CN102326681B

CN102326681B - Low-protein amino acid balanced nursing sow feed

Info

Publication number: CN102326681B
Application number: CN201110196131.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 姜旭明; 黄河; 吕明斌
Original assignee: Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co Ltd
Current assignee: Weifang New Hope Liuhe Feed Technology Co ltd; China Agricultural University; New Hope Liuhe Co Ltd
Priority date: 2011-07-14
Filing date: 2011-07-14
Publication date: 2014-04-09
Anticipated expiration: 2031-07-14
Also published as: CN102326681A

Abstract

The invention discloses low-protein amino acid balanced nursing sow feed capable of reducing the environmental pollution, which comprises the following ingredients in portion by weight: 52.90 corn, 2.30 wheat flour middling, 13.30 wheat bran, 2.80 rice bran, 16.80 bean dreg of 46 percent, 4.30 rape-seed cake, 3.80 rape-seed oil, 0.97 calcium hydrophosphate, 1.24 stone dust, 0.40 salt, 0.16 lysine and 0.01 methionine. The feed has a scientific formula and is simple to produce. On the premise of being free from influencing the productivity of a sow, the environmental pollution can be reduced, the feed cost can be reduced, and economy can be realized.

Description

A kind of low-protein amino acid balanced nursing sow feed

Technical field

The present invention relates to contain animal-breeding feed deriving from plant, animal or raw mineral materials and preparation method thereof, particularly a kind of low-protein amino acid balanced nursing sow feed that reduces environmental pollution and preparation method thereof.

Background technology

Scale, intensive be the main trend of the outer Swine Production of Present Domestic, but incident piggery waste the like waste environmental pollution problem becomes increasingly conspicuous.Feng Dingyuan (2001) statistics shows, l pig on average produced 2.5 tons of fecalurias per year, just 30,000 tons of ten thousand pig farms environment defecation at least towards periphery every year, every day sewer 100-150 ton.

China's livestock breeding industry development is advanced by leaps and bounds.Past is that to raise family scattered be main, and the intensive commodity breeding production of scale now in the highest flight.These are intensive, the building up of industrial aquaculture field, and have improved cultivation efficiency on the one hand, have reduced production cost; The opposing party and, the fecal sewage that large-scale cultivation produces has also brought a series of environmental problem.Animal farm comprises that to the pollution of environment dust, noise and excrement are dirty, but is mainly that the pollution that atmosphere, water source and soil are caused is dealt with in excrement dirt improperly.

At present China to solve the basic ideas of piggery waste be to adopt method of edge treatment, but this can not be fundamentally contaminated solution problem completely.And the shortcomings such as it is many often to have cost, regular maintenance difficulty.Therefore, there are many nutritionists to start to pay attention to inquiring into how to reduce problem of environmental pollution from nutrition angle.Nineteen ninety-five Yang Sheng professor in China, first propose ' condition nutrition " concept of (Ecological Nutrition), to reducing costs, when improving livestock products quality, reduce the pollution to environment.In China's animal husbandry production scale, constantly expand and intensive degree improves constantly in the situation that, fully use nourishing regulate and control technique, improve to greatest extent the utilization rate of animal to nutriment, reduce the pollution of environment simultaneously, promote lasting, quick, the sound development tool of China's animal husbandry to be of great significance.Why pig manure urine causes serious pollution problem, considers to mainly contain the reason of several respects from nutrition angle, and the ANFs in feedstuff, feed, feed processing technology, interpolation exogenous protease or other enzymes improve protein utilization etc.Be to reduce nutrient content in general, raising plant recovery of nutrient is principle.For these reasons, take appropriate measures and alleviate the pollution that pig industry causes to environment.Can take corresponding measure to reduce Diet Nutrient concentration (being mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, especially nitrogen); Improve Diet Nutrient utilization rate.

