CN102596389B - 用于裂解碳的氧化物的光催化材料 - Google Patents
用于裂解碳的氧化物的光催化材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102596389B CN102596389B CN201080048949.9A CN201080048949A CN102596389B CN 102596389 B CN102596389 B CN 102596389B CN 201080048949 A CN201080048949 A CN 201080048949A CN 102596389 B CN102596389 B CN 102596389B
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- carbon
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- catalytic composite
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GNEVIACKFGQMHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon suboxide Chemical compound O=C=C=C=O GNEVIACKFGQMHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910010303 TiOxNy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
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- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;tin;hydrate Chemical compound O.[In].[Sn] MRNHPUHPBOKKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- RSQGLKJKNMTXBV-UHFFFAOYSA-H calcium titanium(4+) tricarbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ti+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O RSQGLKJKNMTXBV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 tungsten carbides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一个实施方案涉及光催化复合材料,其包括(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构;(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及(c)第三组分,所述第三组分使用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧。
Description
背景技术
科学工作者已确定,众多人类活动可通过增加过量的温室气体如二氧化碳到大气中而促使全球变暖。二氧化碳截获通常将排放到外太空中的热。尽管许多温室气体是天然产生的,并且是创建保持足以支持生命的地球温暖的温室效应所需要的,但是人类对石油燃料的使用会是过多温室气体的来源。通过驾驶汽车、使用来自燃煤发电厂的电力,以及用油或天然气加热我们的家园,人类将二氧化碳和其他截热气体释放到大气中。森林采伐是温室气体的另一主要来源,因为越少的树木意味着越少的二氧化碳转化成氧。
工业时代的150年间,大气中的二氧化碳浓度已增加了31%。扭转该趋势的一个方式是引入可以将碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧的体系。一种方法是使用光催化剂。然而,大多数光催化剂在紫外光区工作,并且吸收可见光效率不高或不吸收可见光。
发明内容
