CN102656287B - 钛矿的处理 - Google Patents
钛矿的处理 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102656287B CN102656287B CN201080035765.9A CN201080035765A CN102656287B CN 102656287 B CN102656287 B CN 102656287B CN 201080035765 A CN201080035765 A CN 201080035765A CN 102656287 B CN102656287 B CN 102656287B
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- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- oxide
- impurity
- metal
- coal
- Prior art date
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 64
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 ferriferous oxide Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Cl] Chemical compound [Na].[Cl] DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052728 basic metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003818 basic metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 6
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 6
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LCKIEQZJEYYRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium ion Chemical compound [Ti+4] LCKIEQZJEYYRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000004434 Calcinosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002083 X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000724 energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium;sodium;dichloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+] BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UKKGMDDPINLFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C+4].[O-2].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2] Chemical compound [C+4].[O-2].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2] UKKGMDDPINLFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRBRVDCKNXZZGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;copper Chemical compound [AlH3].[Cu] JRBRVDCKNXZZGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010349 cathodic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008214 highly purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- KELHQGOVULCJSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CN(C)C(CN)C1=CC=C(C)O1 KELHQGOVULCJSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATYCFPYEKYTCCV-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachlorotitanium titanium Chemical compound [Ti].Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl ATYCFPYEKYTCCV-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L titanium(ii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+2] ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/26—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium
- C25C3/28—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium of titanium
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- C22B21/00—Obtaining aluminium