By livestock and poultry ideal protein pattern, can digest amino acid and add synthesizing amino acid for basis, be mixed with the balance diet that meets raising poultry nutritive needs, can suitably reduce the CP in feed level and do not affect breeding performonce fo animals.Now feed conversion rate is the highest, and nutrients excretion is minimum.Both protein resource can be saved, polluted by nitrogen can be reduced again.In livestock and poultry diet, nitrogen use efficiency only has 30% ~ 50% conventionally, improve nitrogen use efficiency, must improve Dietary Amino Acid balance.Under the good condition of Dietary Amino Acid balance, diet protein reduces by 2% pair of breeding performonce fo animals and has no significant effect, and elimination of nitrogen amount 20% (Cormwell etc., 19%) that can decline.Use same amino acid level and the diet of thick protein level low 4%, animal nitrogen excretion amount reduces by 49% (P<0.01), and production performance uninfluenced (Han etc., 1995).Various countries scholar has attempted, by the low-protein diet of preparation amino acid balance, to reduce the discharge of nitrogen, and obtaining good result (Goihl, 1995).Facts have proved, by the feed that can digest amino acid and ideal protein mode computation preparation, can reduce diet protein level 2.5%, and production performance does not subtract, under the good condition of Dietary Amino Acid balance, crude protein level reduces by 2% pair of breeding performonce fo animals and has no significant effect, and can make elimination of nitrogen amount reduce by 10% one 20% (Shi Jun, Chen Anguo, 2001).No matter piglet, still growing the pig stage, low-protein amino acid balance diet all can improve pig production performance and feed conversion rate, and can reduce fecal nitrogen discharge capacity (Chai Junxiu etc., 2007).Feng Dingyuan etc. (1996) research shows, in growth pig and growing and fattening pigs diet, adds amino acid, makes crude protein reduce by 1% simultaneously, and pig weightening finish is uninfluenced, and nitrogen use efficiency increases, and in its ight soil, elimination of nitrogen amount reduces by 17.7%.Along with scientific and technical development, in livestock and poultry diet, add lysine, methionine is fully accepted by culturist, and threonine, tryptophan had started to apply already in feed.Carter etc. (1996) report adds lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in growing-finishing pig diet, can reduce by 4% gross protein value, and significantly reduce by 34% elimination of nitrogen.Synthetic L mono-lysine is made an addition in feed, do not affecting under the prerequisite of breeding performonce fo animals, the lysine in alternative protein, reduces gross protein value and feed cost with (Song Xian once etc., 2004).The research of Boza etc. (1995) shows, usings little skin form during as nitrogenous source, whole proteins deposited higher than corresponding amino acid diet or whole protein diet.Serum urea nitrogen can more accurately reflect the metabolism of animal body internal protein and amino acid balance situation, and when amino acid balance is good, blood serum urea nitrogen concentration declines.Therefore, in livestock and poultry diet, use synthesizing amino acid, can improve diet nitrogen use efficiency, reduce fecaluria nitrogen discharge rate, thereby save feed protein, reduce polluted by nitrogen.

So-called low-protein diet, refers to high protein diet and compares, the diet that its protein level is lower, the diet that the high protein diet is here generally typical diet or prepares by a certain feeding standard.Low-protein diet is compared with high protein diet, and the former limiting amino acid kind is more larger with limited degree, the protein level (Huo Qiguang, 2004) of the satisfaction degree restriction low-protein diet of diet limiting amino acid.As far back as nineteen forty-four, Block and Bolhng must go out the to grow amino acid requirement of animal can be comprised of the amino acid of animal body protein to come definite conclusion.Afterwards, many scholars further studied discovery, and only in the situation that Dietary Amino Acid keeps balance, amino acid is tricky ' can be effectively utilized by animal body any amino acid starvation or excessively all can affect other amino acid whose utilization rates in diet.Be that rational amino acid nutrient not only requires in diet various essential amino acid A wide selection of colours and designs and content suitable, and require various must the acid of nitrogen base between and the ratio between essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid and the needs of animal match, Here it is so-called ideal protein.Its appearance is another great discovery in Animal nutrition history.It originates from first people's trial and with amino acid, forms to weigh the nutritive value of protein.Nineteen forty-six Mitchell and Block propose chemical score, and in diet, the desired contents of the first limiting amino acids and it is weighed the nutritive value of protein.This just needs a reference protein matter, and its amino acid forms balance the most, so there is ideal protein.The Objective Concept Howard (1958) of ideal protein proposes at first, be called at that time complete protein, its flesh and blood is the composition of various essential amino acids in diet and ratio and animal essential amino acid requirement while matching, and animal can maximally utilise the protein in feed.Along with going deep into that proteinaceous nutrient is studied, people had proposed the concept of ideal protein afterwards, and its concept has been carried out to modification and perfect.Cole (1980) thinks, ideal protein refers to various essential amino acids and supplies with the protein between the nitrogenous source of synthetic nonessential amino acid with optimum balance.Fuller (1989) thinks, the desirable amino acid formula of touching is that the standard of other diet protein of evaluation forms or with reference to protein.Because the nitrogen of essential amino acid can be used to synthetic nonessential amino acid, so, contain exceed the protein of the essential amino acid relevant to nonessential amino acid may