本文的实施方案涉及一种光催化复合材料,其包含:(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构;(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及(c)第三组分,所述第三组分利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧。例如,所述第一组分包括光催化剂。例如,所述光催化剂包括半导体。例如,所述光催化剂包括氮氧化钛(titanium oxy nitrate)。例如,所述某一最小带隙为至少约3.4eV。例如,所述光催化剂为结晶的。例如,所述第二组分包括第I或第II族碳酸盐。例如,所述第二组分包括CaCO3、MgCO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3或它们的组合。例如,所述第三组分包括WC、TaO2、Pd、Pt、Ru、Sn或它们的组合。
另一实施方案涉及一种碳汇(carbon sequestration)器件,其包括衬底和光催化复合材料,所述光催化复合材料包含:(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构;(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及(c)第三组分,所述第三组分利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧。例如,所述衬底为透明的或非透明的。例如,所述衬底包括石英板、塑料片、玻璃片、房屋的墙壁、房屋的屋顶,或它们的组合。例如,所述器件还可以包括在所述衬底与所述光催化复合材料之间的导电层。例如,所述导电层为透明的或非透明的。例如,所述导电层包括金属层、氧化铟锡层、氧化锌层、氧化铝层,或它们的组合。
再一实施方案涉及一种碳汇的方法,其包括使碳的氧化物暴露于光催化复合材料并且裂解所述碳的氧化物以形成碳和氧,其中光催化复合材料产生光激电子,吸附/吸收所述碳的氧化物,并利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成炭黑和氧。例如,所述碳的氧化物包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、二氧化三碳,或它们的组合。例如,所述方法还可以包括将所述炭黑从所述光催化复合材料的表面去除。例如,所述方法在市区,燃煤、燃气或燃油发电厂中,在住宅、办公室或复式旅馆、汽车站、停车场或它们的组合的屋顶或外墙上实施。
前文概述仅为示例性的,并且无意于以任何方式为限制性的。除了上文描述的示例性方面、实施方案和特征之外,另外的方面、实施方案和特征将通过参考附图和以下具体描述而变得明显。
附图说明
图1示出具有涂覆有样品光催化复合材料的衬底的碳汇器件的一个实例。
图2示出样品光催化复合材料的SEM图像以及样品的XRD EDAX谱。
图3示出样品光催化复合材料的拉曼谱图和FTIR谱图。
图4示出样品光催化复合材料的XRD谱图;带隙由透射光谱(紫外-可见光谱)来计算。
图5示出样品光催化复合材料在阳光和CO2存在时的电流-电压(I-V)特性。
图6示出容纳样品碳汇器件的碳汇器件腔的一个实例,所述样品碳汇器件具有涂覆有样品光催化复合材料的衬底。
详述
术语“催化剂”是指提高化学反应速率而其自身不经历任何改变的物质。
术语“光催化剂”是指帮助引起光催化反应的催化剂。
术语“潜热式催化剂”是指在第一提升的温度下为不活跃的,但在仅略微提升超过第一温度的第二温度下快速活化的催化剂。
“带隙”,也称作能隙或带间隙,是在固体中没有电子态存在的能量范围。
“金属”是指在材料的价带和导带之间没有带隙的材料。金属中价带和导带交叠。
术语“半导体”是指于300K时,在材料的价带和导带之间具有大于0eV但小于约10eV的带隙的材料。对于半导体来说,带隙一般是指价带顶和导带底之间的能量差(以电子伏计)。其为将外层电子从其在原子核周围的轨道释放,以变成可移动的载流子,能够在固体材料内自由移动所需要的能量大小。
术语“量子效率”是指击中将产生电子-空穴对的光催化剂的光子的百分数。
实施方案涉及光催化复合材料,所述光催化复合材料在暴露于碳的氧化物和阳光时,将碳的氧化物裂解成碳(或另一种碳的氧化物)和氧。碳的氧化物可为一氧化碳CO、二氧化碳CO2以及二氧化三碳C3O2。
所述实施方案的光催化复合材料可以包含:(a)作为光催化剂的第一组分,如半导体,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止光激电子与空穴复合的结构;(b)吸附/吸收CO2的第二组分(一般为第I和第1I族碳酸盐);以及(c)为潜热式催化剂的第三组分,所述第三组分利用光激电子将CO2裂解成碳和氧。第一组分和第二组分可以处于光催化复合材料中的不同非均相中。
