CN1022368C - Seeding, seed-breeding and culture technics of cotton - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of using cotton heterosis. ' Middle 381-56 ' lines having the characteristics of good abundant productivity, blight resistance, small difference in two-patent plant types and difference in fibre length within 1.5mm are selected as female parents, and ' 711-22 ' lines are selected as male parents; then, the corresponding matched technical measures of optimum period sowing in the same period, rational close planting, optimum row-spacing ratio, manual castration and pollination, weeding, roguing, etc. are taken to produce the first generation hybrid and the second generation hybrid of ' Hybrid 29 '. The hybrid has the advantages of good abundant productivity, high blight resistance, good fibre quality matching, strong stress resistance and wide adaptability. Besides, seed cultivation in one time can be used for planting two generations, so that the seed-growing coefficient is increased, the seed cost is reduced, and the cotton yield is increased.

Description

Seeding, seed-breeding and culture technics of cotton

The invention belongs to the method that cotton hybrid vigor utilizes.

In existing cotton hybrid vigor utilizes, countries in the world are all attached great importance to cotton hybrid vigor utilization research, so COOK(1909) at first observe the hybrid vigour phenomenon in the hybrid combination offspring of upland cotton and sea-island cotton: growth potential is vigorous, the knot bell is strong, precocious partially, fibre length and cottonseed size all increase to some extent.After the forties, many countries have all strengthened countries such as research work, especially India that cotton hybrid vigor utilizes, the U.S., Pakistan and obtained significant achievement aspect heterosis utilizations.These national results of study mainly are the artificial seeds, the production first generation of hybrid is utilized two-line male sterile for producing, though these researchs have at present all obtained progress in various degree, the seed selection success of the second generation of hybrid also is applied to production and obtains not appearing in the newspapers as yet of remarkable benefit both at home and abroad.

India selects with artificial emasculation pollination's seeding technique in 1950-1951 and produces hybrid No. one (being sea, land hybrid).Cultivated area of hybrid reaches 4875 mu, because sense angle class disease is considered the improvement of genetic purity again simultaneously, so abandon." hybrid No. two " disease-resistant and anti-verticillium wilt, 7785 mu of cultivated areas, but this combination cotton boll is more, influences spinning quality." hybrid No. three " bred in 1962-1963, and this makes up the bad adjusting of parents' florescence, influences hybrid seeding, and the late-maturing production of hybrid seeds difficulty that causes." hybrid No. four " the formal land for growing field crops of dropping into produced use in 1970, this breeding hybridized success, and for popularizing of hybrid cotton showed bright prospects, popularizing area has reached 2000 mu so far, has obtained huge economic benefit on producing.

Up to now, India has bred and has made up nearly 30 preferably, provided about 20 that produce to use, at present, full India plantation hybrid cotton is more than totally 200 ten thousand public affairs incline (about 3,000 ten thousand mu), account for 27% of total acreage under cotton, hybrid cotton output is 45% of gross output, and the raw cotton near 1/2nd is from hybrid cotton, because the advantageous natural conditions of India, the production sowing quantity is little, mu seeding quantity 150 grams; Mu density of reserved seedlings 800-1000 strain has been created condition for producing the establishing in large scale first generation cross-fertilize seed.

Pakistan, states such as the Soviet Union have carried out the research work of hybrid cotton for many years, and the important component part of national development Cotton Production has been classified in research of hybrid cotton and production development as, but do not select desirable high advantage crossbreed at present as yet.Because sterility is subjected to the influence of environmental condition, sterility is unstable and can not utilize.Just cultivate up to Meyer in 1973 and successfully to have the gossypium harknessii brand cytoplasm male sterility line, and reach three series mating, to recover be undesirable and the pollination problem is failed fine solution but be limited to, and fails so far to be used for to produce.

Bangladesh, Indonesia, Burma, Philippine, Thailand, Vietnam, Egypt and the Sudan also noticed hybrid cotton have been produced the yield potential of hybrid cotton great interest, and begun to introduce a fine variety or be engaged in relevant experimental study in recent years.

