CN102369051A - 干法净化空气过滤介质 - Google Patents

干法净化空气过滤介质 Download PDF

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CN102369051A
CN102369051A CN2010800125045A CN201080012504A CN102369051A CN 102369051 A CN102369051 A CN 102369051A CN 2010800125045 A CN2010800125045 A CN 2010800125045A CN 201080012504 A CN201080012504 A CN 201080012504A CN 102369051 A CN102369051 A CN 102369051A
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macerate
air filtration
filtration media
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威廉·G·英格兰
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Purafil Inc
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Abstract

一种包含浸渍物的固体空气过滤介质，其中浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐。介质包含约0.1～约25重量％的浸渍物。浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的有机胺，有机胺包括尿素水溶液、固体尿素、三聚氰胺或其混合物。浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的金属盐，金属盐包括氧化镁、氧化钙或其混合物。浸渍物可选地进一步包含表面活性剂，例如聚丙烯酸。也提供了形成具有浸渍物的固体空气过滤介质的方法，其中浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐，还提供了用于从流体中去除污染物的方法。

Description

干法净化空气过滤介质
相关申请
本申请要求提交于2009年3月18日的美国临时专利申请号61/161,202的权益，其全部合并在此作为参考。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及用于从气流中去除具有难闻气味、毒性或腐蚀性的化合物的组合物和方法，更特别涉及滤床中空气过滤介质的使用。
可通过很多技术实现毒性、腐蚀性和难闻气体的去除。这些技术包括湿法净化、焚烧和使用多种干法净化吸附、吸收和/或化学浸渍介质的气相空气过滤。相对于其它方法，气相空气过滤不需要消耗大量的水或燃料。可使用含有或不含有用以控制广谱气体或专门的特种气体的化学添加剂的大量常规吸附剂材料来设计干法净化介质。
相对于物理吸附的可逆过程，化学吸附，也称为化学吸收作用，是介质表面上化学反应的结果。这种过程是特定的并取决于介质和要去除的气体两者的物理和化学性质。一些氧化反应可自发地在吸附剂表面发生，但是，化学浸渍物通常加入到介质中。浸渍物给予较高的污染物去除能力，并能够提供某种程度的特性。虽然一些选择性在物理吸附中是明显的，它通常可追溯到纯物理性质而不是化学性质。化学吸附中，涉及较强的分子力，过程通常瞬间发生并是不可逆的。
令人不悦的空气中的化合物例如硫化氢、氨和甲醛存在于许多环境中，其中大部分主要由于存在难闻气体或刺激性或有毒气体。这种环境包括城市废弃物处理设施、造纸厂、石化精炼厂、停尸房、医院、解剖实验室、旅馆设施、博物馆、档案馆、计算机或数据储存室、和其它商业和工业设施。
这些令人不悦的化合物可为较高级有机化合物的细菌分解产物，或工业过程的简单副产物。
硫化氢(“H2S”)，一种无色、有毒具有臭鸡蛋特殊气味的气体，由煤炭灶、天然气井、硫磺泉和含硫的腐烂有机质所产生。长期认为需要控制这种气体的排放，特别是从城市污水处理厂的排放。近来，使电子装置免受这些化合物的腐蚀性烟气的侵害变得日益重要。此外，H2S是易燃的。
氨(“NH3”)也是一种无色气体。它具有特殊的刺激性气味，是一种腐蚀性、碱性气体。该气体产生自动物房间和繁殖所，它的控制长期也被认为是重要的。