在一个实施方案中,光催化剂具有至少约3.4eV的带隙,该光催化剂产生足够的能量以裂解碳的氧化物。以下是具有至少约3.4eV的带隙的一些材料。
在实施方案中,光催化剂可为无定形的,由此避免光激电子与空穴的复合。也可以使用其中光激电子与空穴的复合基本上得以防止的结晶结构。本文实施方案的其中光激电子与空穴的复合基本上得以防止的结晶结构是产生具有足够能量来裂解碳的氧化物的自由光激电子的一种结构。氮氧化钛是这样的结晶结构的一个例子。
不是所有半导体都是光催化剂。同样,也不是所有光催化剂都在可见光区作为催化剂有效工作。组分一、二和三的材料的选择的例子可为这样的,以捕获尽可能多的太阳辐射的能量,使得被光催化剂吸收的能量足以破坏碳-氧键。价带与导带之间的能量差,即带隙,决定多少太阳能将被吸收,以及多少电能(光激电子)得以生成,较大的带隙一般导致对于产生光激电子来说较佳的性能。
第一组分可为具有某一最小带隙和提供良好量子效率的结晶结构的材料。例如,最小带隙可为氮氧化钛(TiOxNy)的最小带隙。存在比TiOxNy具有更高带隙的其他材料,并且可用作第一组分。除了具有某一最小带隙和结晶结构的第一组分以外,选择第一组分的其他因素是原材料的便宜可得性,制作/加工和处理容易,以及无毒性。
第二组分可为满足以下标准的材料:吸附和/或吸收CO2;在一段时间内不降解(即,具有良好的长期稳定性);并且优选为多孔、价廉、容易制作与处理,并且无毒。除CaCO3和/或MgCO3之外,诸如Na2CO3和NaHCO3的其他材料也可用作第二组分。
在一个实施方案中,第三组分是为潜热式催化剂的材料,该材料利用光激电子将CO2裂解成碳和氧。除WC(碳化钨)之外,诸如TaO2(氧化钽)、Pd、Pt、Ru、Sn的其他材料也可用作第三组分。
在一个实施方案中,光催化复合材料包含第一组分、第二组分和第三组分的团簇或颗粒,所述第一组分包括TiOxNy(x=4.7、4.1、4.3、4.5;y=1.39、1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3),第二组分包括CaCO3和/或MgCO3,并且第三组分包括WC。TiOxNy和CaCO3可在不同非均相中呈团簇或颗粒的形式。光催化复合材料结构可以具有约400nm到1000nm的尺寸,其中TiOxNy具有约40nm到100nm的尺寸,并且CaCO3或MgCO3具有约35nm到900nm的尺寸。例如,光催化复合材料结构可以具有约500nm的尺寸,其中TiOxNy具有~50nm的尺寸,并且CaCO3或MgCO3具有~450nm的尺寸。
实施方案的光催化复合材料具有以下优点:
(1)基本上没有光激电子与空穴的复合。复合一般因晶体缺陷而发生在结晶结构中。
(2)在光催化剂的相同位点处基本上没有同时进行的氧化和还原反应。在相同位点处的同时氧化还原反应导致氧化还原电势,这会造成低效的催化活性。在所述实施方案中,光催化剂不在光催化剂中的相同位点处引起同时的氧化还原反应。
(3)在可见光辐射中的光催化活性。
(4)能量转换的高量子效率。例如,以具有大致为7.5瓦特功率的晴天阳光入射,100cm2下TiOxNy的量子效率为约75%。
(5)容易沉积一定大小的团簇或一定大小的颗粒。
其他实施方案涉及一种碳汇器件,其包括衬底和本文所公开的实施方案的光催化复合材料。衬底可为透明的或非透明的。
在碳汇器件的一个实施方案中,导电层可位于衬底和光催化复合材料之间。导电层可为透明导电层或非透明导电层。使用透明衬底和透明导电层时,透明导电层和光催化复合材料可施加在衬底的两侧上,并暴露于阳光。使用非透明衬底如房屋的外墙或屋顶时,非透明导电层和光催化复合材料可施加在衬底的一侧上。
一般而言,衬底可以为任何非导电材料,尤其如石英板、玻璃、塑料或住宅的外墙或屋顶。导电层可以为金属层或透明导电层如ITO(氧化铟锡)、氧化铝或氧化锌层。
实施例
碳汇器件的一个实施例示于图1中。图1(左)示出从一侧暴露于阳光(4)的单侧碳汇器件。图1(右)示出从两侧暴露于阳光(4)的双侧碳汇器件。碳汇器件包括石英衬底(1)、氧化铟锡(ITO)透明导电层(2)以及光催化复合材料层(3)。在图1的实施例中,包括TiOxNy、CaCO3和WC的复合材料可通过溶剂流延以及将复合材料的溶剂混合物喷涂在石英板上来制备。带隙能为约3.4eV的TiOxNy在从太阳吸收光子之后生成光激电子。碳酸钙可含有孔隙以吸收碳的氧化物(CO2与CO)。CO2与CO的结合能为187千卡/mol。所吸收的碳的氧化物被由TiOxNy半导体材料产生的高能光激电子裂解。