The cotton hybrid vigor of China utilizes work to start from the fifties, Sichuan seed selection in 1976 the A male sterile two-purpose line of appearing, and adopt two line method preparing hybrid kind to plant experimentally successfully.The hybrid cotton cultivated area reached 500,000 mu in 1987, and increase yield significantly.But the problem that exists is a genic male sterility dual purpose, and sterile plant rate only 50% maternally need be extracted the loose powder strain when protecting pure and the production of hybrid seeds, and still recruitment is more, and two generations can not be utilized again.

The Hebei province Handan District institute of agricultural sciences selected male sterile line in 1988, and realized three series mating from the research of beginning cotton three series in 1978, did not cultivate the male sterile line of high-combining ability up till now as yet and recovered system, and is still under test.

The crossbreed that middle cotton adopts the artificial hybridization production of hybrid seeds, select " in assorted 019 " generation comparison according to Shanxi 7 volume increase, 15.9%, two generation comparison according to volume increase about 7%.

Comprehensive above situation both at home and abroad: we think: there are advantageous natural conditions in India, can large tracts of land utilize a generation on producing, and other countries' male sterile two-purpose line production of hybrid seeds is taken a lot of work, and two generations were difficult to utilize; Though male sterility three line is supporting, transformation does not go out desirable male sterile line and recovers system as yet; The artificial hybridization production of hybrid seeds, numerous kind of a generation utilizes the second generation of hybrid that possesses high advantage still not have the example of large tracts of land success in the production.

The present invention selects the high advantage hybrid combination that production can utilize for two generations, supporting corresponding seeding, seed-breeding and culture technics, thus reach the reduction seed costs, enlarge the hybrid cotton cultivated area, the purpose of increasing economic efficiency.

Feature of the present invention be select that good, the anti-anti-blight of yielding ability, parents' plant type difference are little for use, to differ " the middle 381-56 " that be no more than 1.5 millimeters be to do female parent to fibre length, male parent is done by 711-22 system, supporting corresponding same period proper seeding, rational close planting, suitable row ratio, the artificial emasculation pollination, technical measures such as roguing are produced " assorted 29 " one, two generation crossbreed.Proper seeding was meant that 5 centimetres of ground temperature are stable and got final product by 14 ℃ the same period, cotton region, Huanghe valley suitable sowing date be mid-April to late April, cotton region, Yangtze river basin suitable sowing date is that early April is to mid-April.Rational close planting is meant that maternal mu stays seedling 2500 strains, and male parent mu stays seedling 3000-3500 strain; Male parent is separated by 3 meters and is planted 3 strains again if when the big ridge in maternal field is planted, can plant 3 strains.Suitable row is than being meant male parent: female parent is 1: 5 or 1: 6.The artificial emasculation pollination is meant that selecting the bud of blooming in second day in the afternoon castrates, and during the next morning 8-12, pollinates during the anther dehiscence loose powder.Roguing is meant pulls out the assorted strain, lopsided strain, the sick and weak strain that do not meet parent typical case proterties, guarantees parental purity.

Advantage of the present invention and good effect are as follows:

1, yielding ability is good: " assorted 29 " generation was carried out 3 joint-trials in 1987, the super contrast of gined cotton Shanxi 7 33.6% before the average frost.In " assorted 29 " two generations, were at 3 joint-trials in 1987, the gined cotton per mu yield is 86.08 kilograms before the frost, and comparison is according to increasing production 25.54%, 1988 year in assorted excellent joint-trial, comparison is according to volume increase 24.72%, 1988-1989 participates in Hebei province's regional test, 11 all volume increase, and output all ranks first, 70 kilograms/mu of average pre-frost lint yields, comparison, ranks first than with reference to cotton 15 volume increase 35.5% in contrast Ji according to Shanxi 7 volume increase 24.6%.Participated in the Da Qu production approval test of the disease-resistant regional test of province in 1989,5 pre-frost lint yield comparisons rank first place according to Shanxi 7 volume increase 20.0%.The all performance volume increase in multiple years large tracts of land experiment and demonstration of " assorted 29 " one or two generations, lint yield are generally more than 100 kilograms/mu, and than 12 volume increase 40-67.5% in the disease-resistant commercial seed, the high yield plot reaches 166 kilograms." assorted 29 " generation is increased production 177 percentage points than " in assorted 019 " generation, and its two generation is compared 176 percentage points of volume increase.

