CN102500733A - Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot - Google Patents
Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of forging, in particular relates to a forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of a steel ingot. The forging method is applied to free forging processes of steel ingots of various sizes. The distribution condition of internal strains of the steel ingot in the traditional free forging process and the influence on the closing effect of the hole-type defects in the steel ingot are researched by adopting a numerical simulation technology; therefore, on that basis, the forging method for efficiently healing the internal hole-type defects of the steel ingot, comprising the steps of, such as pre-upsetting in an axial direction, upsetting in a radial direction and the like, is provided. The forging method comprises the following steps of: (1), after ending the processes of pressing a forcep handle, chamfering, cutting off redundant dead heads and the like, pre-upsetting the steel ingot in an axial direction; (2), upsetting a blank in a radial direction by using flat plates as upper and lower anvils; (3), turning the blank for 90 DEG after upsetting in the radial direction, and drawing by continuously using the conventional methods, such as a WHF (Wide die Heavy blow Forging) method or an FM (Free from Mannesmann effect) method and the like; and (4), heating the blank, upsetting in the axial direction, and drawing again. In the drawing process, the radial upsetting method can be used again; and the conventional methods, such as the WHF method or the FM method and the like, can also be used.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the forging field, specifically is exactly the forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective, and it is applicable to the open die forging process of various sizes steel ingot.
Background technology
Forging is the important procedure in most of metal material processing process; Can improve the forging internal soundness through forging; Be broken as-cast structure, crystal grain thinning, uniform formation; And wrought alloy belongs to the shrinkage cavity in smelting process, produce, pore and defective such as loose, has great significance to improving forging quality.
Large-scale steel ingot can produce hole type defectives such as shrinkage cavity, loose, pore in cast and subsequently process of setting.For large-scale steel ingot, after ingot mould, the molten metal that contacts with ingot mould will at first solidify at pouring metal melt, and the metal of heart portion is because hot the conduction slowly with final set.Steel ingot heart portion zone will form mushy zone gradually; And this moment, steel ingot rising head top surface solidified, and caused and can't carry out feeding to heart portion, finally formed shrinkage cavity and defective such as loose in ingot axis heart portion zone; These defectives are because size is bigger; Must use effective Forging Technology that its forging is closed, otherwise will cause whole serious consequence of scrapping, cause great economic loss.
Shown in accompanying drawing 1, visible with the actual dissection photo of steel ingot internal flaw from 100 tons of nuclear power rotors, the shrinkage cavity that steel ingot heart portion zone forms is loose to be elongated strip and to distribute along axis.Set up model according to the steel ingot actual size; And use and dissect true loose profile in the photo; Shown in accompanying drawing 2, can find out that to its finite element modelling result who carries out axial upsetting process initial loose zone (shown in left-hand component among the figure) is after being 50% axial jumping-up through reduction ratio; Can't heal fully (shown in right half part among the figure), this is to be determined by loose profile own and distribution.Therefore, in whole forging process, axially jumping-up can't effectively be forged the center porosity of closing steel ingot, and the reparation to center porosity is accomplished in main dependence pulling.
From changing the angle of forging internal stress state, the researcher has proposed multiple pulling methods such as FM, FML and JTS method.In the process of these methods of proposition; People have recognized and use wide anvil can more effectively forge the center porosity of closing steel ingot; But the anvil of these pulling methods is wide still to be not enough to forge fully the center porosity of closing steel ingot, and owing between pressing down for 2 times, leave the zone that connects anvil, this regional strain is very little; Become a distortion dead band, these forging methods can't effectively be forged should the hole type defective in the zone.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective, can't forge the problem of closing the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, especially center porosity fully with what solve that present forging method causes.The forging method that adopts the present invention to formulate can guarantee the healing effect of the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, significantly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close can't through flaw detection cause scrapping maybe.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
The forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective comprises the steps:
1) ratio of height to diameter axially being pre-upset greater than 1.2 steel ingot, is 0.8～1.1 with its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter;
2) go up anvil and following anvil and use upper flat plate and flat board down respectively, blank is carried out radially jumping-up, the drafts in upsetting process radially is 20%～25%;
3) behind jumping-up radially with 90 ° of blank upsets, pull out, be 1.8～2.2 up to the ratio of height to diameter of blank;
4) to blank heat, axial jumping-up, making the blank ratio of height to diameter is 0.5～0.7; Pull out once more, blank is pulled out to final size.