The same nitrogen retention that obtains.They are defined as ideal protein accordingly: protein is made the as a whole essential amino acid consumption of minimum while obtaining peak use rate.The amount that the value of recognizing ng and Fulter (1990) are defined as each essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid by ideal protein is the equal restrictive diet protein of tool all.If a diet lacks one or more essential amino acids, can by adding not enough essential amino acid, change the speed of the deposition of protein, in diet, lack nonessential amino acid, add any amino acid and all can change nitrogen retention.From the definition of low-protein diet and the evolution of Ideal Amino Acid Pattern or ideal protein, low-protein diet is exactly the application of Ideal Amino Acid Pattern in production reality, to approach the minimum protein diet that ideal amino acid needs as far as possible, degree of closeness is nearer, makes animal higher to the utilization ratio of protein.But there are a lot of problems in low-protein diet.During the element of protein forms, nitrogen has accounted for 1/6, and the protein that reduces diet will reduce the excretion of nitrogen.The protein that reduces diet not only makes the discharge of nitrogen reduce, and makes energy loss reduce simultaneously.Excessive protein often surpasses 1% the availability that makes energy is reduced to approximately 1%, and this is that urea contains energy because nitrogen is discharged with form of urea.Meanwhile, when not digested protein excretes, amount of drinking water is increased, and produce excessive heat, cause energy loss.

Noblet etc. (1987) research low-protein diet is during on the affecting of the growth of pig and energy deposition, discovery is under the constant prerequisite of diet metabolizable energy, low-protein diet group (protein 15.3%, add lysine) compare with common thick protein diet group (protein 17.8%), the former deposits one 5.1% one 11.2% energy.Obviously, this and urine energy, the lost minimizing of body heat is relevant.Objectively, low-protein diet has improved the net energy concentration of diet, for the energy concentration that improves low-yield diet, has great importance.In low-protein diet, expensive protein feeds reduces, and cheap energy feed increases.Suppose that crude protein level reduces by 1%, quite reduce dregs of beans consumption 23kg/t (CP0.43%), price meter routinely, direct cost reduces by 50.6 yuan/t.Take monomer lysine, methionine and threonine as raw material, the deficiency of above-mentioned 3 kinds of essential amino acids that supplementary reduction by 1% thick protein brings, price meter needs 28.9 yuan/t routinely.Result: diet protein level reduces by 1%, feedstuff cost can reduce by 21.7 yuan/(t 1).So, when using low-protein diet to reduce environmental pollution, reduced diet cost.

