CN102410990B - High-sensitivity micro-nano optical fiber refractive index sensor and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-sensitivity micro-nano optical fiber refractive index sensor and a preparation method thereof, and the sensor comprises a broadband light source, an optical fiber loop mirror and a spectrum analyzer, which are sequentially connected along a light transmission path, wherein the optical fiber loop mirror comprises an optical fiber coupler, a birefraction micro-nano optical fiber and a polarization controller, which are connected along the light transmission path; and after light emitted by the broadband light source enters into the optical fiber loop mirror, the formed light spreading in two opposite directions can generate the polarization phase difference by virtue of the birefraction micro-nano optical fiber, the polarization interference is formed after the light passes through the polarization controller, and the light is finally detected and outputted by the spectrum analyzer. The sensor performs sensing by virtue of the birefraction micro-nano optical fiber which has a rectangular or quasi-rectangular dyad symmetric structure; based on the unique birefraction and birefraction scattering effects of the birefraction micro-nano optical fiber, the obtained polarization interference spectrogram can change along with the surrounding refractive index, and the ultra-high sensing sensitivity can be further obtained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the optical fibre refractivity sensor technical field, particularly a kind of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Refractive index sensing is used for surveying the change of refractive of external environment, because refractive index is the base attribute of material, it is an important parameters at ambits such as physics, biology, chemistry, so refractive index sensing has important meaning and purposes to association areas such as environmental monitoring, food security, pharmaceutical developments, clinical examinations.The advantages such as long-distance transmissions ability that the optical fibre refractivity sensor is highly sensitive with it, anti-electromagnetic interference capability is strong, response speed is fast, antibiosis burn into volume is little, in light weight, nontoxic, control flexible and low-yield loss, overcome classic method and comprised deficiencies such as glancing incidence method, diffraction grating method, wide band absorption spectroscopic methodology, its development is subjected to people's attention always.Many optical-fiber type index sensors arise at the historic moment, and it realizes that principle comprises polytypes such as surface plasma, long-period gratings, intermode interference, micro-fluidic porous optical fiber.
Micro-nano fiber has attracted people's research interest in recent years, because micro-nano fiber has strong evanescent field effect, the refractive index sensing has inborn advantage, the implementation method that proposes comprises the micro-nano fiber ring junction, Bragg grating, long-period gratings, transmission energy measuring etc., yet the sensing sensitivity of these methods still is subjected to great limitation at present, for example document " Fei Xu; Valerio Pruneri; Vittoria Finazzi; Gilberto Brambilla.An embedded optical nanowire loop resonator refractometric sensor.Optics Express; 2008; 16 (2): 1062-1067. " proposes micro-nano fiber is broken into ring junction and uses polymer encapsulated, this method manufacture craft is complicated, and theoretical acquisition sensitivity is 700nm/RIU (unit refractive index).And for example document " X.Fang; C.R.Liao; D.N.Wang.Femtosecond laser fabricated fiber Bragg grating in microfiber for refractive index sensing.Optics Letters; 2010; 35 (7): 1007-1009. " utilizes femto-second laser to inscribe Bragg grating at micro-nano fiber and makes index sensor, measures the sensitivity that obtains and is 234.1nm/RIU to the maximum.Document " Haifeng Xuan; Wei Jin; and Shujing Liu.Long-period gratings in wavelength-scale microfibers.Optics Letters; 2010; 35 (1): 85-87. " utilizes femtosecond laser inscription technology to write long-period gratings in micro-nano fiber for another example, the sensitivity of measuring reaches 1900nm/RIU, and sensitivity is low slightly and femtosecond laser is expensive, and femtosecond laser is inscribed technology in addition has destruction to optical fiber structure.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the shortcoming of prior art with not enough, a kind of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor is provided, utilize birefringence and the effect of dispersion thereof of the uniqueness of birefringence micro-nano fiber, obtain the hypersensitivity that is beyond one's reach in the existing method.