Said step 2), radially the direction of depressing in the upsetting process is the direction of depressing in the conventional pulling method.
Said step 2), radially the drafts in the upsetting process is meant that the distance of depressing of upper flat plate is 20%～25% of blank original height or diameter, and the drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that upper flat plate is depressed in the forging process, and H is the blank original height, if blank is cylinder and depresses direction along diametric(al), cut-off footpath size then.
In said step 2) after radially jumping-up finishes, blank is reheated to its forgings temperature required, reducing the resistance of deformation of follow-up pulling process, and make closed hole type defective have that the time heals more fully.
Said step 3) uses WHF method or FM method to pull out, and each drafts is 20%～25%, and after two times end, with 90 ° of pullings of carrying out the 3rd time time of blank upset, the ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes the back blank is 1.8-2.2 once more.
Said step 3) after the pulling process finishes, is noted step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction, first time that in step 4), pulls out process once more time depressed along this direction, to improve the healing effect of hole type defective in the forging process.
Said step 4); The pulling process in reuse step 2) in radially jumping-up; This time radially the direction of jumping-up with preceding once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical; Twice radially the stack of jumping-up make blank inside holes type defective be out of shape fully along same direction, to improve the healing effect of hole type defective in the forging process.
Said step 4); Use WHF method or FM method to pull out, along step 2) in radially the direction of depressing of jumping-up carry out first time time pulling, afterwards with 90 ° of pullings of carrying out second time time of blank upset; Each drafts is 20%～25% in this inferior twice pulling process; The ratio of height to diameter that this inferior twice pulling finishes the back blank is 0.8-1.1, reuses step 2 this moment) described radially method for upsetting, use WHF method or FM method that blank is pulled out to final size afterwards.
Before the radially jumping-up of said step 4), increase a fire, be about to blank reheat to its forging temperature required, to reduce required press pressure.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the present invention proposes the forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective; The method is compared with conventional pulling methods such as WHF method or FM methods; Can increase the steel ingot internal strain greatly; Thereby help the healing of the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, significantly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close can't through flaw detection cause scrapping maybe.
2, the forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective of the present invention's proposition; Can use less fire to obtain high-quality forging products with forging process; Thereby reduce the hold facility time; Enhance productivity, reduce energy resource consumption, save production cost and shorten the production cycle.
In a word; The present invention adopt numerical simulation technology studied the distribution situation of steel ingot internal strain in traditional open die forging process and to steel ingot in the influence of hole type defective closure effect, and proposed on this basis a kind of comprise axially pre-upset, the forging method of the inner hole type of the high efficiency healing steel ingot defective of step such as jumping-up radially.The forging method of the inner hole type of the high efficiency healing steel ingot defective that the present invention proposes is applicable to the steel ingot open die forging process of various sizes, especially for the serious large-scale steel ingot of center porosity good effect is arranged.The forging that adopts this method to produce can guarantee the healing of the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, significantly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close scrap maybe, and can reduce and forge time time and fire, practice thrift cost and shorten production cycle of forging.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the actual dissection photos of 100 tons of nuclear power rotors with the steel ingot internal flaw.
Fig. 2 left side be the original shape sketch map of steel ingot center porosity, the right side for obtain through finite element modelling pass through reduction ratio and be 50% axial jumping-up after, the profile sketch map of steel ingot center porosity.Dimensional units is mm among the figure.
Fig. 3 a-e is for forging schematic flow sheet, wherein:
Fig. 3 a is a steel ingot form sketch map;
Fig. 3 b is the axial upsetting process sketch map of blank;
Fig. 3 c is a radially upsetting process sketch map of blank;
Fig. 3 d is that blank uses WHF method pulling process sketch map (A face along continuous straight runs);
Fig. 3 e is that blank uses WHF method pulling process sketch map (the A face vertically).
Fig. 4 is the similar hole simplified model sketch map of size, shape and actual hole.
Fig. 5 a is the equivalent stress field pattern behind the jumping-up radially among the embodiment that obtains through finite element modelling.
Fig. 5 b is the shape sketch map of hole type defective among the embodiment that obtains through finite element modelling behind jumping-up radially.