It is too low that the problem that low-protein diet exists is still fallen diet protein level, also can affect the production performance of animal.Although a large amount of evidence both at home and abroad, kind, ratio and the quantity of amino acid in livestock and poultry diet (AA) is if to meet animal required, diet protein level can reduce 2-4 percentage point, livestock and poultry production performance is constant, meanwhile, feed conversion rate, livestock and poultry nitrogen retention and nitrogen discharged, heat stress ability all make moderate progress.But, further reduce diet protein level, in any case guarantee the needs of AA, the growth achievement of animal does not all reach desirable level, trunk body fat content rises to some extent.Low-protein diet adds lysine, tryptophan, different bright nitronic acid, methionine and pick propylhomoserin and reach NRC (1988) standard, the growth achievement of result low-protein diet group and feed conversion rate (FCR) are all not as normal CP group (P<0.01).Pig with 23kg is tested equally, and result is with front once consistent.Shadra etc. (1976), Easter etc. (1987) such as (1980), Corley and Easter (1980) Russen also studies have shown that pig low-protein diet production performance is not good.Rusesu etc. (1986,1987) find the research of piglet, add synthesizing amino acid, reduce crude protein level, while only having protein level reduction amplitude to be no more than 4 percentage points, ' can obtain the speed of growth similar to control group.If the growth pig diet protein level of body weight 3okg is down to 11% from 16%, add synthetic lysine, threonine, tryptophan, pick propylhomoserin, methionine and glutamic acid, but although can obtain the weightening finish feed intake of same level, raise, so feed conversion rate declines on the contrary.Feed conversion rate declines, and shows that the feed intake increasing may be mainly used in fat deposition rather than proteins deposited.So for the less demanding pig of lean meat percentage, a month consubstantiality quality may decline.Yu etc. (l991) also observe, and lysine supplement, threonine, tryptophan and methionine also reduce by 5 percentage points, protein, and the production performance of pig and rouge body fat content are shown to negative effect.The low-protein diet that supplements synthesizing amino acid reduces the reason of rouge body lean meat percentage, it be not immediately clear.Cormwell etc. (1996) research shows, reduce production performance the best that 4 percentage points, diet protein can make pig, but rouge body lean meat percentage reduces by supplementing synthesizing amino acid.Tuitock etc. (1997) find, diet protein matter level reduces by 4 percentage points, and supplementary synthesizing amino acid (lysine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine and pick propylhomoserin) is to meet ideal amino acid ratio, the rouge body fat increase of feeding this diet pig, daily gain and feed efficiency reduce.Kendan etc. (1998) are to adding synthetic lysine, tryptophan, threonine and methionine in growth pig diet so that its protein level is down to 12.2% from 16.7%, and the production performance of pig and copper body quality be obviously decline also.

Goihi (1999) thinks, this may be the higher cause of net energy content in diet.Once someone reported, pig is when feeding the low-protein diet of supplementary synthesizing amino acid, its Plasma Urea nitrogen concentration reduces, and these needs that show that now pig carries out deaminizating to excessive amino acid have reduced, and amino acid is carried out to deaminizating, are processes requiring the expenditure of energy.In addition, pig searches for food and supplements after the low-protein diet of synthesizing amino acid, the weight saving of pancreas, this may show the activity decreased of pancreas, pig need to also reduce energy.Therefore, just have more net energy to utilize for pig in the low-protein diet of supplementary synthesizing amino acid, result has caused more fat deposition.To one of solution of this problem, be to turn down diet net energy content, as added fiber or reducing dietary oils consumption etc.Han and Baker (1992) research on poultry shows have 23% to be down to 16% diet protein level, no matter adds which kind of and any amount of synthesizing amino acid, all can not obtain the speed of growth and feed conversion rate when 23% protein level.Be no matter adjust in diet corn with the ratio of dregs of beans or dilute diet with cornstarch, all obtain same result.With regard to this phenomenon, numerous scholars inquire into, and the theory of traditional " proteinaceous nutrient is exactly amino acid (AA) nutrition " is queried.

Low-protein amino acid balance diet, has been widely used in the diet of piglet, store pig.Low-protein amino acid balance diet can improve feed nutrient utilization rate, reduces feed cost.Much research shows to reduce the content of thick protein in the diet of piglet, store pig, add synthesizing amino acid to form amino acid balance diet simultaneously, do not affect the growth performance of piglet and growth pig, can improve the utilization rate of N simultaneously, reduce the excretion of N.But in lactating sow diet, apply low-protein amino acid balance diet and have no report.

Summary of the invention

For above problem, the present invention carries out following 2 tests: the 1. impact of low-protein amino acid balance diet on milking sow and piglet growth performance; 2. the impact of low-protein amino acid balance diet on milking sow elimination of nitrogen amount.The present invention will sum up the impact of low-protein amino acid balance diet on the body weight of lactating sow sow, blood parameters, impact on milking sow milk composition and weaned piglets, impact on the nutrientuse efficiency of milking sow, impact on milking sow N utilization rate and discharge capacity, thus a kind of low-protein amino acid balance diet agent of feed for nursing sow and preparation method are provided.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is the affect schematic diagrames of different diets on Piglet at Lactation Period survival rate.