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- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/1204—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 preliminary treatment of ores or scrap to eliminate non- titanium constituents, e.g. iron, without attacking the titanium constituent
- C22B34/1209—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 preliminary treatment of ores or scrap to eliminate non- titanium constituents, e.g. iron, without attacking the titanium constituent by dry processes, e.g. with selective chlorination of iron or with formation of a titanium bearing slag
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- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/1218—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by dry processes
- C22B34/1231—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by dry processes treatment or purification of titanium containing products obtained by dry processes, e.g. condensation
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- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/129—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds by dissociation, e.g. thermic dissociation of titanium tetraiodide, or by electrolysis or with the use of an electric arc
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- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
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- C22B34/1295—Refining, melting, remelting, working up of titanium
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- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/20—Obtaining niobium, tantalum or vanadium
- C22B34/22—Obtaining vanadium
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- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
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- C22B34/20—Obtaining niobium, tantalum or vanadium
- C22B34/24—Obtaining niobium or tantalum
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- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/30—Obtaining chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- C22B34/32—Obtaining chromium
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- C22B60/00—Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals
- C22B60/02—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides
- C22B60/0204—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium
- C22B60/0208—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
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- C22B60/00—Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals
- C22B60/02—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides
- C22B60/0204—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium
- C22B60/0286—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium refining, melting, remelting, working up uranium
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- C22B60/00—Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals
- C22B60/02—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides
- C22B60/04—Obtaining plutonium
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- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
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- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/33—Silicon
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- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/18—Electrolytes
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- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
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- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/26—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium
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Abstract
一种制造钛的方法,包括:提供钛氧化物,其杂质水平为至少1.0wt%;使得所述钛氧化物发生反应,以形成碳氧化钛;将所述碳氧化钛配置为阳极,并且在电解质中对所述碳氧化钛进行电解;且从所述电解质中的阴极回收提纯的钛金属。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造钛的方法,尤其是但不限于从含有二氧化钛和至少1.0wt%杂质(包括氧化钙和和氧化铁)的矿物制造钛。
背景技术
钛是一种性质极其优异的金属,但由于其提炼和处理的成本较高而使得应用受限。使用克罗尔(Kroll)法或者亨特(Hunter)法需要高纯度的四氯化钛,使用镁来还原四氯化钛(克罗尔法)[W.J.Kroll,Trans.Electrochem.Soc,78(1940)35-57],或者使用纳来还原四氯化钛(亨特法)[M.A.Hunter,J.Am.Chem.Soc,32(1910)330-336]。通过对不纯的二氧化钛进行加碳氯化,然后通过选择性地过滤氯化物而去除作为所有氯化氧化物(oxides chlorinate)的杂质,从而制得高纯度的四氯化钛。颜料行业通常使用另一种高纯度二氧化钛的制法——硫酸法(sulphate route),该方法将不纯的二氧化钛溶入硫酸,并且作为主要杂质的铁以氧化铁的形式沉淀。然而,有些氧化钛源含有多种杂质或者太细小而无法采用现有的方法。例如,含有大量氧化钙的钛矿在加碳氯化反应中形成氯化钙,而氯化钙的熔点低于流化床反应器的温度。这一液相就会使得流化床变得不流化(de-fluidises)。一些其它矿体的颗粒尺寸太细小以至于无法保持在流化床中而只是被冲走。使用硫酸法会在滤去含矿氧化钙时形成稳定的硫酸钙。若能通过简单的方法将这些材料转化为高纯度钛则是有利的。
如前所述,有两种商用方法使用高纯度四氯化钛来制钛,即克罗尔法和亨特法,而且绝大多数是用克罗尔法来制钛。为了降低钛的制造成本,业已提出了其它的方法,通常是以高纯度的氧化物开始。在实验室和试验厂规模的试验中,已经可以使用溶解在氯化钙中的钙来还原二氧化钛(OS法)[R.O.Suzuki in″Ti-2003 science and technology″.Eds G.Lutjering and J.Albrecht,(2004,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim)245-252],或者通过在熔融的氯化钙中的电脱氧对二氧化钛进行电化学还原(FFC剑桥法)[G.Z.Chen,DJ.Fray and T.W.Farthing,Nature 407(2000)361-364]。在后一种处理法中,以氧化钛作为氯化钙浴中的阴极,并且发现阴极反应并不会从熔体沉积出钙,而是电离出二氧化钛中的氧,并且所述氧扩散至阳极并且被释放出。在这两种处理法中,因为氧化钙易溶于盐而可处理含氧化钙的矿。然而,就无法选择性去除其他成分,这样最终产物就会反应出原始进料中的杂质。阿姆斯特朗法(亨特法的衍生方法)[′Summaryof emerging titanium cost reductions′,EHK Technologies.Report prepared for USDepartment of Energy and Oak Ridge National Laboratory,subcontract4000023694(2003)]之类的其它处理方法都需要高纯度的四氯化钛作为给料。
Wainer在二十世纪五十年代对另一种有益的方法注册了专利[US2,722,509],其描述了这样一种方法,即,在氩氛中对等摩尔量的化学磨碎(finelydivided chemically)纯碳化钛和化学磨碎纯一氧化钛进行紧密混合和加热,以形成TiC.TiO阳极,这是一种其中的碳化物和一氧化物摩尔比率不超过1的碳化钛和一氧化钛的共同固溶体。阳电性元素的氯化物盐熔体用作电解质,并且当施加电压时,发生下列类型的阳极反应:
TiCO=Ti2++CO+xCO+2e-
钛离子溶解于电解质中,并且在阴极进行还原:
Ti2++2e=Ti
Withers等人也提出了用于制造钛的热和电化学方法,见WO 2005/019501和WO 2007/097823。这一方法涉及这样形成氧化钛-碳组合物,即,通过将氧化钛和与碳源混合并且在没有空气的条件下加热至足以将TiO2中的正四价钛还原至较低价,并且形成亚氧化钛/碳组合物电极。在形成亚氧化钛/碳组合物电极的过程中,将所有的铁氧化物还原为铁,并且通过过滤或者在处于室温的水溶液中对铁进行配位而去除铁。WO 2005/019501教导通过将其它氧化物结合入阳极,就能够同时还原这些其他的氧化物,并且在阴极同时沉积阳离子,以制造反映原始阳极成分的合金。这篇文献中,还描述了一种制造高纯度钛的方法,其使用与前述试验相同的条件。这两种结果是完全不一致的。
本申请的申请人意欲提供一种从含二氧化钛和相对高水平(至少1.0wt%)杂质(含氧化钙和和氧化铁)的矿物提纯出钛的方法。
发明内容