Another object of the present invention is to, a kind of preparation method of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor is provided, make it to have higher refractive index sensing sensitivity, can realize real-time sensing and the fast detecting of the little variable of environment refractive index to external world.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is by the following technical solutions:
High sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor of the present invention, comprise the wideband light source, fiber loop mirror and the spectroanalysis instrument that are linked in sequence along light transmission path, wherein fiber loop mirror comprises fiber coupler, birefringence micro-nano fiber and first Polarization Controller that connects along light transmission path; The light that is sent by wideband light source is after fiber coupler enters fiber loop mirror, form the light beam that two reverse directions are propagated, wherein a branch of successively through first Polarization Controller and birefringence micro-nano fiber, another Shu Ze passes through birefringence micro-nano fiber and first Polarization Controller successively, it is poor that this two-beam produces polarization phase, after fiber coupler closes ripple, form polarization interference spectrum, detect output by spectroanalysis instrument at last.
Described birefringence micro-nano fiber is usually on the optical fiber of the double symmetrical structure covering with rectangle or class rectangle, adopt the molten pull technology of conventional optical fibers, optical fiber is carried out high temperature heating and fused biconical taper, make the longest edge size of xsect less than 10 μ m, welding standard fiber in two ends connects various fiber instruments.
Preferably, described fiber loop mirror also comprises second Polarization Controller and polarization maintaining optical fibre, described fiber coupler, first Polarization Controller, birefringence micro-nano fiber, second Polarization Controller and polarization maintaining optical fibre are linked in sequence along light transmission path, described second Polarization Controller is used for regulating the density degree of interference spectrum, described polarization maintaining optical fibre can improve the sensitivity of sensor as reference optical fiber.
Preferably, described polarization maintaining optical fibre is birefringence micro-nano fiber, panda type polarization-preserving fiber, knot type polarization maintaining optical fibre, ellipse polarization maintaining optical fibre or polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber.
Preferably, described fiber coupler splitting ratio is generally 50%: 50%.
Preferably, the xsect of described birefringence micro-nano fiber is the double symmetrical structure of rectangle or class rectangle.
Described birefringence micro-nano fiber comprises fiber core and the fibre cladding that described fiber core is surrounded.
Described fiber core refractive index is higher than the fibre cladding refractive index.
In order to reach above-mentioned another purpose, the present invention by the following technical solutions: a kind of preparation method of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor may further comprise the steps:
(1), choose the birefringence micro-nano fiber, the cross-sectional structure of described birefringence micro-nano fiber is the double symmetrical structure of rectangle or class rectangle;
(2), adopt fiber coupler, two ports of fiber coupler homonymy are connected wideband light source and spectroanalysis instrument respectively;
(3), form closed light path after connecting birefringence micro-nano fiber and Polarization Controller between two ports of described fiber coupler opposite side, thus constitute the fiber loop mirror that comprises micro-nano fiber.
The present invention has following advantage and effect with respect to prior art:
1, the present invention proposes a kind of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor, adopt the birefringence micro-nano fiber of double symmetrical structure, utilize its unique birefringence and birefringence dispersion characteristic, realized supersensitive refractive index sensing, the present invention has broken through existing scheme to the restriction of sensitivity, and its sensitivity can reach 5000～100000nm/RIU.
2, the present invention compares with the traditional optical refractive index sensing method, but have volume little, in light weight, can with advantages such as fibre system compatibility remote monitoring.
3, the present invention compares with other optical-fiber type refractive index sensing method, have size littler, simple in structure, be convenient to advantages such as integrated, that reaction velocity is fast.
4, the present invention compares with existing micro-nano fiber type refractive index sensing technology, has higher sensitivity (sensitivity can improve one more than the order of magnitude), and measures good stability.
