CN102500733B - Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot - Google Patents
Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of forging, in particular relates to a forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of a steel ingot. The forging method is applied to free forging processes of steel ingots of various sizes. The distribution condition of internal strains of the steel ingot in the traditional free forging process and the influence on the closing effect of the hole-type defects in the steel ingot are researched by adopting a numerical simulation technology; therefore, on that basis, the forging method for efficiently healing the internal hole-type defects of the steel ingot, comprising the steps of, such as pre-upsetting in an axial direction, upsetting in a radial direction and the like, is provided. The forging method comprises the following steps of: (1), after ending the processes of pressing a forcep handle, chamfering, cutting off redundant dead heads and the like, pre-upsetting the steel ingot in an axial direction; (2), upsetting a blank in a radial direction by using flat plates as upper and lower anvils; (3), turning the blank for 90 DEG after upsetting in the radial direction, and drawing by continuously using the conventional methods, such as a WHF (Wide die Heavy blow Forging) method or an FM (Free from Mannesmann effect) method and the like; and (4), heating the blank, upsetting in the axial direction, and drawing again. In the drawing process, the radial upsetting method can be used again; and the conventional methods, such as the WHF method or the FM method and the like, can also be used.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to forging field, is exactly specifically the forging method of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, and it is applicable to the open die forging process of various sizes steel ingot.
Background technology
Forging is the important procedure in most of metal material processing process, can improve forging internal soundness by forging, be broken as-cast structure, crystal grain thinning, uniform formation, and wrought alloy belongs to the shrinkage cavity that produces in smelting process, pore and the defect such as loose, have great significance to improving forging quality.
Large-scale steel ingot can produce the hole type defects such as shrinkage cavity, loose, pore in cast and process of setting subsequently.For large-scale steel ingot, at pouring metal melt, after ingot mould, first the molten metal contacting with ingot mould will solidify, and the metal of heart portion is because heat is conducted slowly by final set.Steel ingot heart portion region will form mushy zone gradually, and now steel ingot rising head top surface has solidified, cause carrying out feeding to heart portion, finally form shrinkage cavity and the defect such as loose in ingot axis heart portion region, these defects are because size is larger, must use effective Forging Technology that its forging is closed, otherwise by the serious consequence that causes whole to scrap, cause great economic loss.
As shown in Figure 1, the actual dissection photo from 100 tons of nuclear power rotors by steel ingot internal flaws, shrinkage cavity that steel ingot heart portion region forms is loose to be elongated strip and to distribute along axis.Set up model according to steel ingot actual size, and true loose profile in photo is dissected in use, the finite element modelling result that it is carried out to axial upsetting process as shown in Figure 2, can find out, initial loose region (as shown in left-hand component in figure) is after the axial jumping-up that is 50% through reduction ratio, cannot heal completely (as shown in right half part in figure), this is to be determined by loose profile own and distribution.Therefore, in whole forging process, axially jumping-up cannot effectively be forged the center porosity of closing steel ingot, and main dependence has pulled out the reparation to center porosity.
From changing the angle of forging internal stress state, researcher has proposed the multiple pulling method such as FM, FML and JTS method.In the process of these methods of proposition, people recognized use wide anvil can more effectively forge the center porosity of closing steel ingot, still be not enough to forge completely the center porosity of closing steel ingot but the anvil of these pulling methods is wide, and owing to leaving between pressing down for 2 times the region that connects anvil, the strain in this region is very little, become a distortion dead band, these forging methods cannot effectively be forged should the hole type defect in region.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the forging method of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, cannot forge the problem of closing steel ingot inner void type defect, especially center porosity completely with what solve that current forging method causes.Adopt the forging method of the present invention's formulation, can ensure the healing effect of steel ingot inner void type defect, greatly reduce forging and do not forge and close and cannot cause the possibility of scrapping by flaw detection because of center porosity.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A forging method for high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, comprises the steps:
1) ratio of height to diameter being greater than to 1.2 steel ingot and axially pre-upsetting, is 0.8～1.1 by its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter;
2) upper anvil and lower anvil use respectively upper flat plate and lower flat board, and blank is carried out to radially jumping-up, and the drafts in upsetting process is radially 20%～25%;
3) radially after jumping-up, blank being overturn 90 °, pull out, until the ratio of height to diameter of blank is 1.8～2.2;
4) to blank heat, axial jumping-up, making ratio of height to diameter of the ingot is 0.5～0.7; Again pull out, blank is pulled out to final size.
