CN102470287B - 从液态二氧化碳中去除有害物质的方法及用于实施该方法的装置 - Google Patents
从液态二氧化碳中去除有害物质的方法及用于实施该方法的装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用于从气流中分离有害物质的方法，所述气流主要含有二氧化碳CO2，以及有价值材料如氢气H2、一氧化碳气CO、氮气N2或惰性气体中的至少一种气体和有害物质如汞、硫、汞化合物或硫化合物中的一种物质，其中进行二氧化碳液化以生成液态二氧化碳，对液态二氧化碳进行有害物质的吸附分离以从二氧化碳中去除有害物质，并且保持工艺温度低于-30℃但高于-70℃。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于从二氧化碳流中分离出有害物质的方法及装置。所述有害物质例如为硫化合物或汞化合物。
由于所谓的温室效应和与此相关的全球温度升高，评估大气中温室效应气体的排放日益严格。温室效应相当大的部分被归咎于化石燃料燃烧时生成的二氧化碳CO2。
现在存在这样的社会共识，即分离电厂废气中的二氧化碳可以阻碍温室效应的增长。由于此种原因，相应的进一步发展应该使得设备可以少排放或完全不排放二氧化碳。因此正在开发最新的二氧化碳低排或无二氧化碳排放的电厂方案。所有方案均追求的共同目标是使二氧化碳在低能耗条件下尽可能完全地并以高纯度分离。
这里，首先将二氧化碳的分离作为中心。但此外存在其它不希望的物质，这些物质视燃料类型而产生且必须去除。在这些物质中，硫、汞或其化合物是数量上最常见的。
最新电厂方案具有的一般条件总是根据最新的现有技术具有最新的有害物质分离。
迄今为止，在电厂中产生的有害物质，如硫化合物或汞化合物，直接从气相中去除。这样，例如硫化氢的分离借助于气体清洗完成。气体清洗时，气流被输送经过吸收器，在吸收器里液体介质吸收有害物质。液体吸收介质例如是链烷醇胺水溶液，尤其为甲基二乙醇胺水溶液，或者例如冷的甲醇，其被用于低温甲醇洗工艺。这类使用液体吸收介质的方法是公知的并确立在各种技术中。
现有技术的缺点主要在于，所述气体清洗方法导致能量需求增加，因为它们会与工艺步骤如压缩和/或冷却相连。
吸收介质的再生通过蒸馏进行，而蒸馏伴随着显著的能量需求。
另外，这种工艺的装置相对复杂，这对于工艺实施和投资成本具有不利影响。
本发明的目的是阐述为主要使用化石燃料的电厂去除有害物质的节能可能性。此外，应该提供一种易于运行的装置用于实施所述方法。
本发明基于以下事实，即对于主要由二氧化碳CO2组成且具有有价值气体和有害物质部分的气体混合物，恰在二氧化碳液化时，有害物质优选富集于液态二氧化碳中。这一知识将被如下充分利用，即通过使用吸附材料/吸附剂，优选固体吸附材料，实现在低温条件下由二氧化碳的液相中分离有害物质。这里尤其有利的是，分离有害物质的能量平衡在低温情况下有正面的结果，即需要的总能耗减少。
由液相分离有害物质可以在低温情况下通过吸附材料非常有利地实现，因为这里使用的材料具有大的用以吸收有害物质的表面积。
如果这种从主要由二氧化碳组成的气流中分离有害物质的方法与一种其中二氧化碳已呈液态的方法结合，则会在总的能量平衡中实现协同效应。
设置并保持所述工艺温度低于-30℃是特别有利的。使用低于-70℃的温度是无意义的，因为在如此的低温，二氧化碳为固态。
根据温度/压力图，工艺压力原则上必须在二氧化碳的三相点之上。因此所述压力至少为5巴。一个同样对于此工艺温度可用的温度范围起始于-5℃并向低温方向延伸。
使用从气体混合物（主要由二氧化碳组成）中分离有害物质的方法在所谓的无二氧化碳电厂中特别有利地得以实现。在这种电厂中，二氧化碳的分离可以低温进行。在这里，二氧化碳被降温、液化并分离。液相非常适于有害物质的吸附分离，因为所述有害物质优选富集于液态二氧化碳中。此外低温有利于吸附，因此免除了例如迄今为止设置的气体清洗。固定床吸附器的使用对于有害物质的吸附是有利的，因为这里使用具有大表面积的固体物质。所述固体物质特别为黏土（氧化铝）、活性炭、硅胶、沸石或具有大表面积的聚合物。
因为吸附剂的表面在工艺过程中被有害物质占据，所以设计使各个固定床吸附器反复再生是有利的。
下面借助于所附的示意图说明实施例。
具体的附图为：
图1 图示固定床吸附器，载有有害物质的液体二氧化碳被引导通过该吸附器，其中有害物质被吸附于该固定床吸附器中。
图2 显示并联的吸附器，其可通过相应的阀门单个或成组地在吸附和再生运行状态之间切换。
有害物质的吸附在固定床吸附器中进行，如在图1和2 中所示。所述吸附剂必须在一定的使用时间后再生。再生通过降低压力、提高温度或通过导入气体或蒸气，或者上述方法的结合来实现。因此具有多个吸附器，其交替运行或可以进行再生。在图2中显示了三个固定床吸附器的布局。类似的结构对于两个或多于三个的吸附器是可行的。
在二氧化碳液化时，自动出现包含在气体混合物中的有害物质在液态二氧化碳中的显著富集。这可以借助于例如对硫化氢H2S以及硫化羰COS模拟计算来显示。照此，由液相分离有害物质可以在低温下借助于吸附材料进行。
在整个方案中在低温条件下有害物质的节能分离是有利的。如果在一个电厂方案中已经预先拟定低温二氧化碳分离，则可与根据本发明的方法出色地相结合。
本方法的运行温度范围可在-5℃至-70℃之间。此温度下限在二氧化碳由液相凝固的范围里，因此固体会阻碍此工艺。通常必须确保固定床吸附器对液态反应流保持畅通。但是整个方法的能量平衡显示-30℃及更低的温度对有害物质的分离是有利的。