根据较为宽泛的方面,本发明提供了一种对由碳氧化物构成的阳极进行电解提纯以在阴极形成纯金属材料的方法。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种制造钛的方法,包括:设置钛氧化物,其杂质水平为至少1.0wt%(重量百分比);使得所述钛氧化物发生反应,以形成碳氧化钛;将所述碳氧化钛配置为阳极,并且在电解质中对所述碳氧化钛进行电解;且从所述电解质中的阴极回收提纯的钛金属。
出人意料地,本发明的申请人发现通过对碳氧化钛进行电解,可在阴极沉积纯度相对较高(较之钛氧化物中的杂质水平)的钛金属。经提纯的钛金属的杂质水平可小于0.5wt%,即,其纯度至少为99.5%重量,并且甚至可为99.8%重量。本申请人钛氧化物最初所含的杂质仍然保留在电解质中,而预期这些杂质会与钛一起沉积在阴极。
钛氧化物可为矿或者精矿。钛氧化物中的杂质选自由硅氧化物、铝氧化物、铁氧化物、钙氧化物、铬氧化物、钒氧化物组成的组群。一实施例中,钛氧化物的杂质包括铁氧化物及/或钙氧化物。存在此类杂质干扰了使用现有技术提炼钛,特别是如果存在大量的铁氧化物及/或钙氧化物。例如,存在约0.15~0.2wt%以上的氧化钙会因为在先前的加碳氯化步骤中形成氯化碳发生溶解而妨碍流化床反应器中的处理。因此,含有二氧化钛和大量氧化钙及氧化铁的矿的价值显著低于仅含有最小或痕量级(trace levels)氧化钙及/或氧化铁的其他矿。
钛氧化物的杂质水平可能为至少2.0wt%,甚至至少2.5wt%。钛氧化物可包括至少0.1wt%的氧化钙,甚至可能包括至少0.5wt%的氧化钙。除此之外或者作为代替,钛氧化物可包括至少0.1wt%的氧化铁,可能至少0.5wt%的氧化铁,甚至可能包括至少5wt%的氧化铁。提纯的钛金属包括的钙及/或铁的水平低于钛氧化物包括的氧化钙及/或氧化铁的水平。
钛氧化物主要包括二氧化钛。例如,钛氧化物可包括至少90wt%的二氧化钛,并且甚至可能包括至少95wt%的二氧化钛。可通过使得所述钛氧化物与相对量的碳化钛发生反应而形成Ti-C-O固溶体。例如,可混合钛氧化物的粉末与碳化钛的粉末并且进行烧结,以形成Ti-C-O固溶体。若钛氧化物实质包括二氧化钛,其可与相对量的碳化钛混合以达成如4TiC+2TiO2=3Ti2CO+CO(g)所给出的化学计量反应。
电解质可为熔盐,并且可包括碱金属或碱土金属的氯化物。熔盐可选自由氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化镁、及其混合物所组成的组群。熔盐可包括氯化钠-氯化钾低共熔物或氯化锂-氯化钠-氯化钾低共熔物。或者,熔盐可为氯化镁。此类盐在1412℃沸腾,并且从阴极产物中蒸馏出;其它盐仅可通过溶于水中去除而使得钛氧化。熔盐还可包括二氯化钛(TiCl2)及/或三氯化钛(TiCl3)。存在氯化钛(可能为若干重量百分比)可帮助经由盐进行钛离子的迁移。
所述方法还包括使用钛处理熔融电解质以从电解质去除杂质,例如在700℃的温度下。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了一种提纯钛的方法,包括:提供含有二氧化钛的钛矿或精矿;使得所述钛矿或精矿发生反应,以形成碳氧化钛;将所述碳氧化钛配置为阳极,并且在电解质中对所述碳氧化钛进行电解;且从所述电解质中的阴极回收钛。
钛矿或精矿可能含有杂质(如前一方面所定义)。碳氧化钛的形成可能包括使得二氧化钛与碳化钛发生反应(如前一方面所定义)。所回收的钛的纯度较高(或者说杂质的水平较低),所回收钛中钛的纯度从钛矿或精矿中的小于98%重量提升到至少为99.5%重量,并且甚至可至少为99.8%重量。
附图说明
结合附图,现通过示例的方式详细描述本发明的实施例,其中:
图1为示出实现本发明之方法的流程图;
图2为根据本发明一个步骤制备的Ti-C-O固溶体的XRD图形;
图3为根据本发明另一步骤的电解提纯单元的示意图;
图4示出了Ti-C-O阳极溶解过程中的电位图;
图5示出了在阴极回收的提纯钛金属的X射线谱;
图6a和6b为在阴极回收的提纯钛金属的SEM显微图;
图7示出了在阴极回收的提纯钛金属的EDS谱。
具体实施方式
商业上,一般使用熔融盐的电解提纯来通过使得铝溶于铜-铝合金而制造高纯度的铝熔体。这形成阳极,并且化学反应性质最活泼的铝发生电离而进入所述盐中并且在阴极处沉积铝,而杂质留在阳极。在1173K的温度下,相对于Na/Na+,氯化物熔体的纯元素电离电位为:
Al=Al3++3e E0=+1.50V
Si=Si4++4e E0=+2.10V
Mn=Mn2++2e E0=+1.41V
Fe=Fe2++2e E0=+1.86V
首先应使得锰电离,然后是Al、Fe和Si,但由于锰的量通常非常小,因此首先使得铝电离。
相同的原理也可应用于钛的提纯,但本发明中,反应并不是对钛金属进行提纯,而是从金属氧化物提纯金属。表1给出了一般的矿成分。
元素 | 品位(assay)% |
TiO2 | 96.5 |
SiO2 | 1.40 |
Al2O3 | 0.26 |
Fe2O3 | 0.55 |
MgO | 0.07 |
CaO | 0.66 |
Na2O | 0.08 |
K2O | 0.01 |
P2O5 | <0.01 |
MnO | <0.01 |
Cr2O3 | 0.31 |
V2O5 | 0.30 |
LOI | 0.07 |
U3O8 | 0.0004 |
ThO2 | <0.002 |
As | <0.001 |
S | 0.03 |
表1一般市售金红石精矿的分析
若用C与这一材料进行反应形成TiCxOy和其它的碳氧化物,当所述材料形成为阳极性时,则发生表2中的反应。
反应 | 在1073K相对于Na/Na+的电位(V) |
TiO+C=Ti2++2e+CO(g) | 2.85 |
CaO+C=Ca2++2e+CO(g) | 1.45 |
FeO+C=Fe2++2e+CO(g) | 1.92 |
Cr2O3+3C=2Cr2++6e+3CO(g) | 2.47 |
MgO+C=Mg2++2e+CO(g) | 2.11 |
SiO2+2C=Si4++4e+2CO(g) | 2.87 |
表2相对于Na=Na++e的电位
电离的顺序应为钙、铁、镁、铬、钛,然后是硅,即,应以钙离子的形式去除钙,然后以Fe2+的形式去除Fe等等。然而,这些是用于纯的金属氧化物,而在矿中,这些氧化物很可能形成固溶体,并且除了TiO之外,这些氧化物的活性会显著减小。2x10-5的活性可使得电位变化0.5V,这样,唯一肯定的结论就是钙首先发生电离,然后是其它元素发生电离。一旦在电解质中,析出电位(deposition potentials)应如表3所给出的,并且沉积的顺序为铬、铁、钛、镁,最后是钙。
反应 | 相对于Na++e=Na的电位(V) |
Cr2++2e=Cr | 2.07 |
Mg2++2e=Mg | 0.83 |
Ti2++2e=Ti | 1.68 |
Fe2++2e=Fe | 1.99 |