Described step 2), radially the direction of depressing in upsetting process is the direction of depressing in conventional pulling method.
Described step 2), radially the drafts in upsetting process refers to that the distance of depressing of upper flat plate is 20%～25% of blank original height or diameter, drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that in forging process, upper flat plate is depressed, and H is blank original height, if blank be cylinder and depress direction along diametric(al), get diameter dimension.
In described step 2) after radially jumping-up finishes, blank is reheated to its forging temperature required, to reduce the resistance of deformation of follow-up pulling process, and make closed hole type defect have time healing more fully.
Described step 3), use WHF method or FM method to pull out, each drafts is 20%～25%, after two times end, again 90 ° of blank upsets is carried out to the pulling of the 3rd time time, the ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes rear blank is 1.8-2.2.
Described step 3), after pulling process finishes, record step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction, in step 4) in again pull out depressing along this direction for first time time of process, to improve the healing effect of forging process Hole type defect.
Described step 4), pulling process in reuse step 2) in radially jumping-up, this time radially the direction of jumping-up with front once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical, twice radially the stack of jumping-up the hole type defect of blank inside is out of shape in the same direction fully, to improve the healing effect of forging process Hole type defect.
Described step 4), use WHF method or FM method to pull out, along step 2) in radially the direction of depressing of jumping-up carry out the pulling of first time time, afterwards 90 ° of blank upsets are carried out to the pulling of second time time, this twice in time pulling process each drafts be 20%～25%, this ratio of height to diameter that inferior pulling finishes rear blank is twice 0.8-1.1, now reuses step 2) described radially method for upsetting, use afterwards WHF method or FM method that blank is pulled out to final size.
In described step 4) radially jumping-up before increase a fire time, reheat to its forging by blank temperature required, to reduce required press pressure.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the present invention proposes a kind of forging method of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, the method is compared with the conventional pulling methods such as WHF method or FM method, can greatly increase steel ingot internal strain, thereby be conducive to the healing of steel ingot inner void type defect, greatly reduce forging and do not forge and close and cannot cause the possibility of scrapping by flaw detection because of center porosity.
The forging method of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect that 2, the present invention proposes, can use less fire to obtain high-quality forging products with forging process, thereby reduce the hold facility time, enhance productivity, reduce energy resource consumption, save production cost and shorten the production cycle.
In a word, the present invention adopts numerical simulation technology to study the distribution situation of steel ingot internal strain in traditional open die forging process and the impact on steel ingot Hole type defect closure effect thereof, and proposed on this basis a kind of comprise axially pre-upset, the forging method of the high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect of the step such as jumping-up radially.The forging method of the high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect that the present invention proposes is applicable to the steel ingot open die forging process of various sizes, especially has good effect for the serious large-scale steel ingot of center porosity.The forging that adopts this method to produce, can ensure the healing of steel ingot inner void type defect, greatly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close scrap may, and can reduce and forge time time and fire, cost-saving and shorten production cycle of forging.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the actual dissection photo of 100 tons of nuclear power rotors steel ingot internal flaw.
Fig. 2 left side is the original shape schematic diagram of steel ingot center porosity, after right side is the axial jumping-up that is 50% through reduction ratio obtaining by finite element modelling, and the profile schematic diagram of steel ingot center porosity.In figure, dimensional units is mm.
Fig. 3 a-e is for forging schematic flow sheet, wherein:
Fig. 3 a is steel ingot form schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 b is the axial upsetting process schematic diagram of blank;
Fig. 3 c is radially upsetting process schematic diagram of blank;
Fig. 3 d is that blank uses WHF method pulling process schematic diagram (A face along continuous straight runs);
Fig. 3 e is that blank uses WHF method pulling process schematic diagram (A face vertically).
Fig. 4 is the similar hole simplified model schematic diagram of size, shape and actual hole.
Fig. 5 a is the equivalent stress field pattern after jumping-up radially in the embodiment obtaining by finite element modelling.
The shape schematic diagram that Fig. 5 b is the embodiment Hole type defect that obtains by finite element modelling after jumping-up radially.