图1的器件如下制得。使用具有约100欧姆电阻的铟-锡(90∶10)在透明板如石英板、塑料板、玻璃板上制备导电膜如透明导电氧化物(ITO)薄膜。将该工艺以及光催化复合材料(下文描述的)应用于涂覆透明导电氧化物的表面。导电膜的目的是将电子或离子从TiOxNy输送到CaCO3。
用于制备具有TiOxNy(x=4.7,y=1.39)、CaCO3和WC的光催化复合材料以及将其涂覆到期望表面上(即,涂覆ITO的玻璃表面上)的工艺在以下步骤中描述:
1.在含有30ml的2M氨水和20ml的5%冰醋酸的溶液存在下,在圆底烧瓶中放入5重量%碳酸钙和2重量%碳化钨。
2.搅拌上述组合物。
3.逐滴添加5.9ml、20mmol四异丙醇钛。
4.在真空喷涂腔内,于430℃的温度下在无空气环境中喷涂到ITO玻璃或任何其他合适的衬底/任何表面上。
尽管所述实施方案不限于特定的反应方案,但一种制备光催化复合材料的工艺的可能反应方案为:
存在可采用的其他方法,如球磨法和电子旋涂法。
测试经喷涂的碳汇器件,并且结果如下。
样品光催化复合材料中TiOxNy光催化剂的结晶性质通过SEM成像来证实,并使用EDAX/XRD(能量色散谱X-射线衍射)谱图(图2)来分析。XRD谱图的目的是检验样品光催化复合材料中的TiOxNy光催化剂是否为结晶或无定形或多晶的。
图3示出光催化复合材料的拉曼和FTIR谱图。图4示出使用FEI量子FEG200-HRSEM获得的EDAX/XRD谱图。透光率和带隙通过UV-光谱(JASCO-V-530)来测量(图5)。在图2-5中,术语TCCP是指基于碳酸钛钙的光催化剂(TCCP)。
尽管光催化剂一般为无定形材料,但TiOxNy为结晶材料。图2表明光催化复合材料中存在的组分。图3表明存在诸如COOH、OH、NH2和SH的官能团。图4示出光催化复合材料的结晶性质。图5示出通过光催化复合材料在暴露于阳光和CO2时的电流-电压(I-V)特性测量得到的光催化活性。产生的光激电子被用来裂解碳和氧。因此,图5中的峰指向下。当碳汇器件的涂层因碳在器件表面上的沉积而变成黑色时,峰的峰高由于光激电子不被用来将CO2裂解成碳和氧而继续降低。
从图2-5中提供的数据,可总结性地推断,TiOxNy的带隙足以吸收紫外-可见谱;图5a示出半导体材料的功能性,证明在阳光存在下产生电子;图5b示出光催化复合材料对阳光和CO2两者的暴露和切断暴露;以及图5c证明CO2的裂解,其进一步由炭黑得以形成而得到证实。
图1示出具有涂覆以样品光催化复合材料的衬底的样品碳汇器件的示意图。图6示出容纳样品碳汇器件(12)的碳汇器件腔(11)的一个实例,所述样品碳汇器件(12)具有涂覆有样品光催化复合材料的衬底。碳汇器件腔通常为具有二氧化碳入口(13)和氧出口(14)的透明腔。
使如上文解释而制备的样品光催化复合材料暴露于阳光,并在一段时间内通过用软刷刷扫光催化复合材料的表面来积累收集的碳。
上文描述的光催化复合材料具有各种应用:
(1)用于将CO2分解成其组成成分C和O2或CO。
(2)当以较大规模配置时,用于减少大气中的CO2,这可缓解当前全球变暖气候危机。
(3)用于代替基于硅的方法,与该方法中所使用的简单工艺和材料相比,基于硅的方法因高成本的结构而为昂贵的。
(4)用于以其自身或与太阳能板技术一起在各种场所采用,如市区、燃煤/气/油的生成CO2的发电厂、住宅的屋顶和住宅的外墙上、要求碳信用额的办公室/复式旅馆,以及汽车站/停车场。
在详述中,参考了附图,所述附图构成其一部分。在图中,相似的符号通常表明相似的部件,除非上下文另外指明。在详述、附图和权利要求书中描述的示例性实施方案不意味着进行限制。也可采用其他实施方案并且可进行其他改动,而不偏离本文提出的主题的精神或范围。将容易地理解,本公开的各方面,如在本文中总体描述的,以及在图中阐述的,可以各种各样的不同构造来布置、取代、合并、分开和设计,所有这些均在本文中明确预期。
本公开不限于该申请中所描述的具体实施方案,所述具体实施方案意在举例说明各个方面。可以进行许多修订和变化,而不偏离其精神和范围,这对本领域技术人员将是明显的。通过前文的描述,本公开范围内的功能性等同的方法和装置,除本文中列举的那些以外,对本领域技术人员将是明显的。这种修订和变化意图落入所附权利要求的范围。本公开仅仅由所附权利要求的条款,连同与这些权利要求所赋予的全部等同范围来限制。应当理解,本公开不限于具体的方法、试剂、化合物组成或生物体系,它们当然可以变化。还应当理解,本文所用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方案,而不是意图进行限制。
关于本文中基本上任何复数和/或单数术语的使用,本领域技术人员可按照对语境和/或应用的适宜性从复数转化为单数和/或从单数转化为复数。为了简洁起见,各种单数/复数交换可在本文中得以清楚阐述。