The specific embodiment

One, the impact of low-protein amino acid balance diet on milking sow production performance

Select 24 close with body condition of parity long white * great Bai two-way cross multiparity sow (the initial native 10kg of body weight 185), be divided at random 4 groups, 6 every group, 12 piglets of every sow nurture.Each organizes the sow CP that feeds is respectively 18%, 17%, 16%, 14% diet, 21 days lactations.In test diet (table 1), every nutritive index is determined according to Chinese Pigs feeding standard (2004) recommendation, and in 3 kinds low CP amino acid balance diets, the ratio of lysine, sulfur-containing amino acid, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, 6 kinds of essential amino acids of histidine and lysine meets NRC (1998) Ideal Amino Acid Pattern.

Table a diet forms and trophic level

Figure 2011101961318100002DEST_PATH_IMAGE001

^ain premix, contain multivitamin (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxamine, cobalamin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, choline) and mineral matter (iron, copper, violent, zinc, iodine, selenium), the content in full price diet meets Chinese Pigs feeding standard (2004).Concrete premix provides for every kilogram of feed: vitamin A 5500IU, neo dohyfral D3 350IU, vitamin E 65mg, cobalamin 28 μ g, prokayvit 2mg, riboflavin 5.5mg, pantothenic acid 13.8mg, nicotinic acid 30mg, choline 550mg, manganese 10mg, iron 100mg, zinc 100 mg, copper 25mg, cobalt 1.0 mg and selenium 0.3 mg.

^bfor measured value.

Feeding and management and diet form

Before on-test, first with clear water, rinse pig house, the NaOH sterilization of rear use 2%, then spray with 0.3% lysol dilution.Sow, at free choice feeding lactation, freely drinks water.Piglet only ate breast milk in 21 days, freely drank water.Colony house keeps hygienically clean.In Farrowing 24h, by entrusting one's child to the care of sb. and the mode such as nest is adjusted a piglet number, make every sow all feed 12 piglets.

Testing index and method

Milking sow feed intake: the first day 1.8kg that feeds after Farrowing, increases 1kg later every day, free choice feeding from the 4th day.Day is fed 4 times (6:00,12:00,18:00,23:00), uses the mode of adding on a small quantity more, and guaranteeing has clout in groove.10:00 cleaning every day hopper once, claims clout weight.

Milking sow and piglet changes of weight are weighed to sow and nest piglet respectively at test ld and 21d, calculate gain in weight.

Piglet at Lactation Period survival rate: piglet number/number of littermate during lactation survival rate two wean.

Piglet at Lactation Period nest weightening finish: piglet is born in latter 6 hours and weighs on an empty stomach, allows piglet weigh after hungry two hours during Zld wean.

Piglet at Lactation Period nest weightening finish=weaning weight of litter one born weight.

Breast index determining

Sow lactation the 21st day, measure and respectively organize protein in sow milk, fat and non-fat solid content, ear vein oxytocin injection 6ml, after skilful minute, with little plastic cup respectively from before, during and after the nipple at 3 positions respectively collect skilful ml, mix, all newborn samples are placed in one 20 ℃ of preservations, to be measured.During mensuration, each sample is divided into three Duplicate Samples and carries out the analysis of indices.

Milk solid: adopt oven method (AOAC recommend method).

Butterfat: Rose-Gottlieb method (AOAC recommend method).

Lactoprotein: adopt Micro-kjoldahl method.

Data processing

Test data (except Piglet at Lactation Period survival rate) all adopts average soil standard deviation to represent, and uses SPSS13.0 software to carry out one-way analysis of variance, and multiple ratio adopts q method of inspection.Piglet at Lactation Period survival rate data do not have repetition values, therefore do not make significance test of difference.

results and analysis

The impact of the different diets of table 1 on food intake of sows in lactation, changes of weight

Note: indicate different letter representation significant differences (p<0.05) between colleague's data.

Within 21 day lactation, conventional protein level diet comparison with CP18%, the amino acid balance diet of CP17% and CP16% does not increase sow body weight loss (P>0.05), and the amino acid balance diet of CP14% makes sow body weight loss significantly increase (P<0.05) (table 10).Four kinds of diets do not make significant difference (P>0.05) to sow in lactation feed intake, but the amino acid balance diet of CP17% is improved the trend (P> 0.05) of sow feed intake.