Ca2++2e=Ca | -0.18 |
表3相对于Na++e=Na的电位
同样地,盐中的离子活性或离子浓度会影响析出电位,这样,若物种的浓度较低,就更加难以从该物种淀积出金属。
这些计算的整体结论就是,电解质很可能会保留阳电性较高的钙。令人惊奇的是,通过对碳氧化物进行电解提纯,利用成分如表1所示的矿,在阴极上所沉积的钛中其它元素杂质含量非常低。
示例
图1示出了用矿(诸如成分如表1所给出的矿)制造钛的较为上位的方法。在步骤10提供矿,在步骤12形成碳氧化钛。在步骤14对碳氧化钛进行电解,并且在步骤16对提纯的钛金属在阴极处进行回收。
通过根据如下公示的化学计量法将成分如表1所示的矿进行混合而制备所述碳氧化物(步骤12):
4TiC+2TiO2=3Ti2CO+CO(g)
使用2.65吨/cm2的单轴压力将粉末压成2mm直径、2mm厚的丸。在10-2托(Torr)的真空下以1373K的温度在真空炉中对所述丸进行烧结。烧结后,所述丸为均质(homogeneously)黑色,并且X射线图(图2)示出了所述丸由Ti-C-O固溶体(solid solution)构成。
图3为电解提纯单元的示意图。将碳氧化钛(Ti-C-O)配置为阳极,并且在电解质中进行电解(步骤14)。所使用的电解质为低共熔(eutectic)NaCl-KCl或低共熔LiCl-NaCl-KCl,含有一些TiCl2和TiCl3。在电流密度为50~100mAcm-2的范围内进行一系列的恒电流电解(galvanostatic electrolyses)。由图4可知,电位基本恒定,但当阳极已被消耗且导线作为阳极时,电位上升为盐主体(bulk salt)的分解电位。
设溶液中的钛离子的化合价为2.5,计算阳极和阴极的电流效率。假设在电解提纯过程中发生如下的电化学反应:
阳极:Ti=Ti3++3e并且Ti=Ti2++2e
阴极:Ti3++e=Ti2+并且Ti2++2e=Ti
表3*假设电解质含有50/50的Ti3+/Ti2+混合物的阳极和阴极电流效率
由表3可知,很明显大多数的钛和一些杂质溶于盐。然而,较高的Ti3+浓度降低了阴极的电流效率。
收集在电解过程(步骤16)中沉积在阴极的金属。对所述金属进行物理破碎并且进行洗涤,图5示出了X射线谱,图6示出了微结构,图7示出了EDS谱。由这些图可确定阴极上沉积有相对较纯的钛。
通过电感耦合等离子体对阴极产物的杂质进行分析。从如表1所表示的精矿制备上述电解提纯产物。可见(见表4),较之精矿中的成分,除铁之外,已将主要的金属成分降低至非常低的水平(一般为下降约一个数量级或以上)。阴极产物中的铁成分较高,部分原因是使用钢棒作为阴极,这样从电极物理地取下阴极产物时,污染了阴极产物。
表4:开始产物和结果产物中杂质的成分
由表可知,所述元素的数量显著减小,从而将钛的质量从96.44%(精矿中)提高到99.73%,这是实质性的提升。
通过电感耦合等离子体单元(ICP)对试验后的熔盐的杂质进行分析。使用含260g NaCl-KCl电解质的单元且每次电解使用约0.326g的Ti-C-O阳极,并且在0.6V单元电压的条件下进行电解。电解之后,从电解质主体中取出1g盐,并且将其溶于高纯度的水中。通过ICP分析杂质的浓度,并且表5示出了结果。
表5:电解后(电解质使用四次),盐中杂质的成分
可见,大多数的杂质业已经阳极溶解于熔盐中,并且保留在熔盐中。一般地,使用电解质会增加杂质的数量,但这一增加不是一致的。这可能是因为丸成分的异质性(heterogeneity)。Ca、Cr、Fe、及Si元素作为盐中的离子累积,而Al作为蒸汽压力非常高的氯化铝从熔体中逃逸。钙的析出电位太高而无法沉积,而钛可沉积,对于其它元素,假设非常低的浓度导致低的浓度梯度,因此导致熔体中的传质较低。可通过用钛处理熔体而去除Cr、Fe及Si,所述处理会发生如下反应:
MCl2+Ti=TiCl2+M
其中M为Cr,Fe,或Si,或其所去除和弃用之电解质的一部分。
在700℃的温度下使用钛处理电解质可将很多杂质去除至非常低的水平,例如0.003wt%的Cr,4x10-6wt%的Fe,6x10-9wt%的Si,这使得钛产物具有更低水平的杂质。
Claims (10)
1.一种制造钛的方法,包括:
提供矿或精矿形式的钛氧化物(10),其杂质水平为至少1.0wt%,包括至少0.1wt%的氧化钙及/或至少0.1wt%的氧化铁,并包括至少90wt%的二氧化钛;
使得所述钛氧化物发生反应以形成碳氧化钛(12);
将所述碳氧化钛配置为阳极,在熔盐电解质中对所述碳氧化钛进行电解(14);
从所述电解质中的阴极回收提纯的钛金属(16),所述提纯的钛金属的杂质水平小于0.5wt%;以及
通过用钛处理所述熔盐,将杂质从所述电解质中去除。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述提纯的钛金属的纯度至少为99.8wt%。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述钛氧化物的杂质水平为至少2.0wt%。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述钛氧化物中的杂质选自由硅氧化物、铝氧化物、铁氧化物、钙氧化物、铬氧化物和钒氧化物组成的组群。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述钛氧化物包括至少0.5wt%的氧化钙及/或至少0.5wt%的氧化铁。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中通过使得所述钛氧化物与碳化钛发生反应而形成所述碳氧化钛。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中根据4TiC+2TiO2=3Ti2CO+CO(g)所给出化学计量法使得所述碳化钛与所述二氧化钛反应。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述熔盐包括碱金属或碱土金属的氯化物。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述熔盐选自由氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化镁、及它们的任何混合物所组成的组群。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述熔盐为氯化钠-氯化钾低共熔物和氯化锂-氯化钠-氯化钾低共熔物中的一个。
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PCT/GB2010/051237 WO2011015845A2 (en) | 2009-08-06 | 2010-07-28 | Treatment of titanium ores |