本领域技术人员应理解,一般而言,本文所用的术语,并且尤其在所附权利要求书(如所附权利要求书正文)中一般意图为“开放性”术语(如,术语“包括”应被解读为“包括但不限于”,术语“具有”应被解读为“至少具有”,术语“包含”应被解读为“包含,但不限于”,等)。本领域技术人员还应理解,如果意图引入的权利要求表述中的具体数值,则该意图将明确记载在权利要求中,并且没有这样的记载时则不存在这种意图。例如,为了帮助理解,以下所附权利要求可含有对引导性短语“至少一个”和“一个或更多个”的使用,来引导权利要求陈述。然而,这种短语的使用不应解释为暗含,由不定冠词“一个”或“一种”引导的权利要求表述将任何含有这样引导的权利要求表述的具体权利要求限制到仅含有一种这样表述的实施方案,即使是当该相同权利要求包括引导性短语“一个或更多个”或“至少一个”以及诸如“一个”或“一种”的不定冠词(如,“一个”和/或“一种”应被解读为意指“至少一个”或“一个或更多个”);对于用来引导权利要求表述的定冠词的使用也是如此。此外,即使所引导的权利要求表述的具体数值被明确记载,但本领域技术人员应当认识到,这样的表述应被解读为意指至少为所记载的数值(如,单纯的”两种表述”的表述,没有其他修饰词,意指至少两种表述,或者两种或更多种表述)。而且,在使用“A、B和C等中的至少一个”的常规术语的情形中,一般而言,这样的造句意图意味着本领域技术人员将理解该常规(如,“具有A、B和C中的至少一个的系统”将包括,但不限于具有单独的A、单独的B、单独的C、A与B一起、A与C一起、B与C一起,和/或A、B与C一起的系统)。在使用“A、B或C等中的至少一个”的常规术语的情形中,一般,这样的造句意图意味着本领域技术人员将理解该常规(如,“具有A、B或C中的至少一个的系统”将包括,但不限于具有单独的A、单独的B、单独的C、A与B一起、A与C一起、B与C一起,和/或A、B与C一起的系统)。本领域技术人员还将理解,提供两种或更多种备选项目的任何分离性词和/或短语,无论是在说明书、权利要求书还是在附图中,均应理解为预期包括两个项目的一个、两个项目的任一个,或两个项目的全部的可能性。例如,短语“A或B”将被理解为包括“A”或“B”或“A与B”的可能性。
此外,在根据马库什组描述公开内容的特征或方面时,本领域技术人员将认识到,该公开内容也由此在马库什组的任何单独的成员或子组成员方面得以描述。
如将由本领域技术人员所理解的,出于任何及所有目的,如在提供书面描述方面,本文公开的所有范围也囊括任何以及可能的子范围及其子范围的组合。任何所列出的范围可被容易地认为充分描述并使得该相同范围再分成至少相等的两份、三份、四份、五份、十份等成为可能。作为非限制性实施例,本文讨论的每个范围可容易地再分成下三分之一、中三分之一和上三分之一等。如将由本领域技术人员所理解的,所有诸如“直到”、“至少”、“大于”、“小于”等等的语言包括所记载的数值并且指的是范围,该范围可随后如上文讨论的分成子范围。最后,如将由本领域技术人员所理解的,范围包括每个单独的成员。由此,例如,具有1-3个单元的组是指具有1、2或3个单元的组。类似地,具有1-5个单元的组是指具有1、2、3、4或5个单元的组,等等。
尽管各个方面和实施方案已在本文中得以公开,但其他方面和实施方案对于本领域技术人员将是明显的。本文公开的各个方面和实施方案是为了举例说明的目的,而不是意在限制,真正的范围和精神由所附权利要求来表明。
Claims (15)
1.一种光催化复合材料,其包含:
(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构,其中所述第一组分包括氮氧化钛;
(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及
(c)第三组分,所述第三组分利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧,其中所述第三组分包括WC、TaO2、Pd、Pt、Ru、Sn或它们的组合。
2.权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述某一最小带隙为至少3.4eV。
3.权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述氮氧化钛为结晶的。
4.权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述第二组分包括第I或第II族碳酸盐。