2, disease-resistant: " assorted 29 " participated in the test and the large-area for many years demonstration of different stage, all shows high anti-withered, verticillium wilt and sprout term disease, as damping off, root rot etc.The disease resistance that the anti-district examination of 1988-1989 province is identified, fusarium wilt refers to 2.11, verticillium wilt refers to 20.5, all belongs to high anti-type.

3, fiber quality is supporting good: the fiber quality in " assorted 29 " two generations has reached " the Seventh Five-Year Plan " tackling key problem index, and supporting good, and fineness is moderate, the mature coefficient height, and fibre uniformity is good, and comprehensive proterties is excellent.The every index test of Liang Nian district examination is basically identical as a result.In different year, fiber quality is more stable under the different weather conditions.Four annual results: 30.74 millimeters of modal staple lengths, 5883 meters/gram of fineness, single strong 3.95 grams, breaking length 23.2 kms, mature coefficient 1.71.The index of quality 2392 is comprehensively commented the first-class top grade of grade.Every index all is better than contrast.

4, strong stress resistance, wide adaptability: " assorted 29 " strong stress resistance, yield stability is good, and is drought-resistant, waterlogging, salt tolerant alkali, anti-seedling aphid.105.8 kilograms of the annual gined cotton per mu yields of arid in 1987.136.3 kilograms of the year per mu yield gined cottons of big waterlogging in 1988.1989-1991 plants in the saline land of black Longgang District, and mu sowing quantity 0.5-1 kilogram reaches all that seedling is complete, seedling is neat, seedling is strong.Per mu yield gined cotton reaches 132.2 kilograms.

Narrate embodiments of the invention below:

Main inventive point of the present invention is seed selection, the production of hybrid seeds, the breeding technique that utilizes the high advantage combination of the cotton second generation of hybrid.The advantage of the first generation of hybrid is well-known, but utilizes first generation of hybrid cost height on producing, and grain weight is few, promotes difficulty.And select high advantage two generation crossbreed just solved the problems referred to above on being used for producing.Utilize two generation the cross breeding seed cost can reduce by 100 times.Make crossbreed large-area applications on producing become possibility.For this reason, since 1985, the parent is carried out process and remould, therefrom selecting high yield, high-quality, the good strain of disease resistance in 381 is 56, from stone 711, selected high yield, anti-individual plant withered, anti-Huang utilized in 22,86 years in 381-56 be female parent, with stone 711-22 is that male parent is hybridized, assorted 29 combinations of preparation.Because of the seed selection purpose be two generation crossbreed, so on the parent selects, notice following some: the first, parents' yielding ability is good; The second, parents are more anti-than palpus, anti-withered, verticillium wilt; The 3rd, parents' similar difference on plant type is little; The 4th, parents' fibre length differs and does not surpass 1.5 centimetres.Because assorted 29 parental apolegamies are suitable, in its two generation, show high yield in the different stage test, high-quality, disease-resistant, fibre uniformity is high, precedence occupies first all the time, the 1988-1989 preceding gined cotton comparison of the average frost of Hebei province's cotton disease-resistant variety area test in 2 years is according to volume increase 24.6%, disease resistance is good, and fiber quality is good supporting, and fibre uniformity reaches 90%.

