CN102196955A - 使混合动力汽车启动的方法和装置 - Google Patents

使混合动力汽车启动的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN102196955A
CN102196955A CN2009801420604A CN200980142060A CN102196955A CN 102196955 A CN102196955 A CN 102196955A CN 2009801420604 A CN2009801420604 A CN 2009801420604A CN 200980142060 A CN200980142060 A CN 200980142060A CN 102196955 A CN102196955 A CN 102196955A
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torque
drive division
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clutch
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J-W·法尔肯施泰因
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种使混合动力汽车启动的方法,这种汽车具有第一(1)和第二驱动部(7),其中名义启动转矩(MAnf)由第二驱动部(7)产生。在一种使启动离合器(2)在启动过程期间,尽可能多地得到保护的方法中,使用于接通第一驱动部(1)的启动离合器(2)进入滑动状态,如果超过了第二驱动部(7)的一个规定的名义转矩(MA2)的话。

Description

使混合动力汽车启动的方法和装置
技术背景
用于启动一种混合动力汽车的方法,这种汽车具有第一和第二驱动部,其中名义启动转矩由第二驱动部产生,以及一种用于实施方法的装置。
在通常的汽车驱动中启动过程大多数通过一种滑动的启动离合器来进行,其由驾驶通过离合器踏板操作。对于自动变速器使用由控制器操作的致动器。
具有混合驱动结构的汽车具有至少一个内燃机作为驱动部并作为第二驱动部具有电动机或液压马达。也可以是其他附加的驱动部。从而混合动力汽车启动运行时转矩可由所述驱动部施加。
由属于此类的文献DE 19503500 A1得知一种用于混合动力汽车的并行混合驱动,它既具有一个内燃发动机又有一个电机作为驱动装置。当汽车在向前方向和/或向后方向上驱动时,只是由电机产生驱动转矩。
本发明内容
具有权利要求1的特征的,按照本发明用于启动一种混合动力汽车的方法具有以下优点:第二驱动部无摩损地驱动混合动力汽车。由于一个用于将第一驱动部连接于传动系的启动离合器,只有当超出第二驱动部的规定名义转矩时,才进入滑动状态,因此只是短时间地利用启动离合器的滑动状态,用于避免在此出现的温度升高。因此使得启动离合器以及第二驱动部的触发相互协调。
由于离合器的滑动状态而引起的启动离合器的离合器磨损被减小。此外由于剪切力和温度峰值,油池中运转的离合器对油的影响被阻止。
在本发明的一种设计方案中,使混合动力汽车的名义启动转矩传递至第二驱动部,其限制于一个最大转矩。因为混合动力汽车的名义启动转矩基本上应该由第一和第二驱动部共同产生,因此当超过第二驱动部的最大转矩时,使第一驱动部为混合动力汽车的起动运行接通,尤其是借助于启动离合器连接于传动系上。
第二驱动部的最大转矩在此取决于混合动力汽车的传动系中的所述部的当前运行状态。当前运行状态受到第二驱动部的极限,储能器的状态,受到第一驱动部和/或附加的驱动部的当前状态和影响,和/或受到混合动力汽车行驶的公路情况的影响,而且公路的情况反作用于整个驱动,例如像通过防打滑调节。
在一种改进扩展的设计中,一个由滑动的启动离合器要传递的离合器转矩由混合动力汽车的名义启动转矩和第二驱动部的最大转矩之差构成,如果名义启动转矩超过了第二驱动部的话。只是在这种情况下才使启动离合器进入滑动状态。此时第一和第二驱动部共同出力用于驱动混合动力汽车。
离合器转矩取决于启动离合器和/或驱动部当前的运行状态,和/或取决于公路情况而限制于一个离合器最大转矩。这种限制用于保护离合器,以便例如不使离合器因为过高的温度而过载。此外离合器最大转矩取决于内燃发动机的最大转矩,如果例如第一驱动部设计成内燃机的话。特别是在起动之后的首次点火之后,这种内燃机最大转矩被减小。