5.权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述第二组分包括CaCO3、MgCO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3或它们的组合。
6.一种碳汇器件,其包括衬底和光催化复合材料,所述光催化复合材料包含:
(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构,其中所述第一组分包括氮氧化钛;
(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及
(c)第三组分,所述第三组分利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧,其中所述第三组分包括WC、TaO2、Pd、Pt、Ru、Sn或它们的组合。
7.权利要求6所述的器件,其中所述衬底包括透明的或非透明的非导电材料。
8.权利要求6所述的器件,其中所述衬底包括石英、塑料、玻璃、墙壁、屋顶,或它们的组合。
9.权利要求6所述的器件,还包括在所述衬底和所述光催化复合材料之间的导电层。
10.权利要求9所述的器件,其中所述导电层是透明的或非透明的。
11.权利要求9所述的器件,其中所述导电层包括金属层、氧化铟锡层、氧化锌层、氧化铝层,或它们的组合。
12.一种碳汇的方法,其包括使碳的氧化物暴露于光催化复合材料,以及裂解所述碳的氧化物以形成碳和氧,其中所述光催化复合材料产生光激电子,吸附/吸收所述碳的氧化物;以及利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成炭黑和氧,
其中所述光催化复合材料包含:
(a)第一组分,所述第一组分产生光激电子,并且具有至少某一最小带隙以吸收可见光,以及具有基本上防止所述光激电子与空穴复合的结构,其中所述第一组分包括氮氧化钛;
(b)第二组分,所述第二组分吸附/吸收碳的氧化物;以及
(c)第三组分,所述第三组分利用所述光激电子将所述碳的氧化物裂解成碳和氧,其中所述第三组分包括WC、TaO2、Pd、Pt、Ru、Sn或它们的组合。
13.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述碳的氧化物包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、二氧化三碳,或它们的组合。
14.权利要求12所述的方法,还包括将所述炭黑从所述光催化复合材料的表面去除。
15.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述方法在生成碳的氧化物的区域中实施。
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CN101242885A (zh) * | 2005-07-28 | 2008-08-13 | 环球研究技术有限公司 | 从空气中除去二氧化碳 |
CN101301619A (zh) * | 2008-07-03 | 2008-11-12 | 南开大学 | 高效率金属、非金属离子共掺杂纳米TiO2可见光催化剂的制备方法 |
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US9474996B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 |
US20110104029A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
CN102596389A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
JP2013508152A (ja) | 2013-03-07 |
EP2493602A1 (en) | 2012-09-05 |
US20150107986A1 (en) | 2015-04-23 |
EP2493602A4 (en) | 2013-05-22 |
US8946112B2 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
JP5398918B2 (ja) | 2014-01-29 |
WO2011051827A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
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