Fig. 6 a is for using the equivalent stress field pattern after the WHF method pulls out in the Comparative Examples 1 that obtains through finite element modelling.
Fig. 6 b is the shape sketch map of hole type defective in the Comparative Examples 1 that obtains through finite element modelling after the pulling of WHF method.
Fig. 7 a is for using the equivalent stress field pattern after the WHF method pulls out in the Comparative Examples 2 that obtains through finite element modelling.
Fig. 7 b is the shape sketch map of hole type defective in the Comparative Examples 2 that obtains through finite element modelling after the pulling of WHF method.
Among the figure, the 1-steel ingot; The 2-blank; 3-(axially jumping-up uses) jumping-up cap; 4-(axially jumping-up uses) jumping-up dish; 5-(radially jumping-up uses) upper flat plate; 6-(radially jumping-up uses) is dull and stereotyped down; 7-(pulling of WHF method is used) goes up flat anvil; 8-(pulling of WHF method is used) is flat anvil down; 9-clamps handle; The B-hole location.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is detailed.
The present invention proposes the forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective, comprise the steps:
1) Fig. 3 a is a steel ingot form sketch map, after technologies such as pressing tongs handle, chamfered edge, the unnecessary rising head of excision finish, shown in Fig. 3 b, steel ingot 1 is axially pre-upset.If the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot 1 is greater than 1.2; Then steel ingot 1 is placed on the jumping-up dish 4; Using jumping-up cap 3 is 0.8～1.1 with its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter; To guarantee in the follow-up pulling process enough big drafts being arranged, make steel ingot obtain enough big strain, be beneficial to the healing of the inner hole type of steel ingot defective.If the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot 1 need axially not pre-upset with next 1.2.
2) shown in Fig. 3 c, tubular blank 2 axis along continuous straight runs are placed on down on dull and stereotyped 6, use 5 pairs of blanks of upper flat plate 2 to carry out radially jumping-up, vertical plane is the A face among the definition figure.In upsetting process radially, it depresses direction is the diametric(al) along the cylinder blank, depresses direction in the promptly conventional pulling method.This is a upsetting process, but since its to depress direction identical with the pulling process, claim that in the present invention such process is jumping-up radially.
This radially the drafts in the upsetting process be 20%～25%, promptly the distance of depressing of upper flat plate 5 is 20%～25% of blank 2 original height (or diameter), the drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that upper flat plate 5 is depressed in the forging process (under following dull and stereotyped 6 situation about not being subjected to displacement), and H is blank 2 original height, if blank is cylinder and depresses direction along diametric(al), cut-off footpath size then.
After jumping-up radially finishes, blank is reheated to forging temperature required, with the resistance of deformation that reduces follow-up pulling process and make closed hole type defective that time healing more fully arranged.
3) use conventional methods such as WHF method or FM method to carry out follow-up pulling process.Shown in Fig. 3 d, use the WHF method that blank 2 is pulled out.At first with 90 ° of blank 2 upsets, make the A face forward horizontal direction to, blank 2 is placed on down an end of 9 on the flat anvil 8 near pincers, flat anvil 7 presses down at correspondence position in the use, and drafts is 20%～25%.To go up flat anvil 7 afterwards and lift, blank 2 left in Fig. 3 d is moved, displacement is slightly less than a width of going up flat anvil 7, will go up flat anvil 7 once more and press down, and drafts is 20%～25%.Repeat the end that this process is depressed into blank always, this process is called one time time.After first time time completion, carry out second time time along same direction.Shown in Fig. 3 e,, make the A face forward the pulling that vertical direction carries out the 3rd time time to afterwards once more with 90 ° of blank upsets.The ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes back blank 2 is 1.8-2.2.After the pulling process finishes, note step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction so that in the pulling process of step 4), can depress, to improve the healing effect of hole type defective in the forging process along this direction.
