃烧的产物(HC、CO)氧化，这样一方面可以减少HC和CO的排放，另一方面废气催化净化器通过这种再反应的反应热能够快速达到转化温度(所谓的催化剂加热)。一般来说，是在气缸盖内尽可能接近排气阀的位置向废气排放通道中吹入二次空气，目的是通过吹入处的废气高温有利于启动再反应过程。在催化净化器加热过程中，通常将点火角调至稍晚(也就是在活塞的点火-OT(上止点)之后点燃)，由此有意地实现内燃机的低效率，但达到特别高的废气温度。如果可能有凸轮轴调整机构，就可以在二次空气吹入期间由内燃机启动和后续向起动行驶过渡的需求推导出一个或多个凸轮轴(n)的位置，以此实现进气阀和排气阀必要时的适当重叠以及由此在内燃机的燃烧室内达到少的剩余气体含量。如果超过某些极限值，例如自内燃机启动开始的时间极限值和/或催化净化器的温度极限值和/或内燃机的温度值和/或车辆速度极限值，则终止以二次气体吹入和较晚点火角工作的内燃机运行方式。
该技术的缺陷是例如片面地优化HC/CO未处理排放，而未考虑关于废气温度和NOX排放的可能额外有利的潜能。尤其是在带有废气涡轮增压器(ATL)的内燃机中，为了达到SULEV-极限值，要求非常高的排气焓流(Abgasentalpiestrom)用以快速加热催化净化器，这是因为废气涡轮增压器的涡轮必须作为散热部件起作用并被补偿。为提供排气焓流，必须要使内燃机以很晚的点火角工作，以达到非常高的废气温度，这又要求给气缸充注大量的新鲜气体/燃料混合物以克服冷态内燃机的内部摩擦以及为例如空调压缩机或转向辅助泵这些消耗器供能。在这种运行条件下，在气缸(燃烧室)内氧气不足的情况下会形成大量的氮氧化物(NOX)，其很容易超过例如SULEV极限值。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是要避免上述缺陷。
该目的通过权利要求1特征部分所述特征得以实现。
通过本发明的设计，有可能使得那些先前似乎无法保证SULEV标准认证的、具有多个燃烧室和/或废气涡轮增压器的发动机也能遵守例如SULEV-排放极限值。进一步有利地，可以减少催化净化器的贵金属装载量，而不会有违反现有SULEV-发动机排放标准之危险，这样可明显节约成本。另外，可以在不存在违反排放标准之危险的情况下减小催化净化器的格密度(单元密度)，从而使得流动阻力更小以及导致废气的排气背压也更小。这就可获得更高的功率值和扭矩值和/或取消以往所需要的补偿措施，体现出内燃机的标准方案模式和SULEV-方案模式之间的功率平等。此外，有利地将二次空气吹入点从气缸盖中移出，由此对于内燃机的标准方案模式和SULEV方案模式可实现相同部分/部件。从气缸盖头中移出二次空气吹入点，在SULEV设计的情况下还有利于气缸盖的冷却和强度。这样就提高了气缸盖或内燃机的全负荷适用性和使用寿命。
从属权利要求给出了本发明设计的其他有利改进方案。
附图说明
下文借助于唯一附图示出的优选实施例进一步描述本发明。
图1：示出SULEV内燃机的气缸盖连同排气系统一个部段的剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出SULEV内燃机1的气缸盖连同排气系统3一个部段的剖视图，借其可遵守SULEV极限值。在内燃机1的气缸盖内设置有气缸的燃烧室2。内燃机1运行时，废气自燃烧室2流至内燃机1的气缸盖内的废气排出通道5中。废气的流动方向由箭头表示。继而，废气流入其上设置有二次空气吹入装置4的排气系统3。借助于该二次空气吹入装置4，新鲜空气(二次空气)在二次空气吹入位置4’处被吹入排气管路3，以启动CO和HC热力后燃。
依据本发明，在内燃机1运行时，燃烧室2内的剩余气体含量是可变的，排气系统3上的二次空气吹入位置4’如此远地离开燃烧室2，使得吹入的二次空气由于排气系统3内回流的废气(由换气所决定)而回流至废气排出通道5中，却恰好不回流至燃烧室2中。
在依据本发明的改进方案中，在排气系统3内，沿着废气流动方向在二次空气吹入位置4’之后以及废气净化装置5之前设置有图1中未显示的废气涡轮增压器的涡轮。可以例如通过图1中同样没有显示的冲程可变的气门机构和/或通过图1中同样没有显示的进气和/或排气凸轮轴的进气开度和/或排气开度来实现燃烧室2内的剩余气体含量。这些措施为本领域技术人员所熟知并且在下文中仅简单概述。
对本发明的阐释：