甲醛(“OCH2”)是一种无色具有刺激性、窒息性气味的气体。其存在于停尸房和解剖实验室中，由于它对黏膜的强烈刺激性，它的控制是必要的。
已作出尝试提供固体过滤介质用于从流体、或运动的气流例如气体或蒸气流中去除上述的令人不悦的化合物。虽然已知多种浸渍基材可用于从流体中去除令人不悦的污染物，但这些已知的浸渍基材具有非常高的选择性，即每种浸渍物只能处理一种特定类型的化合物。存在几种令人不悦的化合物的应用中，空气过滤介质要么需要包括几种浸渍物要么需要使用几种不同的空气过滤介质。这导致了目前可用的介质不能适应多种工业的需要。
住宅空气品质行业已经将包含两种以上吸附剂化合物的吸附剂组合物用于地毯和窗帘中。这种吸附剂组合物试着吸收存在于家庭空气中的多数令人不悦的气体化合物，包括甲醛(来自胶合板和家具)，有机溶剂(来自油漆、胶粘剂和壁纸)，来自杀虫剂、杀菌剂、农业化学品的气体和来自香烟和宠物的臭气。但是，这种吸附剂组合物还没有应用于工业、商业或住宅空气过滤介质中。
因此，所需要的是一种空气过滤介质，其具有浸渍其上的组合物，能够吸收多种令人不悦的气体，包括硫化氢、甲醛和氨。
发明内容
一种包括浸渍物的固体空气过滤介质，其中浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐。所述介质包含约0.1～约25重量％的浸渍物。
所述浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的有机胺，其优选为尿素水溶液、固体尿素、三聚氰胺或其混合物。
所述浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的金属盐，其优选为氧化镁、氧化钙或其混合物。
所述浸渍物可选地进一步包含约0.1～约10重量％的表面活性剂，其优选为聚丙烯酸。
一种形成固体空气过滤介质的方法，包括将浸渍物施用于多孔基材上，其中所述浸渍物包括有机胺和无机金属盐。所述多孔基材优选为活性氧化铝、硅胶、沸石、高岭土、吸附粘土、活性铁铝氧石、活性炭或其组合。
一种从流体中去除至少两种污染物的方法，包括使用包括有机胺和无机金属盐的空气过滤介质过滤流体。
具体实施方式
提供了干法净化空气过滤介质和使用该介质处理流体的方法。固体过滤介质可用于从气体流体中去除或减少令人不悦的化合物或污染物。固体过滤介质包含有机胺和无机金属盐。有机胺和无机金属盐优选地、但并不必须地作为液体浸渍溶液用于空气过滤介质。可选的表面活性剂加入到液体浸渍溶液中以保持金属盐悬浮于溶液中。
通常描述的，所述过滤介质包含浸渍有含有有机胺和无机金属盐的溶液的基材。该过滤介质包含大约0.1～约25重量％的该溶液。
有机胺优选选自尿素水溶液、固体尿素、三聚氰胺和其混合物。溶液优选包含约0.1～约5重量％的有机胺。
金属盐优选选自金属氧化物，例如但不限于氧化镁和氧化钙。液体优选包含约0.1～约5重量％的金属盐。
当应用于过滤介质时，有机胺和金属盐使得介质能够从气体流体中去除或减少令人不悦的化合物或污染物。特别地，过滤介质可以去除令人不悦的化合物例如硫化氢、甲醛和氨的组合。先前所知的空气过滤介质不能有效地同时过滤这种范围广泛的化合物。
过滤介质的有机胺成分按照公式(I)同甲醛反应：
R-NH2+OCH2→R-N＝CH2+H2O  (I)
气体甲醛因此转变为固体有机氮化合物。
金属盐也通过催化甲醛分解形成水和二氧化碳而中和甲醛。金属盐在催化反应中没有消耗，可处理额外的令人不悦的化合物。
令人不悦的化合物和污染物例如氨和硫化氢被金属盐的催化反应所中和，分别形成水和氮氧化物或硫氧化物。如同金属盐与甲醛的催化反应一样，金属盐在氨和硫化氢的中和反应中也没有消耗。
应用浸渍溶液的多孔基材可选自，但不限于由活性氧化铝(Al2O3)(UOP化学公司，巴吞鲁日，美国路易斯安那州)，硅胶(J.M.Huber公司，化学部门，Havre De Grace镇，马里兰州)，沸石(steel head specialty minerals公司，斯波坎市，华盛顿州)，高岭土(Englehard公司，爱迪生市，新泽西州)，吸附粘土(Englehard公司，爱迪生市，新泽西州)，活性铁铝氧石，活性炭例如活性炭布、织造或非织造颗粒过滤器或其组合组成的组。优选地，过滤介质中的浸渍物的浓度为约0.1～约25重量％。
优选的多孔基材包括氧化铝、活性炭及其组合。
