CN102558066A - 一种氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
一种氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种染料敏化太阳能电池中染料敏化光阳极的表面修饰材料,所述表面修饰材料是一种氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物,其化学结构式如下所示:
Description
技术领域
本发明属于染料敏化太阳能电池领域,涉及一种染料敏化太阳能电池中染料敏化光阳极的表面修饰材料。
背景技术
光阳极是染料敏化太阳能电池的核心部件,主要作用是利用巨大的表面积来吸附单分子层染料,同时也是电荷分离和传输的载体。在DSSC中应用的半导体薄膜材料主要有TiO2、ZnO、SnO2、Nb2O5、SrTiO3、Zn2SnO4等,到目前为止性能最为优良的仍是纳米TiO2半导体。但是半导体电极的巨大表面积也增加了电极表面的电荷复合几率,从而降低太阳能电池的光电转换效率。为了改善电池的光伏性能,减少电子复合,需要对TiO2电极表面进行钝化和保护,现有技术中,人们开发了多种物理化学修饰技术来改善纳米TiO2电极的特性,例如:TiCl4水溶液处理TiO2光阳极、在TiO2表面包覆一层材料薄层、使用共吸附剂、利用电解质中引入的添加剂(参见:Chem.Rev.2010,110,6595-6663),具体地:
(1)采用TiCl4水溶液处理TiO2光阳极,可以在纯度不高的TiO2核外面包覆一层高纯度的TiO2,增加电子注入效率,在半导体-电解质界面形成阻挡层。和电沉积一样,在纳米TiO2薄膜之间形成新的纳米TiO2颗粒,增强了纳米TiO2颗粒间电化学接触(参见:J.Am.Chem.Soc.1993,115,6382-6390)。
(2)在纳米TiO2表面包覆具有较高导带位置的半导体或绝缘层形成核-壳结构的阻挡层也可以减少电荷的复合。TiO2表面包覆ZnO、Nb2O5、SrTiO3等金属氧化物后电池效率均有明显提高[Chem.Mater.2001,13,678-682;J.Phys.Chem.B,2001,105,6347-6352;Chem.Mater.2002,13,4629-4634]。Kay和等对TiO2包覆Al2O3、MgO、Y2O3后,虽然电池的光电压和填充因子上升,但短路电流密度大幅度降低,最终导致了电池效率的降低(参见:Chem.Mater.2002,14,2930-2935)。
(3)Bongha等通过在TiO2表面滴加一定浓度的树枝状聚酯溶液共吸附剂,作为半导体-电解质界面的阻挡层。可以有效的提高短路电流密度,但对开路电压影响不大。但所用的聚酯价格较高(3806RMB/250mg,Adrich公司)(参见:Chem.Comm.2011,47,1734-1736)。Chang等用吡啶熔盐作为共吸附剂,只使用烟碱酸时开路电压有所增加,但短路电流降低很多,最终导致效率下降了很多,使用吡啶熔盐时,由于含有I-,使得效率略有增加;并且,由于是把吡啶熔盐和N719配成溶液,这样做对制作染料敏化太阳能电池的成本很不利,增加了染料敏化太阳能电池的制作成本(参见:Sol.Energy,2010,doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.10.009)。
(4)专利号为200710119311.X的中国发明专利公开了一种染料敏化太阳能电池中染料敏化光阳极的后修饰方法,将制备好的纳米多孔TiO2光阳极吸附染料后,再修饰上金属化合物层。减小了TiO2导带中注入的电子与电解质中氧化还原对的反向复合,提高了太阳能电池的光电转换效率。但是我们可以从公开的的说明书里了解到参比电池放置一天后效率从2.60%下降到0.36%;实例一的效率从3.22%下降到3.20%,放置两天后降到1.98%。虽然修饰后效果比未修饰的要好,但电池的稳定性还是不理想的。
另外,在电解质中引入一定浓度的添加剂是减少TiO2电极电子复合的一个重要方法(参见:J.Am.Chem.Soc.1993,115,6382-6390;Chem.Rev.2010,110,6595-6663),其性能的好坏对电池的开路电压,短路电流及暗电流产生非常重要的影响。目前,最常用和最有效果的添加剂是叔丁基吡啶(TBP)、N-甲基苯并咪唑(NMB)、N-丁基苯并咪唑(NMB)(参见:J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1993,115,6382-6390;J.Photochem.Photobiol.,A 2004,162;Nature Mater,2008,7,626);其它杂环类的添加剂也有报道(参见:J.Photochem.Photobiol.,A 2003,160,171;Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells 2003,80,167;J.Photochem.Photobiol.,A 2004,165,157;Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells 2004,81,87;Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells2005,85,333;Sol.Energy Mater.Sol.Cells 2004,82,457.)。