Fig. 6 a is the equivalent stress field pattern using in the comparative example 1 obtaining by finite element modelling after the pulling of WHF method.
Fig. 6 b is the comparative example 1 Hole type defect that obtains by the finite element modelling shape schematic diagram after the pulling of WHF method.
Fig. 7 a is the equivalent stress field pattern using in the comparative example 2 obtaining by finite element modelling after the pulling of WHF method.
Fig. 7 b is the comparative example 2 Hole type defects that obtain by the finite element modelling shape schematic diagrames after the pulling of WHF method.
In figure, 1-steel ingot; 2-blank; 3-(axially jumping-up uses) jumping-up cap; 4-(axially jumping-up uses) jumping-up dish; 5-(radially jumping-up uses) upper flat plate; 6-(radially jumping-up uses) is lower dull and stereotyped; The upper flat anvil of 7-(pulling of WHF method is used); The lower flat anvil of 8-(pulling of WHF method is used); 9-clamps handle; B-hole location.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples in detail the present invention is described in detail.
The forging method that the present invention proposes a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, comprises the steps:
1) Fig. 3 a is steel ingot form schematic diagram, after the techniques such as pressing tongs handle, chamfered edge, the unnecessary rising head of excision finish, as shown in Figure 3 b, steel ingot 1 is axially pre-upset.If the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot 1 is greater than 1.2, steel ingot 1 is placed on jumping-up dish 4, using jumping-up cap 3 is 0.8～1.1 by its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter, to ensure there is enough large drafts in follow-up pulling process, make steel ingot obtain enough large strain, be beneficial to the healing of steel ingot inner void type defect.If the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot 1 is axially pre-upset with next needs 1.2.
2) as shown in Figure 3 c, tubular blank 2 axis along continuous straight runs are placed on lower dull and stereotyped 6, use upper flat plate 5 to carry out radially jumping-up to blank 2, in definition figure, vertical plane is A face.In upsetting process radially, it depresses direction is the diametric(al) along cylinder blank, in conventional pulling method, depresses direction.This is a upsetting process, but to depress direction identical with pulling process due to it, claims in the present invention such process for jumping-up radially.
This radially the drafts in upsetting process be 20%～25%, upper flat plate 5 to depress distance be blank 2 original height (or diameter) 20%～25%, drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that in forging process, upper flat plate 5 is depressed (lower dull and stereotyped 6 be not subjected to displacement in the situation that), and H is blank 2 original height, if blank be cylinder and depress direction along diametric(al), get diameter dimension.
After radially jumping-up finishes, blank is reheated to forging temperature required, to reduce the resistance of deformation of follow-up pulling process and to make closed hole type defect have time healing more fully.
3) use the conventional methods such as WHF method or FM method to carry out follow-up pulling process.As shown in Figure 3 d, use WHF method to pull out blank 2.First blank 2 is overturn to 90 °, make A face forward horizontal direction to, blank 2 is placed on one end of 9 on lower flat anvil 8 near pincers, in use, flat anvil 7 presses down at correspondence position, and drafts is 20%～25%.Afterwards upper flat anvil 7 is lifted, blank 2 is moved to left in Fig. 3 d, displacement is slightly less than the width of a upper flat anvil 7, again upper flat anvil 7 is pressed down, and drafts is 20%～25%.Repeat the end that this process is depressed into blank always, this process is called one time time.After first time inferior completing, carry out second time time along same direction.Afterwards as shown in Figure 3 e, again by 90 ° of blank upsets, make A face forward the pulling that vertical direction carries out the 3rd time time to.The ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes rear blank 2 is 1.8-2.2.After pulling process finishes, record step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction so that in step 4) pulling process in can depress along this direction, to improve the healing effect of forging process Hole type defect.
