CN1025369C - 用聚合物多模光波导制作星形耦合器的方法及设备 - Google Patents

用聚合物多模光波导制作星形耦合器的方法及设备 Download PDF

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CN1025369C
CN1025369C CN90104313A CN90104313A CN1025369C CN 1025369 C CN1025369 C CN 1025369C CN 90104313 A CN90104313 A CN 90104313A CN 90104313 A CN90104313 A CN 90104313A CN 1025369 C CN1025369 C CN 1025369C
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约克恩·康坦迪恩
沃纳尔·格罗
皮特·赫布莱施迈尔
约根·泰斯
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    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B6/2808—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using a mixing element which evenly distributes an input signal over a number of outputs
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Abstract

以聚合物光波导制作星形耦合器的方法及设备。如果将聚合物光波导并行置于一个设备的中部区域，并在压力及加热情况下互相融合，可获得一具有低输入损失和在各个输出纤维间较小的能量波动的星形耦合器，该耦合器由聚合物光波导构成在机械性能上是很坚固的。聚合物光波导的光学涂层已在融合前预先去掉。该方法是容易且经济的。该设备由一个带有沟槽的下部，和带有与沟槽形状相对应的阳模的上部组成。

Description

本发明涉及一种生产方法用于以聚合物多模光波导系统生产机械坚固的星形耦合器以及用于该生产的设备。
星形耦合器是一个光学元件，它将一个输入纤维光波导分解成M个输出纤维。这样的元件作为光能分离器用于无源光波导网络。这种均匀分离发生在被称作混合区的地方。到目前，基本上已有二种用于聚合物光波导系统的星形耦合器的生产方法：
1）“双锥渐缩法”（BT法），参阅K.Imoto等的申请，光学，卷25第19号3443页（1986）。
2）“混合棒法”（MR法）参阅R.D.Codd，美国汽车工程师学会/电气与电子工程师协会，国际电子传输会议（1984）。
在BT方法的场合，多个光波导（玻璃或聚合物）在垫效应下集成一束及拉伸。在这个过程里，产生一具有双锥外形的中间细部，该法由此而得名。随后，被拉伸的纤维在加热区域被扭曲，以便这些光波导的光学包层在中间细部相互融合。
在一输入纤维里传导的光射线的传播角度在逐渐减缩的区域急刷增加，直到芯心不再导引这些射线。从最高位的形态开始，芯形态越来越多地变成包层形态。在融合区，各个纤维的包层形态相互混合。当纤维接下来又分开时，在涂层中传导的光线被分布在所有输出纤维上，并随着纤维厚度的增加连续被转变回芯形态。
通过这种方法制造的星形耦合器相对来说是低损耗的，但却显示出对形态的很强的依赖性。在一个结构由光波导、可拆卸连结及耦合器组成的场合下，通过采取一超尺寸系统余量将这种依赖性考虑进去。
BT耦合器的另一个缺点是在逐渐缩减区里，机械性能不稳定，结果它的应用，如在汽车上就不可能。此外，由于这种方法具有所有这些综合缺点，比如不能重复光学参数只能进行单件生产，所以生产是复杂的而且是昂贵的。
在MR方法的场合，聚合物光波导是以其抛光末端粘着固定在透明棒或小片端面上的。这些小片或棒在该场合下用作光混合器。
这种方法在生产中非常复杂且昂贵，因而不适于用作系列生产。光学损失也很高。
本发明的目的是发现一种方法，用它可以容易及经济地生产一种机械性坚固的星形耦合器。这个方法也应该能提供具有低输入损失的耦合器及在各个输出纤维间具有较小的能量波动。
已经发现，如果聚合物光波导在加压、加热情况下，在设备中互相融合，上面所提到的需求可被满足。
对于这种方法，2到103最好是2到128个聚合物光波导平放在一个设备的下部分的一个沟槽里，光波导的包层在该区已预先去掉，并被融合使得光在各个纤维间传导。所说设备的内壁是适当抛光的，以便减少可造成强光损失的多余粗糙部分。
在一个明显高于光波导的玻璃临界温度的温度上，用一阳模将光波导在压力下融合进一个均匀混合区域。在这之后，下部和阳模被冷却至玻璃临界温度之下，保持同样压力，将耦合器从通道里移 出。由于横断面的急剧变化导致在纤维中相对显著的弯曲，将引起很高的光学损失。所以这个通道的开口是锥形的，使得在压制过程中，从混合区域到各个纤维的过渡连续进行。