5, the present invention has avoided test substance is put among the optical fiber microcellular structure, and directly sensor fibre is placed sensing among the test substance, has realized fast, accurate sensing, therefore has huge application potential.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is based on the micro-nano fiber index sensor of polarization interference;
Fig. 2 is birefringence micro-nano fiber cross sectional representation;
Fig. 3 is the interfacial synoptic diagram of sensor fibre and test substance;
Fig. 4 uses measurement data and the theoretical curves that sensor of the present invention carries out refraction index solution;
Fig. 5 is the micro-nano fiber index sensor after improving;
Fig. 6 is the wavelength of transmission spectrum correspondence of different reference optical fiber length and the relation of refractive index.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor comprises wideband light source 1, fiber coupler 2, birefringence micro-nano fiber 3, first Polarization Controller 4 and the spectroanalysis instrument 5 that splitting ratio is 50%: 50%, wherein fiber coupler 2, birefringence micro-nano fiber 3 and first Polarization Controller, the 4 formation fiber loop mirrors that link to each other along the light transmission path order; The light that is sent by wideband light source 1 is after fiber coupler 2 enters fiber loop mirror, form the light beam that two reverse directions are propagated, wherein a branch of successively through first Polarization Controller 4 and birefringence micro-nano fiber 3, another Shu Ze passes through birefringence micro-nano fiber 3 and first Polarization Controller 4 successively, it is poor that this two-beam produces polarization phase, by regulating first Polarization Controller 4, after closing ripple, fiber coupler 2 forms polarization interference spectrum, outgoing spectrum detects output through spectroanalysis instrument 5, change birefringence micro-nano fiber 3 refractive index of test substance on every side, calculate the wavelength shift of interference spectrum, and then infer the test substance change of refractive.
Fig. 2 is the cross sectional representation of birefringence micro-nano fiber 3 of the present invention, it comprises germnium doped fiber fibre core 6 and the fibre cladding of being made by earth silicon material 7, and fiber core 6 is circular configuration, and fibre cladding 7 is rectangular configuration, it be arranged on fiber core 6 around, fiber core 6 is surrounded; The longest edge size of typical optical fiber covering is no more than 10 μ m.The fiber core refractive index is higher than the fibre cladding refractive index.
In Fig. 3, illustrated the interphase of sensor fibre and test substance, 8 expression micro-nano fiber sensing sections, 9 expression test substances, the interphase of 10 expression test substances and external environment, 11 represent the optical fiber package position.
Fig. 4 represents that experiment measuring obtains the wavelength of wave trough position correspondence of outgoing spectrum and the relation of refractive index, in this example, micro-nano fiber is placed in the middle of the sucrose solution, by adjusting sucrose concentration to change the refractive index of solution, in Fig. 4, circle is represented the example measurement data points, and solid line is represented the numerical fitting curve that obtained by following equation (1), and visible measured value can be consistent with theoretical value well; In measurement, wavelength increases and increases along with refractive index, near the aqueous solution is being refractive index about 1.333, the sensitivity that experiment obtains is respectively 12511nm/RIU, 13441nm/RIU, 18987nm/RIU, 18677nm/RIU, peak response reaches 18987nm/RIU.
The high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor of above-described embodiment 1 can be done following improvement, be illustrated in figure 5 as the index sensor after the improvement, different with Fig. 1 is, side at micro-nano fiber connects second Polarization Controller 12 and polarization maintaining optical fibre 13 successively by standard fiber, these polarization maintaining optical fibre 13 conducts are with reference to optical fiber, be knot type polarization maintaining optical fibre in this example, by regulating the density degree that second Polarization Controller 12 can be regulated interference spectrum, the state that we dredge the interference spectrum furnishing, corresponding two birefringence fibers cause the situation that the polarization phase difference is subtracted each other, shown in hereinafter equation (3), regulate first Polarization Controller 4 simultaneously and be convenient to measure to strengthen the extinction ratio of interfering spectrogram.
Fig. 6 has provided the wavelength of the outgoing spectrum wave trough position correspondence that different tie fiber length record and the relation of refractive index, wherein discrete point is represented the result that measures, solid line then represents to adopt the result of quadratic equation match, DATA REASONING and theoretical fitting when reference optical fiber and no reference optical fiber are arranged have been provided among the figure respectively, the result shows: near wavelength 1550, the refractive index sensitivity of sensor is 7151nm/RIU during no reference optical fiber, and when polarization maintaining optical fibre length is 4.7cm and 10.8cm, corresponding refractive index sensitivity be respectively 26065nm/RIU and-16196nm/RIU, as seen its absolute sensitivity is largely increased after adding reference optical fiber, conforms to theoretical prediction.
The preparation method of high sensitivity micro-nano fiber index sensor of the present invention comprises the steps:
(1), chooses micro-nano fiber, described micro-nano fiber cross-sectional structure is the birefringence micro-nano fiber of the double symmetrical structure of rectangle or class rectangle, length ratio through the longest edge at cross section of optic fibre center and minor face is 1.05～5.0, and they are of a size of 10nm～10 μ m; This micro-nano fiber is on the optical fiber of the double symmetrical structure covering with rectangle or class rectangle, utilizes conventional fiber to melt pull technology, and optical fiber is carried out high temperature heating and fused biconical taper is made; The two ends welding standard fiber of described micro-nano fiber connects various fiber instruments.