The utilization in assorted 29 2 generations, solved and only utilized generation cost height, the difficult problem that grain weight is few, utilize the ratio in production field that two generations can make seed farm and hybrid cotton by 1 in the production: 100-150 expands 1 to: 10000-15000, that is to say, 1 year 1 mu of seed farm to the second year can be planted 100-150 mu generation field, can plant 10000-15000 mu two generations production field by the 3rd year.

One, the main feature of father, female parent:

1, female parent: (middle 381-56)

(1) cultivar origin: therefrom in 381 through selecting good strains in the field for seed, be to select the gained major clique.

(2) feature:

Feature: middle 381-56, plant type is looser, the stem medium-coarse, hard, blade is big, and leaf margin purses up, slight crack is darker, dark green leaf color, 90 centimeters of plant heights, fruit branch joint position the 7th joint, single bell weighs 6 grams, ginning outturn 42%, modal staple length 30.7 kms, 5835 meters/gram of degree of being, powerful 3.85 grams, breaking length 22.5 kms, mature coefficient 1.65, the index of quality 2474.

Characteristic: it is slow slightly to emerge, and seedling stage, growing way was general, and the intermediary and later stages growing way is strong, about 125 days breeding times, the mid-early maturity type, anti-fertilizer, anti-fall, anti-withered, verticillium wilt, anti-upright withered, red corruption, the anthrax sprout term disease be better than former in 381.

(3) output performance: 1985,1,986 two produce per year than the result, middle 381-56 increases production 8.5% and 9.7% respectively than 381 original seeds in former, 85 kilograms of general per mu yield gined cottons, and the high yield plot can reach 95 kilograms.

2, male parent: (711-22)

(1) cultivar origin: gained 711-22 selects good strains in the field for seed from stone 711.

(2) feature:

Feature: 711-22 plant type slightly pine is turriform, and fruit branch is thinner, the bell oval type, the leaf look light green, stem and blade fine hair are more, and ginning outturn 41-43%, single bell weigh 5.25 grams, the bell shell is thin, blow-of-cottons are smooth, 29.33 millimeters of modal staple lengths, 5482 meters/gram of fineness, powerful 4.05 grams, breaking length 22.2 kms are combined and are commented first-class top grade.

Characteristic: about 130 days breeding times, the time of infertility, growth was sane, and crazy wooden fork is few, and yielding ability is good, anti-blight and sprout term disease, and it is fast to emerge, and seedling growth is vigorous, and the knot bell is good, and disease tolerance is better than former 711 and is.

(3) output performance: 90 kilograms of the general yield level per mu yield of 711-22 gined cottons, 100 kilograms in high yield plot.

Two, seeding technique:

Because the father and mother of " assorted 29 " originally are that two growing ways are strong, the kind that yielding ability is good is so can obtain high yield during the production of hybrid seeds.But 75 kilograms of general per mu yield hybrid cottons.

1, parent's suitable sowing date:

The parents of " assorted 29 " all belong to the mid-early maturity material, but the same period proper seeding.5 centimetres of ground temperature is stable to get final product by 14 ℃, in the past few years passes through experimental observation, cotton region, Huanghe valley suitable sowing date mid-April to late April, cotton region, Yangtze river basin suitable sowing date generally early April to mid-April.

2, reasonably density and suitable going are compared:

The natural expulsion rate of cotton reaches 50-60%, if illumination deficiency, draw badly, expulsion rate can reach 70% even higher, operate in order to reduce to come off and be convenient to the field in the maternal breeding field, and planting density can be rare, and general mu stays seedling 2500 strains, seedling 3000-3500 strain can be stayed in the male parent field, and father and mother's plantation row ratio originally is 1: 5 or 1: 6.

3, the plantation form in parent field:

When the artificial hybridization production of hybrid seeds,, reduce mechanical damage, the size ridge plantation of maternal field for easy to operate, 1 meter of big ridge, 0.5 meter of little ridge, 0.33 meter of spacing in the rows, father and mother's plantation form originally should be taked: (1) male parent is planted among 1 meter maternal big ridge, and 3 of dibblings are separated by three meters and are planted three again, this form is saved the time, and is easy to operate, strengthened the seed farm area, after finishing hybridization, can pull out the male parent strain, improve the field microclimate in maternal field, improve and hybridize into the bell rate.(2) father and mother originally plant respectively.1 row male parent, 5 row or 6 row are maternal, and the field microclimate in the maternal field of this form is in shape from start to finish, hybridizes into bell rate height.