这个由条状聚合物光波导组成的混合区域，是由折射率必低于光波导材料的一种材料进行光绝缘的。这个光绝缘可以用一透明漆料在融合后来进行。
不只是用直接融合光波导的方法，就可以获得机械性能更稳定的耦合器，举例来说，要将光波导装入一个透明的可热塑加工的具有降折射率的塑料管道，在上述的设备中加压力加热来融合这整个系统。
可用一具有长方形开口的塑料部分代替管道，它具有这样的优点即聚合物光波导可以一种排列平放在各个层里。管道或长方形为混合区形成光包层并同时为已融合区起机械加固作用。设备和阳模的几何尺寸依赖于有多少光波导被融合。
使用那些其光包层已经被用机械方法或化学方法从该区移去的光波导融合。
合适的聚合物光波导具有0.1至3的直径，最好是0.5到1mm。比如芯是（PMMA）有机玻璃（芯折射率nk＝1.40）（PS）聚苯乙烯（nk＝1.59）或（PC）聚酸酸酯（nk＝1.585）。
以这种方式制造的星形耦合器证明是机械完全坚固的，并具有很好的光传导性能。
看这些透视图，部分从上面，部分从下面来看，这些图显示了用于生产星形耦合器设备的可能设计。图1表示了用于生产在混合区（6）具有长方形横断面的星形耦合器的设备，长方形横断面的沟槽（2）凹进下部分（1），沟槽（2）由一个等截面中间区（2a）及2个平载头棱锥形边区（2b）和（2c）组成。上部分（3）被提供了一个阳模（4），阳模以其形状与下部分（1）的沟槽（2）相对应，上部（3）由一等截面中间区（4a）及二个平截头棱锥形边区（4b）和（4c）组成。
根据图2取代长方形横断面，沟槽（2′）也可以具有一横断面在每一侧是圆形的，以便与阳模（4′）连接，阳模下侧同样是圆的，制造出星形耦合器（5′）为圆横断面。该设备完全由金属构成。
图3示出了设备的另一种可能设计，这种设计特别有助于设备的加热。下部（1″）不是由一个整体部部分组成的，而是由金属底板（1a″）和二个侧板（1b″）及（1c″）组成的，侧板是由电绝缘、耐热材料如玻璃或陶瓷构成的。底板（1a″）与带有阳模（4″）的上部（3″）形成电极组成一电容器，在电容器上可施加一交变电压。作用在电极间的高频交变电场引起了分子偶极子与该交变电场（如频率27.12MHz）同步振荡。这种现象产生分子摩擦，这种摩擦使聚合物从里向外被加热。在此加热焊接过程中，由于整个过程要求使用少于10秒的时间，因此模子保持冷却。在打开设备之后，焊接加工的塑料可立即取出。
例1.9×9星形耦合器的生产
具有1mm直径的九根50cm长聚碳酸酯塑料的光波导三个一组，各组相互紧挨地平放在带有长方形开口的有机玻璃模型中。
包层预先在纤维的中部用化学方法去掉5cm的距离。然后将有机玻璃模型加聚碳酸脂纤维系统根据图1平放在一个金属模子中，并通过电阻加热约170℃。同时，用阳模来施加一个10kg/cm2的压力，然后将这9个纤维融合进混合区。有机玻璃用作包层。在这层中光线形成完全反对，同时它也为混合区起着固体防护层的作用。
大约5分钟之后，关掉加热，保持持续的压力。在接下来的又一个10分钟之后，系统已经冷却到100℃以下，这是有机玻璃模型的玻璃临界温度。去掉压力将星形耦合器从金属模中脱出。
这样的星形耦合器在输出纤维间最大能量波动为2.6dB的情况下，其具有平均为13.2dB的输入损失。
例2.8×8星形耦合器的生产
八个具有1mm直径50cm长的有机玻璃聚合物光波导四个一组相互紧挨地平放在一个模子中，模子下侧形成电容器的一个板极。模的侧壁由玻璃薄片构成。
金属阳模形成电容器的上板极。有机玻璃纤维的包层在其中部顶先以化学方法去掉5cm长。
接着，用阳模在纤维上施加大约15kg/cm2的压力，所施加的高频交变电场导致在5秒之内，在有机玻璃纤维内部的加热升温，以便使得光波导在压力融成一均匀混合棒。压模在这期间保持冷却。在打开模之后即可直接将耦合器取出。
整个过程持续20秒，接着，8×8星形耦合器的混合区涂以聚硅氧烷硬漆。漆的折射率n＝1.43低于纤维材料的折射率n＝1.49。结果，漆层可作为完全反射光涂层。8×8星形耦合器的输入损失在2.3dB的输出纤维间的最大能量波动时是12dB。
本发明通过同步步骤，将光波导集成一束并将其焊接在一起的用聚合物光波导产生星形耦合器的方法，主要是在焊接点剥离涂层的光波导并行放在一个设备的中间区域的沟槽里并通过加热和加压使其融合，这个沟槽是与以后成形的星形耦合器的形状相对应的。
本发明用于以聚合物光波导生产星形耦合器的设备，其组成主要是一个带有通道（2、2′、2″）的下部（1、1′、1″）和一带有阳模（4、4′、4″）的上部（3、3′、3″）。沟槽置于下部里，由平行的中间部分（2a、2a′、2a″）及二个锥形端部分（2b、2b′、2b″）和（2c、2c′、2c″）构成，阳模的形状与沟槽（2、2′、2″）相对应并由于一平行的中间部分（4a、4a′、4a″）和二个锥形端部分（4b、4b′、4b″）和（4c、4c′、4c″）构成，下部（1″）是由一金属底板（1a″）和二个由电绝缘组耐热材料构成的侧壁（1b″）及（1c″）组成。