4) to blank heat, axially jumping-up, pulling once more.At first blank is reheated to forging temperature requiredly, shown in Fig. 3 b, blank is placed on the jumping-up dish 4 afterwards; Using jumping-up cap 3 is 0.5～0.7 with its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter; This process is traditional method for upsetting, in order to distinguish mutually with jumping-up radially, is called axial jumping-up in the present invention.After axially upsetting process is accomplished; Shown in Fig. 3 e; Use conventional pulling method radially the direction (even the A face is vertical) of depressing of jumping-up carry out first time time pulling, shown in Fig. 3 d, make the A face forward horizontal direction to 90 ° of blank upsets afterwards and carry out second time time pulling.Each drafts is 20%～25% in this inferior twice pulling process, and the ratio of height to diameter that pulling finishes back blank 2 is 0.8～1.1.Shown in Fig. 3 c, reuse step 2 this moment) described radially method for upsetting carries out jumping-up.Because radially the required pressure of jumping-up is bigger, can radially increase a fire (it is temperature required to its forging to be about to blank heating) before the jumping-up.Since this radially the direction of jumping-up with preceding once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical, twice radially the stack of jumping-up make blank inside holes type defective obtain sufficient distortion along same direction, so have extraordinary healing effect.Shown in Fig. 3 d, use traditional pulling method that blank is pulled out to final size at last.
For the not too serious steel ingot of inner hole type defective, also can use conventional pulling method to replace the radially upsetting process in the step 4).Even but use conventional pulling method, still to make first time time depress direction and jumping-up radially to depress direction identical.
Among the present invention, axially pre-upset, that radially the blank temperature of forging process such as jumping-up and pulling adopts the conventional forging that requires of blank material is temperature required.
Embodiment
The steel ingot of present embodiment profile before forging is a cylinder, and original size is Φ 2230mm * 2370mm, and ratio of height to diameter is 1.063, and material is 6Cr2MnMoV, heavily about 100 tons of steel ingot, and blank heating temperature is 1200 ℃.As shown in Figure 4; According to the steel ingot anatomical results, deflection rising head end is made a size, shape, position and the similar simplified model of actual hole at the steel ingot center, and this hole model is cylindrical shape; Be of a size of Φ 12.14mm * 90mm, it is the fillet of 5mm that radius is arranged at the position of cylinder rib.Because the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot directly carries out radially jumping-up with it below 1.2, drafts is 20%.The blank equivalent strain field pattern of Fig. 5 a after for the radially jumping-up that obtains through finite element modelling concentrates on the centre (seeing hole location B) of blank by the visible radially strain of jumping-up among the figure, can reach more than 0.5, and this is very beneficial for the healing of center porosity.Fig. 5 b is the hole type defective simplified model that obtains through the finite element modelling shape sketch map behind jumping-up radially; Visible after radially upsetting process finishes by figure, this defective is closed fully, after the follow-up heating process of process; Contacted hole upper and lower surfaces is with complete seam; After forging process in can not ftracture once more yet, thereby realized through forging the purpose of healing steel ingot center porosity, significantly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close scrap maybe.
Comparative Examples 1
This Comparative Examples uses the WHF method that steel ingot is carried out one time time pulling, pulls out the wide 1200mm that is of anvil of used following flat anvil, and other condition is identical with embodiment, makes the simplified model of a hole type defective equally in steel ingot heart portion.Equivalent strain field pattern after the pulling that Fig. 6 a obtains through finite element modelling for this Comparative Examples, because the width of anvil is limited up and down, anvil zone equivalent strain is very little connecing by visible among the figure, the hole type defective in this zone can't be closed.The shape sketch map of hole type defective (seeing hole location B) after pulling that Fig. 6 b obtains through finite element modelling for this Comparative Examples.Center porosity by visible steel ingot among the figure only has slight distortion, far can not arrive the degree that makes hole closed.
Comparative Examples 2
This Comparative Examples uses the WHF method that steel ingot is carried out one time time pulling, and other condition is all identical with embodiment, makes the simplified model of a hole type defective equally in steel ingot heart portion.Carried out the wrong anvil of half anvil in the process that is to use the WHF method to pull out with the difference of Comparative Examples 1,, be beneficial to its closure so that the simplified model of hole type defective is in the bigger zone of strain.Equivalent stress field pattern after the pulling that Fig. 7 a obtains through finite element modelling for this Comparative Examples, by among the figure visible in this Comparative Examples the simplified model of hole type defective (seeing hole location B) be in the maximum zone of equivalent strain.The shape sketch map of hole type defective after pulling that Fig. 7 b obtains through finite element modelling for this Comparative Examples, by the obviously distortion of visible this defective among the figure, it is closed fully but this pulling method is still not enough.