最近出现了一种新型的离子液体结构的苯并咪唑也能增强电池的性能尤其是稳定性,但同时增加了电解质的黏度(参见:Chem.Commun.2011,47,11516-11518)。胍类离子液体也用来增强电池性能,但通常与其它添加剂混合使用(参见:Chem.Mater.2004,16,2694-2696;J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2004,126,7164-7165;Nature Mater,2008,7,626-630)。添加剂的作用在于通过含氮的杂环与TiO2结合来负移其能级,进而增强电池的开路电压,同时对阳极进行钝化,阻挡TiO2电子与电解质中I3 -的复合,提高电池效率。
上述的几种方法组装的电池的电解质中都含有一定浓度的添加剂(0.45-1.0M),会降低电解质的电导率,导致短路电流的降低(参见:Electrochim.Acta 2006,51,5286-5294;Langmuir 2008,24,4411-4419;Electrochim.Acta 2010,55,7159-7165)。另外,一些高粘度的和固态的电解质,如NBB、NMBI和离子液体结构的苯并咪唑,都会增加电解质的粘度(参见:Energy Mater.Sol.Cells 2007,91,1062-1065;Chem.Commun.2011,47,11516-11518),进而降低氧化还原对的扩散速率(参见:Electrochim.Acta2008,53,5503-5508),导致电池性能的降低。同时,添加剂的成本也较高(TBP:400RMB/10mL,大连七色光科技公司;TBP:885RMB/25mL,NMB:646RMB/5g,NBB:212RMB/5g,武汉格奥科教仪器有限公司)。
发明内容
本发明的发明目的是提供一种氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物,并以此作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极界面修饰材料,同时在电解质不需要添加剂的情况下,提高染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率,节约了制作染料敏化太阳能电池的成本,提高了染料敏化太阳能电池的性能。
制备上述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物的方法包括以下步骤:
步骤(1)的反应历程如下:
步骤(2)的反应历程如下:
本发明同时要求保护上述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极界面修饰材料的应用。
采用上述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极界面修饰材料制作染料敏化太阳能电池的方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)在FTO导电玻璃表面设置一层致密的TiO2膜:将FTO导电玻璃先清洗干净,在70℃40mM TiCl4水溶液中保持30min,取出后用乙醇冲洗后自然晾干;
(2)用刮涂技术,把P25浆料涂一层8μm厚的TiO2薄膜,P400浆料涂一层3μm厚的TiO2薄膜,500℃下空气中煅烧30min,待导电玻璃冷却到80℃时,浸入染料(如Z907)溶液中12h;
(3)用H2PtCl6溶液在另一块导电玻璃表面涂一薄层作为对电极;
(4)通过热塑膜把光阳极和对电极封在一起,在对电极上预留的小孔滴加氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物的溶液,利用真空填充技术将该溶液浸润到光阳极上,同时加热除去溶剂,然后电解质通过对电极上的小孔注入,再通过真空填充技术组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。
上述技术方案中,步骤(4)中,所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑的溶液中的溶剂为乙腈-二氯甲烷混合溶剂,溶液的浓度为0.05-0.5mol/L。
上述技术方案中,步骤(4)中,所述电解质包括离子液体电解质和固体电解质,例如,离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/NBB/GuSCN(摩尔比12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(参见:Nature Mater.2008,7,626-630;Chem.Commun.2011,47,11516-11518),固体电解质为双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI),N(PhBr3)SbCl6,spiro-MeOTAD的混合物(参见:Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。
由于上述技术方案运用,本发明与现有技术相比具有下列优点:
1.本发明所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑简单易得,成本低,可用作染料敏化太阳能电池用光阳极界面修饰材料;
2.采用本发明所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑作为界面修饰材料对光阳极界面处理,避免了向电解质中加入添加剂的同时,提高了电池效率,降低了电池电解质的成本;