(2), the birefringence micro-nano fiber of step () is fused on the fiber loop mirror, specifically: adopt fiber coupler (splitting ratio is generally 50%: 50%), two ports of fiber coupler homonymy connect wideband light source and spectroanalysis instrument respectively, form closed light path after connecting birefringence micro-nano fiber and Polarization Controller between two ports of opposite side successively, thereby constitute the fiber loop mirror that comprises micro-nano fiber, be the micro-nano fiber index sensor, because the birefringence effect of birefringence micro-nano fiber, two polarization states of transmission light wave produce optical path difference in optical fiber, adjust the state of Polarization Controller, can obtain the polarization interference spectrogram at spectroanalysis instrument.
In above-mentioned fiber loop mirror, because birefringence effect causes that the transmission spectrum of polarization interference is expressed as T=sin
2(Φ/2), wherein Φ is that polarization phase is poor, is expressed as:
Φ＝(2π/λ)BL (1)
Wherein, λ is optical wavelength, B=n
i-n
jBe the micro-nano fiber birefringence, n
i, n
jBe respectively the effective refractive index of two polarization modes of waveguide, L is the length of micro-nano fiber.Calculate wavelength with the change of refractive rate for theory, in equation (1), suppose that phase differential Φ is constant, little variable Δ n of refractive index will cause that birefringence changes, thereby wavelength drifts about, and considers the birefringence dispersion effect of optical fiber simultaneously
Equation (1) is carried out derivation operation, obtains sensitivity formula and be:
Wherein,
Be the birefringence rate of change that refractive index causes, G be optical fiber group birefringence, by equation (2) as can be known sensitivity size except with wavelength X and birefringence rate of change
Mutually, also the size with group's birefringence G is relevant, and the size of G and birefringence dispersion value
Relevant, when G levels off to zero the time, it is very big that device sensitivity will become.
(3), the birefringence micro-nano fiber of the sensor is placed test substance, because the variations in refractive index of material causes that the interference spectrogram of device drifts about, thereby measure the variation that its wavelength shift can be found out material refractive index.
On the basis of such scheme, for further improving sensing sensitivity, can do following improvement to the micro-nano fiber index sensor, connect a Polarization Controller and one section common polarization maintaining optical fibre successively as reference optical fiber in a side of birefringence micro-nano fiber by standard fiber, itself does not participate in sensing this reference optical fiber, its role is the refractive index sensing sensitivity of modulation device, reference optical fiber can be the high birefringence micro-nano fiber, or traditional panda type polarization-preserving fiber, knot type polarization maintaining optical fibre or ellipse polarization maintaining optical fibre etc. also can be polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers.Owing in the interference system two birefringence fibers are arranged, its phase differential is expressed formula (1) and is become:
Φ＝(2π/λ)(B
1L
1±B
2L
2) (3)
Wherein, "+" represents respectively that with "-" two birefringence fibers cause that the polarization phase difference increases and subtract each other two states mutually, can realize B by the Polarization Controller of regulating between optical fiber
1And L
1Corresponding first birefringence micro-nano fiber, B
2And L
2Corresponding second polarization maintaining optical fibre.Because extraneous variations in refractive index causes that the B1 of first optical fiber changes, thus by equation (3) as can be known wavelength change, the change of wavelength causes the B of second optical fiber again
2Change, similarly, equation (3) carried out derivation operation, can obtain the refractive index sensitivity formula and be:
Wherein, G
1And G
2Represent group's birefringence of first birefringence micro-nano fiber and second polarization maintaining optical fibre respectively, as long as make by birefringence parameter and the adjusting fiber lengths of selecting two optical fiber | G
1L
1± G
2L
2| level off to zero, can significantly improve the sensing sensitivity of device.
Above-described embodiment is preferred implementation of the present invention; but embodiments of the present invention are not restricted to the described embodiments; other any do not deviate from change, the modification done under spiritual essence of the present invention and the principle, substitutes, combination, simplify; all should be the substitute mode of equivalence, be included within protection scope of the present invention.
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