在此方法中，以所述工艺不吸附可能存在于气态或液态流中的有价值气体如氢气、一氧化碳、氮气或惰性气体。主要存在于液态二氧化碳流中的有害物质如汞、硫或它们的化合物通过吸附剂积聚在固定床吸附器表面，即被吸附，并因此滞留在固定床吸附器中。另一种可以此种方式分离的有害物质为硫化羰COS。
图1显示固定床吸附器1，载有有害物质的液态二氧化碳流2被导入其中。在所述固定床吸附器1的出口，出现没有有害物质的液态二氧化碳流3。
图2显示三个并联的固定床吸附器1。液态二氧化碳流2由上面导入，有害物质滞留在固定床吸附器1中并且在下方可放出无有害物质的液态二氧化碳流3。每个固定床吸附器1可分别切换至再生4。
由于低温，直接催化反应可以与有利的平衡位置相连，但是具有非常不利的动力学。可能需要大量的催化剂，所述催化剂由于存在的硫可能会很快失活。
Claims (6)
1.用于从气体混合物中分离出至少一种有害物质的方法，所述气体混合物主要含有二氧化碳CO2以及至少一种选自氢气H2、一氧化碳CO、氮气N2或惰性气体的有价值物质，其中进行二氧化碳液化，以生成并分离出液态二氧化碳，其特征在于，
- 作为所述至少一种有害物质，处理硫化氢H2S或硫化羰COS，
- 从所述液态二氧化碳中借助吸附工艺分离出氯化氢H2S或硫化羰COS，和
- 将工艺温度设置在-30℃至-70℃的范围，
所述分离至少一种有害物质是在低二氧化碳或无二氧化碳电厂中从低温二氧化碳分离至少一种有害物质。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，
其特征在于，从所述液态二氧化碳中借助吸附工艺分离出另外包含于气体混合物中的有害物质，该另外的有害物质选自硫、汞、硫的化合物和/或汞的化合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法，
其特征在于，作为用于吸附分离至少一种有害物质的吸附剂，至少一种物质选自活性炭、沸石、硅胶、黏土或至少一种具有大表面积的聚合物。
4.用于从主要含有二氧化碳CO2以及含有至少一种有价值物质的气体混合物中分离出至少一种有害物质的装置，其中所述有价值物质选自氢气、一氧化碳、氮气或惰性气体，所述有害物质选自汞、硫、或其各自的化合物，其中具有用于生成液态二氧化碳的二氧化碳液化单元，其特征在于，
- 作为有害物质，处理硫化氢H2S或硫化羰COS，
- 从液态二氧化碳中吸附分离硫化氢H2S或硫化羰COS在固定床吸附器（1）中进行，和
- 所述装置的运行温度在-70℃至-30℃的范围，
所述分离至少一种有害物质是在低二氧化碳或无二氧化碳电厂中从低温二氧化碳分离至少一种有害物质。
5.根据权利要求4的装置，
其特征在于，用于吸附分离的至少一个固定床吸附器（1）具有至少一种吸附剂，该吸附剂选自活性炭、沸石、黏土或至少一种具有大表面积的聚合物。
6.根据权利要求4或5的装置，
其特征在于，所述至少一个固定床吸附器（1）有多个并可成组并联，以便吸附器或吸附器组可切换以使吸附剂再生。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE102009035389.5 | 2009-07-30 | ||
| DE102009035389A DE102009035389A1 (de) | 2009-07-30 | 2009-07-30 | Verfahren zur Schadstoffentfernung aus Kohlendioxid und Vorrichtung zur dessen Durchführung |
| PCT/EP2010/060335 WO2011012470A1 (de) | 2009-07-30 | 2010-07-16 | Verfahren zur schadstoffentfernung aus flüssigem kohlendioxid und vorrichtung zur dessen durchführung |
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| CN102470287A CN102470287A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
| CN102470287B true CN102470287B (zh) | 2015-09-30 |
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| US (1) | US20120144860A1 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP2459293A1 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR20120055576A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN102470287B (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2010277760B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR112012001719A2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2769495C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE102009035389A1 (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2551510C2 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2011012470A1 (zh) |