4) to blank heat, axially jumping-up, pulling again.First blank is reheated to forge temperature required, afterwards as shown in Figure 3 b, blank is placed on jumping-up dish 4, using jumping-up cap 3 is 0.5～0.7 by its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter, this process is traditional method for upsetting, in order to distinguish with jumping-up radially, is called axial jumping-up in the present invention.After axially upsetting process completes, as shown in Figure 3 e, use conventional pulling method radially the direction (even if A face is vertical) of depressing of jumping-up carry out the pulling of first time time, make A face forward horizontal direction to 90 ° of blank upsets as shown in Figure 3 d afterwards and carry out the pulling of second time time.This twice in time pulling process each drafts be 20%～25%, the ratio of height to diameter that pulling finishes rear blank 2 is 0.8～1.1.As shown in Figure 3 c, now reusing step 2) described radially method for upsetting carries out jumping-up.Because radially the required pressure of jumping-up is larger, can radially before jumping-up, increase a fire time (temperature required to its forging by blank heating).Due to this radially the direction of jumping-up with front once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical, twice radially the stack of jumping-up make the hole type defect of blank inside obtain in the same direction sufficient distortion, therefore have extraordinary healing effect.As shown in Figure 3 d, finally use traditional pulling method that blank is pulled out to final size.
For the not too serious steel ingot of inner void type defect, also can use conventional pulling method to replace step 4) in radially upsetting process.Even but use conventional pulling method, still to make first time time depress direction and jumping-up radially to depress direction identical.
The forging in the present invention, axially pre-upset, radially the blank temperature of the forging process such as jumping-up and pulling adopting blank material routine to require is temperature required.
Embodiment
The steel ingot of the present embodiment profile before forging is cylinder, and original size is Φ 2230mm × 2370mm, and ratio of height to diameter is 1.063, and material is 6Cr2MnMoV, heavily approximately 100 tons, steel ingot, and blank heating temperature is 1200 DEG C.As shown in Figure 4, according to steel ingot anatomical results, manufacture the similar simplified model of a size, shape, position and actual hole at steel ingot center deviation to rising head end, this hole model is cylindrical shape, be of a size of Φ 12.14mm × 90mm, having radius at the position of cylinder rib is the fillet of 5mm.Because the ratio of height to diameter of steel ingot is below 1.2, directly carried out radially jumping-up, drafts is 20%.Fig. 5 a is the blank equivalent strain field pattern after the radially jumping-up obtaining by finite element modelling, radially the strain of jumping-up concentrates on the centre (seeing hole location B) of blank as seen from the figure, can reach more than 0.5, this is very beneficial for the healing of center porosity.The shape schematic diagram that Fig. 5 b is the hole type defect simplified model that obtains by finite element modelling after jumping-up radially, as seen from the figure after radially upsetting process finishes, this defect is completely closed, after follow-up heating process, the hole upper and lower surface contacting is by complete seam, after forging process in also can again not ftracture, thereby realized by the heal object of steel ingot center porosity of forging, greatly reduce forging because of center porosity do not forge close scrap may.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example is used WHF method steel ingot to be carried out to the pulling of time time, pulls out the wide 1200mm of being of anvil of lower flat anvil used, and other condition is identical with embodiment, manufactures equally the simplified model of a hole type defect in steel ingot heart portion.Fig. 6 a is the equivalent strain field pattern after the pulling that obtains by finite element modelling of this comparative example, and because the width of upper and lower anvil is limited, connecing, anvil region equivalent strain is very little as seen from the figure, and the hole type defect in this region cannot be closed.Fig. 6 b is the shape schematic diagram of the hole type defect (seeing hole location B) that obtains by finite element modelling of this comparative example after pulling.The center porosity of steel ingot only has slight distortion as seen from the figure, far can not arrive the degree that makes hole closure.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example is used WHF method steel ingot to be carried out to the pulling of time time, and other condition is all identical with embodiment, manufactures equally the simplified model of a hole type defect in steel ingot heart portion.The wrong anvil that has carried out half anvil in the process that is to use WHF method to pull out with the difference of comparative example 1, so that the simplified model of hole type defect is in the larger region of strain, is beneficial to its closure.Fig. 7 a is the equivalent stress field pattern after the pulling that obtains by finite element modelling of this comparative example, is in as seen from the figure the region of equivalent strain maximum at the simplified model of this comparative example Hole type defect (seeing hole location B).Fig. 7 b is the shape schematic diagram of the hole type defect that obtains by finite element modelling of this comparative example after pulling, obviously distortion of this defect as seen from the figure, but this pulling method is still not enough so that it is completely closed.
From the result of comparative example 1 and comparative example 2, use WHF method to carry out single time pulling deficiency so that the center porosity of steel ingot is completely closed, even and along the equidirectional pulling process of carrying out two times times, owing to there being the wrong anvil of half anvil between twice pulling, it still can, significantly better than comparative example 2, cannot not make center porosity closure to the closure effect of steel ingot center porosity.