另一种优选的多孔基材是氧化铝和沸石的组合。虽然不希望受这个论点的束缚，人们相信沸石通过吸引并保持水分进一步的控制过滤介质的湿度，其功能为保持更多的溶液中的浸渍物。这个效果，转而被认为能够提高过滤介质的能力和效率。如此处所用的，术语沸石包括天然硅酸盐沸石、合成材料和具有类沸石结构的磷酸盐矿物。可用在这种介质中的沸石的实施例包括、但不限于斜碱沸石(amicite，水合钾钠铝硅酸盐)、方沸石(水合钠铝硅酸盐)、铯沸石(水合铯钠铝硅酸盐)、伯格斯石(boggsite，水合钙钠铝硅酸盐)、菱沸石(水合钙铝硅酸盐)、钡沸石(水合钡钙铝硅酸盐)、八面沸石(水合钠钙镁铝硅酸盐)、镁碱沸石(水合钠钾镁钙铝硅酸盐)、戈硅钠铝石(水合钠钾钙铝硅酸盐)、交沸石(水合钡钾铝硅酸盐)、钙十字沸石(水合钾钠钙铝硅酸盐)、斜发沸石(水合钠钾钙铝硅酸盐)、丝光沸石(水合钠钾钙铝硅酸盐)、中沸石(水合钠钙铝硅酸盐)、钠沸石(水合钠铝硅酸盐)、斜碱沸石(水合钾钠铝硅酸盐)、十字沸石(水合钙铝硅酸盐)、锶碱沸石(perlialite，水合钾钠钙锶铝硅酸盐)、钠红沸石(barrerite，水合钠钾钙铝硅酸盐)、辉沸石(水合钠钙铝硅酸盐)、杆沸石(thomsonite，水合钠钙铝硅酸盐)等。沸石具有很多相关的磷酸盐和硅酸盐矿物，它们具有类笼状框架结构或具有同沸石相似的性质，也可以用于替代沸石或与沸石一起使用。这些类沸石矿物包括例如土磷锌铝石、磷铍锂石(pahasapaite)、水磷铍钠石(tiptopite)、香花石、铍硅钠石、磷方沸石(viseite)、帕水钙石(partheite)、葡萄石、水硅铝钙石(roggianite)、鱼眼石、白钙沸石、莫里铅沸石、水硅钙石、易变硅钙石、托勃莫来石等等。
术语，例如“过滤介质”、“吸附剂组合物”、“化学吸附剂组合物”和“浸渍基材”是全部可互换的，表示一种能够通过将其同流体接触而减少或消除流体中不需要的有害的污染物的物质。应当理解，术语“流体”定义为液体或气体，其能够流动或以特定方向移动，包括气体、水、包含有机的或包含无机的流体。
多孔基材也可以是织造或非织造材料，例如玻璃纤维、皱纹纸、牛皮纸、羊毛、钢丝棉、丝线、纤维素纤维织物、合成纤维织物或其组合。优选的纤维素纤维织物包括棉、亚麻、纤维胶和人造丝。优选的合成纤维织物包括尼龙、人造丝、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯醇、丙烯酸树脂、醋酸纤维、聚酰胺和碳纤维。
如上面所讨论的，浸渍物可以但并不必须作为液体浸渍溶液用于过滤介质。液体溶液可喷涂于过滤介质之上或可以其它已知的方法使用。
可选地，浸渍物可以为粉末。该粉末可直接用于过滤介质，或者在将浸渍组合物使用在过滤介质上之前，向粉末中加入水或另一种液体以使其成水合物。
另外，对于挤出或造粒的过滤介质(例如活性氧化铝或活性碳基介质)，可在挤出或造粒之前直接将该粉末加入到氧化铝/碳/等材料中。相对于将液体浸渍物喷涂在介质外表面的介质来说，浸渍物可因此或多或少地均匀分布在介质中。
以液体形式，或作为粉末形式是在应用于介质之前要再水合为液体，浸渍物组合物优选包含表面活性剂例如聚丙烯酸或其它化合物，其用量足以保持金属盐在应用于过滤介质之前悬浮在液体溶液中。表面活性剂的用量可以根据本领域技术人员所已知的方法进行选择，典型地为液体溶液的约0.1～约10重量％。
应用液体或粉末浸渍组合物到空气过滤介质上的具体方法是已知的，对于这里所描述的发明是不重要的。
污染物去除方法
还提供了一种使用这里所描述的干法净化过滤介质处理污染的流体的方法。该方法包括将污染的流体同这里所提供的固体过滤组合物接触。典型地，不希望的污染物将从空气中去除，尤其是掺杂有来自城市废弃物处理设施、造纸厂、石化精炼厂、停尸房、医院、解剖实验室、旅馆设施、博物馆、档案馆、计算机或数据储存室、和其它商业和工业设施所排出的气流的空气。过滤介质也可用于住宅应用。可将液体或粉末浸渍物销售给消费者用于消费者对过滤器的手工操作。本领域处理气体或其它流体的方法是众所周知的。任何本领域已知的用这里所描述的介质的处理流体的方法都可以使用。
实施例
这里所述的包含浸渍溶液的空气过滤介质已被证明在去除气体污染物例如硫化氢、氨和甲醛方面是更加有效的。例如，对比已知的高锰酸钠基过滤介质，这里所述的过滤介质已显示出如下改进的过滤能力：
Figure BPA00001446100900061
过滤能力根据ASTM D6646-01“测定粒状和丸状活性炭的加速硫化氢突破容量的标准试验方法”所描述的原理进行测定。该测试方法针对硫化氢的过滤，并适应于氨和甲醛。
当然，应当能够理解，前述仅涉及本发明的具体实施方式，可在不背离本发明的精神和范围之下作出大量的改进或修改。这里所提及的出版物或专利全部作为参考合并于此。