Result by Comparative Examples 1 and Comparative Examples 2 is visible; Use the WHF method to carry out single time pulling deficiency so that the center porosity of steel ingot is closed fully; Even and along the equidirectional time pulling process of carrying out two times; Because the wrong anvil of half anvil is arranged between twice pulling, and its closure effect to steel ingot center porosity still can obviously not be better than Comparative Examples 2, can't make center porosity closed.
The forging method of the inner hole type of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot defective that the present invention proposes, what can solve that present forging method causes can't forge the problem of closing the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, especially center porosity fully.The forging method that adopts the present invention to formulate can guarantee the healing effect of the inner hole type of steel ingot defective, significantly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close can't through flaw detection cause scrapping maybe.
Claims (9)
1. the forging method of the inner hole type of a high efficiency healing steel ingot defective is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
1) ratio of height to diameter axially being pre-upset greater than 1.2 steel ingot, is 0.8～1.1 with its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter;
2) go up anvil and following anvil and use upper flat plate and flat board down respectively, blank is carried out radially jumping-up, the drafts in upsetting process radially is 20%～25%;
3) behind jumping-up radially with 90 ° of blank upsets, pull out, be 1.8～2.2 up to the ratio of height to diameter of blank;
4) to blank heat, axial jumping-up, making the blank ratio of height to diameter is 0.5～0.7; Pull out once more, blank is pulled out to final size.
2. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of claim 1 described high efficiency healing steel ingot defective, it is characterized in that: said step 2), radially the direction of depressing in the upsetting process is the direction of depressing in the conventional pulling method.
3. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of the described high efficiency of claim 1 healing steel ingot defective; It is characterized in that: said step 2); Radially the drafts in the upsetting process is meant that the distance of depressing of upper flat plate is 20%～25% of blank original height or diameter, and the drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that upper flat plate is depressed in the forging process, and H is the blank original height, if blank is cylinder and depresses direction along diametric(al), cut-off footpath size then.
4. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of the described high efficiency of claim 1 healing steel ingot defective; It is characterized in that: in said step 2) after radially jumping-up finishes; Reheat to its forging blank temperature required; Reducing the resistance of deformation of follow-up pulling process, and make closed hole type defective that time healing more fully arranged.
5. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of the described high efficiency of claim 1 healing steel ingot defective; It is characterized in that: said step 3); Use WHF method or FM method to pull out, each drafts is 20%～25%, after two times end; With 90 ° of pullings of carrying out the 3rd time time of blank upset, the ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes the back blank is 1.8-2.2 once more.
6. according to the forging method of claim 1 or the inner hole type of 5 described high efficiency healing steel ingots defectives; It is characterized in that: said step 3); After the pulling process finishes; Note step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction, first time that in step 4), pulls out process once more time depressed along this direction, to improve the healing effect of hole type defective in the forging process.
7. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of the described high efficiency of claim 1 healing steel ingot defective; It is characterized in that: said step 4); The pulling process in reuse step 2) in radially jumping-up; This time radially the direction of jumping-up with preceding once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical, twice radially the stack of jumping-up make blank inside holes type defective be out of shape fully along same direction, with the healing effect of hole type defective in the raising forging process.
8. according to the forging method of claim 1 or the inner hole type of 7 described high efficiency healing steel ingots defectives; It is characterized in that: said step 4); Use WHF method or FM method to pull out, along step 2) in radially the direction of depressing of jumping-up carry out first time time pulling, afterwards with 90 ° of pullings of carrying out second time time of blank upset; Each drafts is 20%～25% in this inferior twice pulling process; The ratio of height to diameter that this inferior twice pulling finishes the back blank is 0.8-1.1, reuses step 2 this moment) described radially method for upsetting, use WHF method or FM method that blank is pulled out to final size afterwards.
9. according to the forging method of the inner hole type of the described high efficiency of claim 8 healing steel ingot defective; It is characterized in that: before the radially jumping-up of said step 4), increase a fire; Be about to blank reheat to its forging temperature required, to reduce required press pressure.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201110282883.6A CN102500733B (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot |
| PCT/CN2012/081732 WO2013041043A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-21 | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
| EP12833320.0A EP2762247A4 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-21 | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
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| CN201110282883.6A CN102500733B (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot |
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| WO2013041043A1 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2013-03-28 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
| EP2762247A4 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2015-08-19 | Inst Metal Res Chinese Acad Sc | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
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