除此之外,离合器最大转矩也取决于整个传动装置的当前状态。
为了调整转矩的升高,名义启动转矩有利地高于离合器最大转矩。在这样升高转矩时,输出给车轮的转矩要大于由第一驱动部所产生。
尤其是在山路上汽车起动时,或者在具有拖车的汽车行驶时,一种这样的转矩升高与滑动启动离合器相比具有重要的优点,这种转矩升高模拟了自动变速器的变矩器的变矩器升高,并导致变速器输入转矩的升高,因为启动离合器的机械载荷可以减小。因此简单地实现混合动力汽车舒适的爬行和启动过程。离合器可以设计得较小,这使成本有利。
在另外一种设计方案中,第三驱动部与第一驱动部连接,并且由其驱动,以便产生能量,这种能量给第二驱动部使用。在采用第三驱动部时,第二驱动部的最大转矩和可通过离合器而减小的离合器最大转矩同样也受到这第三驱动部的运行状态,例如以它输出的发电机功率的形式,影响。
由滑动的离合器所要传递的离合器转矩影响第一驱动部。为了使这种影响保持得较小,对于由滑动的离合器所要传递的离合器转矩,在第一驱动部上进行预控制。其优点在于:使怠速调节器或起动调节器卸载,并且避免在开式和滑动的离合之间过渡时产生转速干扰。如果第三驱动部与第一驱动部耦合连接的话,那么它也受到离合器转矩的影响。离合器转矩也可以完全在第三驱动部上进行预控制,或者其被分配在第一和第三驱动部上。在此在第一和第三驱动部之间的机械转换必须被考虑到。怠速调节器或起动调节器可以对第一和/或第三驱动部起作用。
当启动离合器的输入转速和输出转速达到转速相等时,其中启动离合器从滑动状态过渡到闭合状态,有利地使第一和第二和/或第三驱动部的转矩无突变地匹配于混合动力汽车的行驶运行。在行驶运行时,驱动转矩主要由第一驱动部察觉到。第二驱动部的转矩例如成斜坡状被收回,而第一驱动部的转矩则成斜坡状升高,以避免在匹配时对混合动力汽车的机械作用。
如果第一驱动部设计成内燃发动机,第二和第三驱动部分别设计成电动机,那么就是一种按照本发明的方法的一种特别有效的方案。
有利地在打开的驱动离合器时,通过第二驱动部进行起动,而第一驱动部断开。当名义启动转矩提高时,但在名义启动转矩超过第二驱动部的最大启动转矩之前,那么起动第一驱动部,因此渡过这时间,直至提供第一驱动部的实际转矩为止。
在一种设计方案中,当名义启动转矩提高时,但在名义启动转矩超过第二驱动部的最大启动转矩之前,则要求在第一驱动部上有转矩储备。也就是说,在启动离合器进入滑动状态之前,而且在第一驱动部上的转矩减小之前,要求有转矩储备。在晚些时刻,这个时候启动离合器达到了滑动状态,已建立起了转矩储备。
为了及时地要求转矩储备,名义启动转矩至第二驱动部的最大转矩的间距取决于行驶踏板的操纵速度来确定。
本发明的另外一种扩展设计方案涉及一种使混合动力汽车起动的装置,这种汽车具有第一和第二驱动部,其中启动转矩由第二驱动部产生。为了在启动过程期间,尽可能多地保护启动离合器,设有装置,其使启动离合器进入滑动状态用于连接第一驱动部,如果超过了第二驱动部的一个规定的名义转矩的话。一种这样的设计方案的优点是:第一和第二驱动部对于起动混合动力汽车的贡献可以准确地得到协调,其方法是:取决于第二驱动部的功率来控制启动离合器。同时很大程度上阻止了由于机械磨损和温度影响引起的启动离合器的磨损现象,因而延长了离合器的寿命。
在一种设计方案中,第二驱动部接在启动离合器的传动系后,并且直接或者通过一个变速器作用于混合动力汽车的至少一个主动轮。因此确保了:第二驱动部也可以单独地起动汽车。另外一个优点在于:转矩变换器,正如它由具有自动变速器的汽车得知的那样,可以进行模拟,因而例如在山路行驶时,即使没有第一驱动部也可以实现舒适的爬行和起动过程。因此可以并不实体使用一种这样的转矩变换器。
本发明许可有无数的实施形式。其中之一应该根据附图来详细加以说明。所示为:
图1: 在按照现有技术的一种通常传动系中,起动过程的一种控制系统的原理图;
图2:在按照本发明的一种混合传动系中,起动过程的一种控制系统的原理图;
图3: 一种按照本发明的方法的一个实施例的流程简图。
图1表示了在按照现有技术的传统传动系中一种用于起动的装置。内燃发动机1与一个自动化的启动离合器2连接,后者又连接于一个变速器3,这变速器将由内燃机1产生的转矩传递给车轮4。启动过程的控制提供一个控制仪5进行,这控制仪具有一个怠速调节器6用于内燃机1。