Claims (3)

1、一种用聚合物多模光波导制作星形耦合器的方法，该多模光波导具有0.1至3毫米的直径及全反射包层，将光波导同时排列集成一束并将其焊接在一起，其特征在于，在焊接点剥离包层的多模光波导并行放在一个金属板上形成的沟槽内，该沟槽由一段平行的中部和两个锥形的端部组成，沟槽的形状对应于以后成形的星形耦合器的形状，将形状与沟槽相对应的阳模压入到光波导无包层处，对波导加热融合，冷却制成的星形耦合器并从模具中取出。
2、一种用于以聚合物多模光波导制作星形耦合器的设备，其特征为它的组成是一个带有沟槽（2、2′、2″）的下部（1、1′1″）和一带有阳模（4、4′4″）的上部（3、3′、3″）沟槽置于下部里，由平行的中间部分（2a、2a′、2a″）及二个锥形端部分（2b、2b′、2b″）和（2c、2c′、2c″）构成，阳模的形状与沟槽（2、2′、2″）相对应并由于一平行的中间部分（4a、4a′、4a″）和二个锥形端部分（4b、4b′、4b″）和（4c、4c′、4c″）构成。
3、如权利要求2所述的设备，其特征在于下部（1″）是由一金属底板（1a″）和二个由电绝缘组耐热材料构成的侧壁（1b″）及（1c″）组成。
CN90104313A 1989-06-13 1990-06-12 用聚合物多模光波导制作星形耦合器的方法及设备 Expired - Fee Related CN1025369C (zh)

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