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| DE102010006102A1 (de) | 2010-01-28 | 2011-08-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 | Verfahren zur Abtrennung gereinigten Wertgases aus einem Gasgemisch, sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens |
| US9458022B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2016-10-04 | L'Air Liquide Société Anonyme Pour L'Étude Et L'Exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process and apparatus for separating NO2 from a CO2 and NO2—containing fluid |
| US11135542B2 (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2021-10-05 | Uop Llc | Processes and apparatuses for removing contaminants from hydrogen streams |
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- 2010-07-16 BR BR112012001719A patent/BR112012001719A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-07-16 RU RU2012107387/05A patent/RU2551510C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-07-16 US US13/384,616 patent/US20120144860A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-07-16 WO PCT/EP2010/060335 patent/WO2011012470A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-07-16 CN CN201080032593.XA patent/CN102470287B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-07-16 CA CA2769495A patent/CA2769495C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-07-16 KR KR1020127005360A patent/KR20120055576A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-07-16 AU AU2010277760A patent/AU2010277760B2/en not_active Ceased
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2011012470A1 (de) | 2011-02-03 |
| DE102009035389A1 (de) | 2011-02-03 |
| US20120144860A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
| AU2010277760A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
| AU2010277760B2 (en) | 2015-02-19 |
| CN102470287A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
| CA2769495A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
| RU2012107387A (ru) | 2013-09-10 |
| CA2769495C (en) | 2018-05-22 |
| RU2551510C2 (ru) | 2015-05-27 |
| KR20120055576A (ko) | 2012-05-31 |
| BR112012001719A2 (pt) | 2016-04-12 |
| EP2459293A1 (de) | 2012-06-06 |
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