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GB0913736D0 (en) * | 2009-08-06 | 2009-09-16 | Chinuka Ltd | Treatment of titanium ores |
CN102808091B (zh) * | 2011-06-01 | 2015-12-02 | 攀钢集团有限公司 | 一种高纯钛的制备方法 |
US9816192B2 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2017-11-14 | Universal Technical Resource Services, Inc. | System and method for extraction and refining of titanium |
CN102925930B (zh) * | 2012-10-25 | 2015-11-25 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种用含钛物料生产金属钛的方法 |
CN103422122B (zh) * | 2013-08-30 | 2016-08-10 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种二氧化钛直接制备金属钛的方法 |
CN105132936B (zh) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-12-22 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种用熔盐电解法从钛铁矿中制备CaTiO3粉末的方法 |
JP7096235B2 (ja) | 2016-09-14 | 2022-07-05 | ユニバーサル アケメタル タイタニウム リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | チタン-アルミニウム-バナジウム合金の製造方法 |
CN106435647B (zh) * | 2016-11-23 | 2018-12-07 | 北京科技大学 | 一种含钛渣电解提取钛的方法 |
WO2018186922A2 (en) | 2017-01-13 | 2018-10-11 | Universal Technical Resource Services, Inc. | Titanium master alloy for titanium-aluminum based alloys |
CN109055781B (zh) * | 2018-07-11 | 2021-06-22 | 朱鸿民 | 一种以钛铁复合矿为原料制备钛产品的方法 |
CN109650893A (zh) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-04-19 | 浙江海虹控股集团有限公司 | 一种低温制备含钛复合阳极的方法 |
CN110592399B (zh) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-30 | 浙江海虹控股集团有限公司 | 一种节能型提取金属钛的系统和方法 |
CN110699552B (zh) * | 2019-10-25 | 2021-06-11 | 郑州大学 | 从scr催化剂中选择性提取高纯金属钛的方法 |
CN112408434B (zh) * | 2020-09-15 | 2023-03-21 | 泉州南京大学环保产业研究院 | 一种天然碱母液的除铁方法 |
CN113416984A (zh) * | 2021-06-09 | 2021-09-21 | 华北理工大学 | 一种利用可溶性阳极电解制备金属铁的方法 |
WO2023276440A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-30 | 2023-01-05 | 東邦チタニウム株式会社 | チタン含有電析物の製造方法及び金属チタン電析物 |
GB2613588A (en) | 2021-12-07 | 2023-06-14 | Chinuka Ltd | Treatment of metal ores |
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US20160258074A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 |
GB0913736D0 (en) | 2009-09-16 |
RU2012108228A (ru) | 2013-09-20 |
GB2472496A (en) | 2011-02-09 |
ES2562639T3 (es) | 2016-03-07 |
EP2462251B1 (en) | 2015-11-25 |
WO2011015845A3 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
CN102656287A (zh) | 2012-09-05 |
RU2518839C2 (ru) | 2014-06-10 |
PT2462251E (pt) | 2016-01-07 |
WO2011015845A2 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
GB2472496B (en) | 2013-09-25 |
US20160010232A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
EP2462251A2 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
BR112012002571A2 (pt) | 2016-11-29 |
US20120152756A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
US9181604B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
BR112012002571B1 (pt) | 2021-07-27 |
GB201012653D0 (en) | 2010-09-15 |
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