Claims (20)

1.一种固体空气过滤介质，其包含浸渍物，其中，所述浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐。
2.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述介质包含约0.1～约25重量％的浸渍物。
3.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述有机胺包括尿素水溶液、固体尿素、三聚氰胺或它们的混合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的有机胺。
5.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述金属盐包括氧化镁、氧化钙或它们的混合物。
6.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述浸渍物包含约0.1～约5重量％的金属盐。
7.如权利要求1所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述浸渍物进一步包含表面活性剂。
8.如权利要求7所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述浸渍物包含约0.1～约10重量％的表面活性剂。
9.如权利要求7所述的空气过滤介质，其中，所述表面活性剂是聚丙烯酸。
10.一种形成固体空气过滤介质的方法，其包括向多孔基材施用浸渍物，所述浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，所述多孔基材选自由活性氧化铝、硅胶、沸石、高岭土、吸附粘土、活性铁铝氧石、活性炭和它们的组合所组成的组。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中，所述多孔基材是活性氧化铝、活性炭或它们的组合。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中，所述多孔基材是活性氧化铝、沸石或它们的组合。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，所述浸渍物以液体溶液形式施用于多孔基材。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法，其中，所述浸渍物喷涂于多孔基材之上。
16.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中，所述浸渍物以粉末形式施用于多孔基材。
17.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中，所述浸渍物在基材的挤出或造粒之前加入到多孔基材中。
18.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中，所述多孔基材是织造或非织造材料，选自由玻璃纤维、皱纹纸、牛皮纸、羊毛、钢丝棉、丝线、纤维素纤维织物、合成纤维织物和它们的组合所组成的组。
19.一种从流体中去除至少两种污染物的方法，其包括用空气过滤介质过滤流体，其中所述过滤介质包含浸渍物，所述浸渍物包含有机胺和无机金属盐。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法，其中，所述至少两种污染物选自由硫化氢、甲醛、氨和它们的组合所组成的组。
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EP2408537A1 (en) 2012-01-25
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