4, roguing:

Catch the key developmental stages that can manifest parent's characteristic feature, the assorted strain that does not meet parent's characteristic feature is pulled out, can wait and carry out according to plant type, leaf look, bell shape, anther color as flowering and boll-setting period, the characteristic feature that female parent should the phase be: dark green leaf color, plant tower, thick down thin, the round point slightly of bell ovum of stem, flower pesticide is light yellow, and the characteristic feature of male parent is: strain shape tower, and stem and fruit branch are all thinner, fine hair is many, the stem aubergine, the leaf look light green, and bell is less.Anther color is pale yellow, in the time of impurity elimination, this Tanaka's of father and mother assorted strain, diseased plant, variant is pulled out in the lump, to guarantee parent's purity, produces high-quality parental seed.

5, hybridization pollination:

(1) castrates: select the cotton plant 2-3 fruit branch of robust growth, no damage by disease and insect to lean on the usefulness of the flower of first, second and third joint position of stem for hybridization.Selecting the flower of blooming in second day afternoon castrates.During castration, separate bract, refer to arrest the calyx base portion, from the incision of calyx base portion, peel, expose gynoecium, treat the next morning pollination together with corolla, stamen with big female nail with forefinger with big mother with hand.

(2) pollination: flower pesticide begins to begin when cracking sheds pollen grain pollination (pollination time can rain or shine be decided sooner or later with the humidity size because of weather) about general fine at 8 o'clock in the morning, if low, the high humidity of temperature, flower pesticide does not slowly ftracture, and flower pesticide can be placed under the sunlight slightly to shine, or gently push with have gentle hands.Treat pollen shed can begin the pollination.Pollinating method: pinch the corolla top of removing male parent flower, the right hand is held male parent flower, and left hand buttresses maternal column cap, insert among the flower pesticide of male parent flower, the right hand refers to pine slightly, rotates a little and can finish pollination, after every male parent flower was awarded 5-6 flower of female parent, the powder quantity not sufficient was changed a male parent flower again.

The hybrid seeding main points: castrate and want clean, ovary is not injured, pollinates and wants in time, and it is sufficient, even that the powder amount is wanted.

Three, the high-yield culture technique of " assorted 29 ":

" assorted 29 " belong to the mid-early maturity crossbreed, and early stage, growing way was strong, grow early, and the knot bell is good, and expulsion rate is low, and disease-resistant, good stress resistance if can be brought into play its potential advantages, must win high yield." assorted 29 " can utilize a generation and two generations on producing, a generation mainly is to improve numerous kind of multiple, enlarges grain weight, and two generations were to want output of cotton, because production purpose difference, cultivation step is also different.

(1) culture technique of generation field (multiplication fields):

1, broadcasts preceding preparation: adhere to the seeding quality high standard.Irrigate the fields before the early April sowing and make moisture in the soil, plough, harrow, weed, the plot wants smooth clod in small, broken bits, no, ridging epiphragma.5-7 days epiphragmas before the sowing improve ground temperature with soil moisture conservation, reach good state to be broadcast.During sowing, punch earlier and afterwards put the seed blinding, the amount of broadcasting 0.3-0.5 kilogram, one in a cave, punching degree of depth 1.5-2 centimetre.Sowing depth 3-4 centimetre.

2, suitable thin planting: about 3000 strains of irrigated land mu, be advisable big ridge 2.8 chis, little ridge 1.6 chis with big micro-ridge plantation, spacing in the rows 0.9 chi, several 3800 strains-4500 of nonirrigated farmland mu strain strain, big ridge 2.4 chis, little ridge 1.4 chis, spacing in the rows 0.8 chi helps the cotton field ventilation and penetrating light like this, reduces humidity.