由控制仪5,根据一个未进一步示出的,由混合动力汽车的司机规定的的行驶-和/或制动踏板位置,或者说根据一种司机助理系统得出一个名义启动转矩MAnf,并规定作为用于由滑动的起动离合器2所要传递的转矩的名义转矩Mk。这种名义转矩Mk通过一个在滑动的离合器衬面上的相应的压紧力来调整。怠速调节器6通过由滑动的启动离合器2接受的转矩,阻止了内燃机1的熄火。启动离合器2的名义转矩Mk 经过变速器3继续传输至车轮4。
对于一种混合动力汽车来说,传动系,如图2所示,由一个内燃发动机1组成,这发动机与启动离合器2连接。启动离合器2连接于一个变速器3,接着这变速器的是第一电动机7形式的另外一个驱动部,它作用于变速器输出轴。第一电动机7形式的另外一个驱动部也可以布置在变速器3和启动离合器2之间。传动系的结束处是轮子4。如果第一电动机7布置在启动离合器2之后,那么它可以有利地直接和没有滑动地作用于轮子4上。
在内燃机1的皮带传动装置12上设置第二电动机或者一个皮带启动发电机8。控制仪5作用于第一限制器9,后者与第一电动机7连接。此外控制仪5与一个离合器限制器10连接,后者直接作用于离合器2和一个转矩分配器11。转矩分配器11与内燃机1和第二电动机8连接。
在控制仪5内有一个用于内燃机1的怠速调节器6。
按照本发明的方法应该按图3加以说明。在方框101里是怠速的内燃机1,而启动离合器2打开。第一电动机7和车轮4直立着。假设变速器3的传动比为i=1。
通过控制仪5在方框102里,由混合动力汽车司机所规定的油门-或制动踏板的位置出发,或者通过司机助理系统的预先设定确定一个名义启动转矩MAnf,该转矩应该由内燃机1和第一电动机7以及第二电动机8共同产生。
在方框103里使共同要产生的名义启动转矩MAnf首先传到限制器9上,控制仪5给这限制器规定了一个最大转矩MA2max。最大转矩MA2max由控制仪5,取决于第一电动机7、第二电动机8和内燃机1 的当前状态,和由一个没有进一步表示的储能器来得出。
限制器9限制了名义启动转矩MAnf,由此得出第一电动机7的名义转矩MA2。如果名义启动转矩MAnf低于第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max,那么名义转矩MA2相应于名义启动转矩MAnf,,而混合动力汽车的起动转矩则单独由第一电动机7建立。
如果名义启动转矩MAnf,大于第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max,那么进行限制,而且电动机7只能施加最大转矩MA2max作为名义转矩MA2
在方框104里计算出在名义启动转矩MAnf和限制于最大转矩MA2max的第一电动机7的名义转矩MA2之间的差。这个差是零,只要名义启动转矩MAnf小于最大转矩MA2max的话,而且因此对应于限制的名义转矩MA2。如果名义启动转矩MAnf超过最大转矩MA2max,那么差值大于零。
将此差值送给离合器限制器10,后者由控制仪5规定地得到一个离合器最大转矩MKmax。离合器最大转矩MKmax也由控制仪来确定,其方法是:考虑启动离合器2的和内燃机1的以及第一和第二电动机7或8的和储能器12的当前运行状态。如果未超过离合器最大转矩MKmax,那么差值作为由内燃机 1和第二电动机8共同提供的,和启动离合器2滑动地要传递的离合器转矩Mk,被传递至传动系和变速器3上。要不然,离合器转矩MK相应于离合器最大转矩MKmax
在一般情况下,当变速器3的传动比i≠1时,必须相应地换算传动比i的差。换算的差值被送给离合器限制器10。
启动离合器2完全打开,只要差值为零的话。如果名义启动转矩MAnf超过最大转矩MA2max,这导致一个正的差,那么驱动离合器2进入滑动状态。然后由第一电动机7和内燃机1连同第二电动机8一起施加名义启动转矩MAnf
在转矩分配器11里将离合器转矩MK分配至内燃机1的名义转矩Mv和第二电动机8的名义转矩MA3(方框105)。必须考虑到在内燃机1和第二电动机8之间的机械传动比。进行预控制,用于使怠速调节器6卸载。采用一种优选打开的并且只是在需要时滑动的启动离合器2来启动减小了启动离合器的磨损,并且可以延长爬行过程。此外表示了一个名义启动转矩MAnf,,它大于离合器最大转矩MKmax,这等同于变换器超高。