如果燃烧室内剩余气体含量或废气含量很高，就可以同时满足一方面高排气焓流和另一方面低NOX-未处理排放的要求。这一点在带有凸轮轴调整机构且进气门升程可变的内燃机1中，例如在BMW Valvetronic中可以通过下述方式实现：将进气凸轮轴及排气凸轮轴均调至较晚的位置，并选择小的进气门升程；在带有凸轮轴调整机构、而非可变进气门升程的内燃机1中，则要采取下述方式：将换气阀重叠情况调节得很大。在仅具有进气凸轮轴调整机构的内燃机1中，可以通过进气凸轮轴的较早位置使剩余气体含量最大化。通过降低燃烧的喷射温度，在燃烧室2内获得的高剩余气体含量基本上抑制了NOX的形成，并通过速度较慢的燃烧，将活塞位置调至重心转变很晚的位置，与仅通过较晚的点火角所能实现的情况相比，该剩余气体含量可再次使废气温度明显更高，同时HC未处理排放量更低。但在大多数内燃机的设计方案中，为遵循有关HC的SULEV极限值，都要求进行二次空气吹入。
另外，在燃烧室2内所期望的高剩余气体含量要受到从废气排出通道5至燃烧室2中废气回流的很大影响。这种回流可能在打开换气排气阀、同时关闭换气进气阀的情况下通过活塞的向下运动造成，或在活塞的充量交换-OT附近换气进气阀和换气排气阀同时打开的情况下通过废气排出通道5和新鲜空气进气道之间的压力差造成。在向气缸盖内的废气排出通道5进行二次空气吹入时，如由现有技术中所公知的那样，现在却首先是二次空气到达燃烧室2中，而非所期待的废气。这样就不能利用所述燃烧室2内高剩余气体含量的优势。另外还会导致二次空气的“浪费”，这是因为二次空气在燃烧室2内就已经参与了燃烧，并且不再能为排气系统3中的再反应所用。因此，为实现具有高剩余气体含量燃烧的潜能，必须要求二次空气不接近于排气阀，而应如此远地处在下游，使得在选定的换气阀控制时间和凸轮轴相位调节情况下，使吹入的二次空气恰好不回流至燃烧室2中。这依据本发明便是二次空气吹入点4’，该二次空气吹入点离开换气排气阀更远，因而例如是位于排气歧管内或者气缸盖侧的排气歧管法兰内或处在一个置入气缸盖和排气歧管法兰之间的中间法兰盘内。
因为对于全负荷总归需要高强度的充气运动，所以尤其是增压进气的内燃机1大多可很好地实现高的剩余气体含量，而内燃机1’的运转平稳性不会由此下降太多。另外在二次空气吹入时内燃机2内的典型的“富足(fette)”然料/空气混合组成(氧气不足)也具有稳定燃烧的效果。此外，在燃油直接喷射至燃烧室2中的内燃机1中，例如通过采用多点喷射，燃油喷射也可以得到如下优化，即，在剩余气体含量很高的情况下，可以接受燃烧情况的差异(波动幅度)。
由于各种内燃机之间的排气系统、燃烧室顶部等等的几何结构有很大差异，因此，对本发明来说，不可能针对二次空气吹入点4’须距离排气换气阀多远给出确切的量值标准，但实践已征明可接受约90mm或更大的值。
附图标记参照表
1.内燃机
2.燃烧室
3.排气系统
4.二次空气吹入装置
4’二次空气吹入点
5废气排出通道

Claims (4)

1.包括至少一个燃烧室(2)和一个设置在废气排出通道(5)上的排气系统(3)的内燃机(1)，该排气系统具有至少一个在燃烧室(2)和设置于排气系统(3)内的废气净化装置(5)之间用于将二次空气吹入排气系统(3)中的二次空气吹入装置(4)，其特征在于，在内燃机(1)运行时，燃烧室(2)内的剩余气体含量是可变的，并且，排气系统(3)上的二次空气吹入点(4’)如此远地离开燃烧室(2)，以使得吹入的二次空气由于排气系统(3)内回流的废气而回流至废气排出通道(5)，却恰好不回流至燃烧室(2)中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机，其特征在于，在排气系统(3)内，沿着废气流动方向在二次空气吹入点(4’)之后以及废气净化装置(5)之前设置有一废气涡轮增压器的涡轮。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的内燃机，其特征在于，燃烧室(2)内的剩余气体含量通过冲程可变的气门机构而可变。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，燃烧室(2)内的剩余气体含量通过调节进气凸轮轴和/或排气凸轮轴而可变。
CN2010800399238A 2009-09-07 2010-08-03 带有排气系统的内燃机 Pending CN102656346A (zh)

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