3, rational close planting.Using of base manure: 50 kilograms in general soil fertility mu organic fertilizer 3-4 side or cake fertilizer, execute 20 kilograms of phosphoric acid diamines, 10 kilograms in urea is to satisfy the basic need to fertilizer in cotton plant time of infertility; Growth of flowering and boll-setting period cotton nutrition and reproductive growth are gone forward side by side, it is the most vigorous period of physiological and biochemical activity, must satisfy its needs competence exertion and go out the potential advantages of hybrid cotton, when the fertilising of this phase should be lived 1-2 one-tenth bell at a cotton seat of honour, nitrogen topdressing 10-15 kilogram, in conjunction with watering, fertilizer efficiency peak and Sheng bow structure bell peak are matched.At the beginning of 8 months by the end of July, also should execute a small amount of caping fertilizer, can execute 20 kilograms of quick-acting carbon ammoniums by mu, to promote many knot bells and to improve cotton boll weight, seed quality and fiber quality.

4, enhance field management:

(1) training meticulously: one will in time remove vegetative shoot and superfluous bud, reduces nutrient consumption, improves illumination condition; Two will beat bottom Lao Ye 2-3 sheet to the cotton field of excessive growth trend, make cotton plant surely long; Three hearts of will pinching are grasped the principle of " branch when not waiting, time to not waiting ", and generation field and seed farm were beaten the top heart before July 15, and beat the limit heart in good time, did not stay late autumn peach with the assurance seed quality.

(2) timely insect pests: cotton insect pest in life is many, and pest species is many, and primary pest is cotton bollworm, aphid, want duty to look into early controls, spraying, stem brush, stifling several different methods, and better effects if is used in the various medicaments mixing.

(3) chemical control: rationally use mepiquat chloride, can improve the cotton field group structure, make cotton prematurity, steady long, improve bolling rate, reduce mashed bell, increase output.Usage amount: initial bloom stage mu sprays 1 gram, and full-bloom stage mu sprays the 2-2.5 gram, and flowering and boll-setting period mu sprays 3 grams, and plant height is controlled at 95 centimeters left cases (9) right side.

(2) two generation the field culture technique:

Seeding quantity increases to the 1.5-2 kilogram, but also open field live broadcast of plastic mulching.Density of reserved seedlings increases the 500-700 strain than generation field, takes to wait line-spacing or the plantation of big or small ridge all can.Heart time of pinching can be postponed till about July 20, and culture technique such as apply fertilizer, water and generation field are basic identical.

Claims (6)

1, a kind of method of cotton hybrid vigor utilization, comprise the proper seeding same period, rational close planting, suitable row ratio, the artificial emasculation pollination, roguing is characterized in that good with yielding ability, anti-anti-blight, parents' plant type difference are little, the middle 381-56 system of fibre length difference within 1.5 millimeters do female parent, male parent is done by 711-22 system, produces " assorted 29 " one, two generation crossbreed.

2, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that proper seeding was meant that 5 centimetres of ground temperature are stable and got final product by 14 ℃ the same period, cotton region, Huanghe valley suitable sowing date be mid-April to late April, cotton region, Yangtze river basin suitable sowing date is that early April is to mid-April.

3, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that rational close planting is meant that maternal mu stays seedling 2500 strains, and male parent mu stays seedling 3000-3500 strain; Male parent is separated by 3 meters and is planted 3 strains again if when the big ridge in maternal field is planted, can plant 3 strains.

4, method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that suitable row is than being meant male parent: female parent is 1: 5 or 1: 6.

5, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the bud that the artificial emasculation pollination is meant that peach in the afternoon selected bloom in second day castrates, and during the next morning 8-12, pollinates during the anther dehiscence loose powder.

6, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that roguing is meant the assorted strain, lopsided strain, the sick and weak strain that do not meet parent typical case proterties are pulled out, and guarantees parental purity.