3.采用本发明所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑作为界面修饰材料对光阳极界面处理时,仅需要向吸附好染料的光阳极,滴加该界面修饰材料的溶液,取出,通过加热挥发去除溶剂,即可;电池组装程序少,易封装。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述:
实施例一:
的合成:参照文献(Chem.Mater.1992,4,1246-1253),将20mmol二溴乙烷和20mmol K2CO3分别加入到10mmol的丙酮(20mL)溶液中,N2保护下,70℃反应12h。过滤,并移除溶剂得到沉淀,重结晶得到 1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3):7.67(m,4H),7.54(d,2H),7.02(d,2H),4.35(t,2H),3.67(t,2H)。取25mmol KOH加入到10mmol与12mmol苯并咪唑混合的乙腈(20mL)溶液中,冰水浴下反应8h。过滤洗涤得到 1HNMR(300MHz,CDCCl3):7.90(s,1H),7.82(d,1H),7.60-7.70(dd,4H),7.52(d,2H),7.41(d,1H),7.24-7.34(m,2H),6.96(d,2H),4.20(t,2H),3.97(dd,2H)。
实施例二
的合成:参照文献(Chem.Mater.1992,4,1246-1253),将20mmol二溴乙烷和20mmol K2CO3分别加入到10mmol的丙酮(20mL)溶液中,N2保护下,70℃反应12h。过滤,并移除溶剂得到沉淀,重结晶得到 1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3):7.66(m,4H),7.53(d,2H),6.99(d,2H),4.06(t,2H),3.51(t,2H),2.10(m,2H),1.98(m,2H)。取25mmol KOH加入到10mmol与12mmol苯并咪唑混合的乙腈(20mL)溶液中,冰水浴下反应8h。过滤洗涤得到 1HNMR(300MHz,CDCCl3):7.90(s,1H),7.82(d,1H),7.60-7.70(dd,4H),7.52(d,2H),7.41(d,1H),7.24-7.34(m,2H),6.96(d,2H),4.20(t,2H),3.97(dd,2H),2.0-2.2(m,2H),1.8-1.9(m,2H)。
实施例三
的合成:参照文献(Chem.Mater.1992,4,1246-1253),将20mmol二溴乙烷和20mmol K2CO3分别加入到10mmol的丙酮(20mL)溶液中,N2保护下,70℃反应12h。过滤,并移除溶剂得到沉淀,重结晶得到 1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3):7.66(m,4H),7.53(d,2H),6.99(d,2H),4.01(t,2H),3.43(t,2H),1.91(m,2H),1.83(m,2H),1.53(s,4H)。取25mmol KOH加入到10mmol与12mmol苯并咪唑混合的乙腈(20mL)溶液中,冰水浴下反应8h。过滤洗涤得到11HNMR(300MHz,CDCCl3):7.90(s,1H),7.82(d,1H),7.60-7.70(dd,4H),7.52(d,2H),7.41(d,1H),7.24-7.34(m,2H),6.96(d,2H),4.20(t,2H),3.97(dd,2H),1.72-2.02(m,4H),0.9-1.6(m,8H)。
比较实施例一:
将目前报道的离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/NBB/GuSCN(12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例四至九为采用氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极界面修饰材料制作染料敏化太阳能电池的具体实施方式,采用的示范性的离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/NBB/GuSCN(12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(参见:Nature Mater.2008,7,626-630;Chem.Commun.2011,47,11516-11518),体电解质为spiro-MeOTAD(参见:.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。
染料敏化太阳能电池的制作参照Thin solid films,2008,516,4613-4619;J.Mater.Chem.2011,21,7326-7330;具体包括以下步骤:
(1)将FTO导电玻璃先清洗干净,在70℃40mM TiCl4水溶液中保持30min,取出后用乙醇冲洗后自然晾干,在FTO导电玻璃表面形成一层致密的TiO2模;
(2)用刮涂技术,用P25浆料涂一层8μm厚的TiO2薄膜,P400浆料涂一层3μm厚的TiO2薄膜,500℃下空气中煅烧30min,待导电玻璃冷却到80℃时,浸入染料(如Z907)溶液中12h;