The forging method of a kind of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect that the present invention proposes, what can solve that current forging method causes cannot forge the problem of closing steel ingot inner void type defect, especially center porosity completely.Adopt the forging method of the present invention's formulation, can ensure the healing effect of steel ingot inner void type defect, greatly reduce forging and do not forge and close and cannot cause the possibility of scrapping by flaw detection because of center porosity.
Claims (5)
1. the forging method of a high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect, it is characterized in that, adopt numerical simulation technology the research distribution situation of steel ingot internal strain and the impact on steel ingot Hole type defect closure effect thereof in traditional open die forging process, and propose on this basis to comprise axially pre-upset, the forging method of jumping-up radially, comprise the steps:
1) ratio of height to diameter being greater than to 1.2 steel ingot and axially pre-upsetting, is 0.8～1.1 by its jumping-up to ratio of height to diameter;
2) upper anvil and lower anvil use respectively upper flat plate and lower flat board, and blank is carried out to radially jumping-up, and the drafts in upsetting process is radially 20%～25%, and radially the direction of depressing in upsetting process is the direction of depressing in conventional pulling method;
In described step 2) after radially jumping-up finishes, blank is reheated to its forging temperature required, to reduce the resistance of deformation of follow-up pulling process, and make closed hole type defect have time healing more fully;
3) radially after jumping-up, blank being overturn 90 °, pull out, until the ratio of height to diameter of blank is 1.8～2.2;
4) to blank heat, axial jumping-up, making ratio of height to diameter of the ingot is 0.5～0.7; Again pull out, blank is pulled out to final size;
Described step 4), pulling process in reuse step 2) in radially jumping-up, this time radially the direction of jumping-up with front once radially the direction of jumping-up is identical, twice radially the stack of jumping-up the hole type defect of blank inside is out of shape in the same direction fully, to improve the healing effect of forging process Hole type defect;
Described step 4), use WHF method or FM method to pull out, along step 2) in radially the direction of depressing of jumping-up carry out the pulling of first time time, afterwards 90 ° of blank upsets are carried out to the pulling of second time time, this twice in time pulling process each drafts be 20%～25%, this ratio of height to diameter that inferior pulling finishes rear blank is twice 0.8-1.1, now reuses step 2) described radially method for upsetting, use afterwards WHF method or FM method that blank is pulled out to final size.
2. according to the forging method of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step 2), radially the drafts in upsetting process refers to that the distance of depressing of upper flat plate is 20%～25% of blank original height or diameter, and drafts computing formula is:
Drafts=Δ H/H
Wherein, Δ H is the distance that in forging process, upper flat plate is depressed, and H is blank original height, if blank be cylinder and depress direction along diametric(al), get diameter dimension.
3. according to the forging method of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step 3), use WHF method or FM method to pull out, each drafts is 20%～25%, after two times end, again 90 ° of blank upsets are carried out to the pulling of the 3rd time time, the ratio of height to diameter that this process finishes rear blank is 1.8-2.2.
4. according to the forging method of the high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect described in claim 1 or 3, it is characterized in that: described step 3), after pulling process finishes, record step 2) in radially jumping-up depress direction, depress along this direction for first time time that in step 4), again pulls out process, to improve the healing effect of forging process Hole type defect.
5. according to the forging method of high efficiency healing steel ingot inner void type defect claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: before the radially jumping-up of described step 4), increase a fire, reheat to its forging by blank temperature required, to reduce required press pressure.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201110282883.6A CN102500733B (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot |
| EP12833320.0A EP2762247A4 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-21 | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
| PCT/CN2012/081732 WO2013041043A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-21 | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
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| CN201110282883.6A CN102500733B (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | Forging method for efficiently healing internal hole-type defects of steel ingot |
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| CN102500733B true CN102500733B (en) | 2014-08-13 |
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| EP2762247A4 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2015-08-19 | Inst Metal Res Chinese Acad Sc | Forging method for high-efficiency closing of porous defects in steel ingots or billets |
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| CN111250640A (en) * | 2020-02-29 | 2020-06-09 | 河南中原特钢装备制造有限公司 | Hot working method of large-diameter refined hot work die steel forging |
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