As seen from Figure 1, conventional protein level diet comparison with CP18%, the amino acid balance diet of CP17% can improve weaning period piglet survival ratio one percentage point, the amino acid balance diet of CP16% is on weaning period piglet survival ratio without impact, and the amino acid balance diet of CP14% makes weaning period survival rate reduce one percentage point.

The impact of the different diets of table 2 on weight gain of piglets

Note: different letter representation significant differences (P<0.05).

As shown in Table 2, the initial litter weight difference of piglet not significantly (P>0.05).Conventional protein level diet comparison with CP18%, the amino acid balance diet of CP17% and CP16% is to Piglet at Lactation Period nest increase heavy influence not significantly (P>0.05), and the amino acid balance diet of CP14% makes nest weightening finish significantly lower than control group (P<0.05).

The impact of the different diets of table 3 on lactating sow milk composition

Note: different letter representation significant differences (P<0.05).

As shown in Table 3, with the conventional protein level diet comparison of CP18%, the amino acid balance diet of CP17% and CP16% can improve thick protein and fatty content (P<0.05) in milk composition, does not affect milk dry matter content.And the amino acid balance diet of CP14% reduces Ruzhong thick protein and crude fat content (P>0.05), on dry matter content without impact.

This result of study shows, can digest amino acid levels identical with ratio in the situation that in keeping diet, and the content that suitably reduces CP in diet can be obtained with high CP and organize identical production performance.With conventional protein level (CP18%) relatively, the body weight loss that CP level is down to 17% and 16% amino acid balance diet and is not affected sows in lactation reduces and weaned piglet nest increases weight.When the milking sow amino acid balance diet of 4 percentage points of CP reductions is made to weaned piglet, nest weightening finish reduces.Ji etc. (2004) apply 32 multiparity sows, the diet in 4 of feeding, comprising low-protein diet (CP17.5%), low-protein amino acid balance diet (CP17.5% ten amino acid), high protein diet (19.5%), high protein amino acid balance diet (CP19.5%+ amino acid).Result of study shows, amino acid balance diet group sow with the wean nest weightening finish of piglet, be significantly higher than control group.Kim etc. (2004) be take first farrowing sow and have been obtained same result of study as research object.In this research, CP is reduced to 4%, weaned piglet nest increases weight lower than other groups, and one of reason may decline relevant with pig Ruzhong CP, butter oil content.From milk composition, the content of a nutriment is known, compare with conventional protein level (cP18%), the content of the amino acid balance diet group milk composition of CP17% and CP16% is best, and the amino acid balance diet group of CP14% has reduced the content of each nutrient in milk composition.

Reduce the amino acid balance diet of CP1-2 percentage point, do not affect the body weight loss of milking sow feed intake and milking sow.The amino acid balance diet that reduces CP4 percentage point does not affect the feed intake of sow, but makes body weight loss increase lactation.Reduce the amino acid balance diet of CP1-2 percentage point, do not affect the weightening finish of weaned piglet nest.The amino acid balance diet that reduces CP4 percentage point reduces the weightening finish of weaned piglet nest.The impact of low-protein amino acid balance diet on milking sow Nutrients Digestion utilization rate and elimination of nitrogen amount.

In a word: reduce the amino acid balance diet of CP content in diet, can save protein resource, reduce excrement N excretion.Lactating sow crude protein content can be improved to the production performance of lactating sow by the amino acid balance diet of 2 percentage points of 18% reductions, but reduce by 4 percentage points, production performance is had to impact.The excretion of N reduces along with the reduction of thick protein level.Therefore can determine that CP16% is optimum addition.

Claims

1. a low-protein amino acid balanced nursing sow feed, is characterized in that, this feed is comprised of following raw material:

52.90 parts of corns; 2.30 parts, inferior powder, 13.30 parts of wheat brans, 2.80 parts, rice bran, 16.80 parts of 46% dregs of beans, 4.30 parts of rape cakes, 3.80 parts of rapeseed oils, 0.97 part of calcium monohydrogen phosphate, 1.24 parts of stone flours, 0.40 part of salt, 0.16 part of lysine, 0.02 part of threonine, 0.01 part of methionine, 1.00 parts of premixes.