(3)用H2PtCl6溶液在另一块导电玻璃表面涂一薄层作为对电极;
(4)通过热塑膜把光阳极和对电极封在一起,在对电极上预留的小孔滴加数滴氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑的溶液,利用真空填充技术将该溶液浸润到光阳极上,同时加热(60-80℃)除去溶剂,然后电解质通过对电极上的小孔注入,再通过真空填充技术组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。同时,没有进行界面修饰的电池作为参比电池。
上述技术方案中,步骤(4)中,所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑的溶液中的溶剂为乙腈-二氯甲烷混合溶剂,溶液的浓度为0.05-0.5mol/L。
上述技术方案中,步骤(4)中,所述电解质包括离子液体电解质和固体电解质,例如,离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/NBB/GuSCN(摩尔比12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(参见:Nature Mater.2008,7,626-630;Chem.Commun.2011,47,11516-11518),固体电解质为spiro-MeOTAD(参见:Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。
实施例四
将结构为的化合物进行光阳极界面修饰后,用离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/GuSCN(12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(无添加剂NBB)组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例五
将结构为的化合物进行光阳极界面修饰后,用离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/GuSCN(12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(无添加剂NBB)组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例六
将结构为的化合物进行光阳极界面修饰后,用离子液体电解质为DMII/EMII/EMITCB/I2/GuSCN(12∶12∶16∶1.67∶3.33∶0.67)(无添加剂NBB)组装成染料敏化太阳能电池。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
比较实施例二:
取0.05mL含4-特丁基吡啶(TBP),双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI),N(PhBr3)SbCl6,spiro-MeOTAD的氯苯溶液,滴加在染料敏化TiO2光阳极表面,旋涂后,除去溶剂,再在上面镀一层约30nm的金电极组成电池(Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例七
滴数滴0.1M的于TiO2光阳极上,加热80-100℃至溶剂除去,再将双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI),N(PhBr3)SbCl6,spiro-MeOTAD的氯苯溶液,滴加在染料敏化TiO2光阳极表面,旋涂后,除去溶剂,再在上面镀一层约30nm的金电极组成电池(Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例八
滴数滴0.1M的于TiO2光阳极上,加热80-100℃至溶剂除去,再将双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI),N(PhBr3)SbCl6,spiro-MeOTAD的氯苯溶液,滴加在染料敏化TiO2光阳极表面,旋涂后,除去溶剂,再在上面镀一层约30nm的金电极组成电池(Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
实施例九
滴数滴0.1M的于TiO2光阳极上,加热80-100℃至溶剂除去,再将双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI),N(PhBr3)SbCl6,spiro-MeOTAD的氯苯溶液,滴加在染料敏化TiO2光阳极表面,旋涂后,除去溶剂,再在上面镀一层约30nm的金电极组成电池(Adv.Mater.2005,17,813-815)。在室温环境下,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)光电参数见附录(表1)。
表1
注:测试条件:室温环境,使用氙灯模拟太阳光,光强100mW/cm2条件下,测得电池(有效面积0.16cm2)。
Claims (5)
5.权利要求1所述氰基联苯功能化的苯并咪唑化合物作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极界面修饰材料的应用。
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