第一电动机7和第二电动机8连接于一个共同的储能器,这储能器在图2中没有进一步表示。为了满足第一电动机7的能量需要,第二电动机8提供电能,这种来自于内燃机1。在这种情况下进行第一和第二电动机7和8的串联运行。第一电动机7按电动机工作,并驱动混合动力汽车,而第二电动机8按发电机工作,并提供用于通过第一电动机7驱动所需的能量。为此必须考虑到在转矩分配器11里对于第一电动机7所需的能量。
在具体结构中,第一电动机7和由内燃机1馈给的启动离合器2作用于不同的传动轮或者轴上。起动离合器2可以通过一个变速器作用于混合动力汽车的后轴上,而第一电动机7则驱动前轴。在这种情况下,取决于驱动部1,2,7,8的运行状态的离合器最大转矩MKmax和第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max附带地受到一种防打滑调节系统的影响。第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max也通过与地面的附着限制住。在摩擦系数小的时候,例如由于薄冰,避免单个驱动轴或者驱动轮的空转,其方法是:将起动转矩部分地加到由内燃机1和启动离合器2所驱动的轴上。
在一些内燃机中可以只是用时间的延迟来提高内燃机的实际转矩,例如在均匀燃烧时,由于抽吸管动态性而延时地建立充装空气。这里延时时间在100至300ms之间。离合器转矩Mk在 内燃机1上减小,并且只允许这样大地升高,如同内燃机1的实际转矩和第二电动机8的实际转矩可以被升高的那样。为此利用通过离合器最大转矩MKmax对离合器转矩Mk的限制,其与实际转矩的升高是协调的。
为了快速地建立内燃机1的实际转矩,在内燃机1上设有转矩储备。这例如通过提高充气,同时推迟点火角来进行。从这个状态出来,可以在需要时差不多无延时地向着提早来调整点火角,这与内燃机1的实际转矩的差不多无延时的升高相联系。如果名义启动转矩MAnf升高,但还没有超过第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max,那么要求在内燃机1上的转矩储备。如果名义启动转矩MAnf从下接近于最大转矩MA2max,除了规定的间距,例如像30Nm,那么进行这种储备要求。这间距取决于通过司机操纵行驶踏板的速度和/或取决于名义启动转矩MAnf的变化速度来确定。如果这间距在快速操纵行驶踏板时提高了,那么就及时地实现转矩储备的要求。
但混合动力汽车的起动首先也可以在启动离合器2打开时,通过第一电动机7来进行,其中内燃机1断开了。在要求内燃机1的起动之后,有大约300至500ms,直至提供了内燃机1的实际转矩。如果名义启动转矩MAnf升高,但还没有超过第一电动机7的最大转矩MA2max,那么要求在内燃机1的起动。因此如果名义启动转矩MAnf从下接近于最大转矩MA2max,差规定的间距,例如像50Nm,那么例如就要求起动。这间距在这里也通过司机操纵行驶踏板的速度和/或取决于名义启动转矩MAnf的变化速度来确定。
在此内燃机1可能并不足够快地起动。这就是说,要求的名义起动转矩MAnf不能临时地产生,直至内燃机1被起动并提供实际转矩为止。在这种情况下,有利的是:内燃机1的实际转矩以及离合器转矩Mk在进行起动之后并不是突变地,而是斜坡状地建立起来,或者说引入驱动里。因此避免了一种突然的,对于司机来说不能理解的汽车加速。

Claims (16)

1.使混合动力汽车启动的方法,这种汽车具有第一(1)和第二驱动部(7),其中名义启动转矩(MAnf)由第二驱动部(7)产生,其特征在于,用于连接第一驱动部(1)的启动离合器(2)进入滑动状态,如果超过了第二驱动部(7)的规定的名义转矩(MA2)的话。
2.按权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,使混合动力汽车的名义启动转矩(MAnf)传递至第二驱动部(7)上,这驱动部的名义转矩(MA2)限制于最大转矩(MA2max)。
3.按权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,第二驱动部(7)的最大转矩(MA2max)取决于混合动力汽车的传动系的所述部(1,2,7,8)和/或储能器(12)的当前运行状态和/或取决于公路情况。
4.按权利要求1和2所述的方法,其特征在于,由滑动启动离合器(2)要传递的离合器转矩(MK)由混合动力汽车的名义启动转矩(MAnf)和第二驱动部(7)的通过最大转矩(MA2max)所限制的名义转矩(MA2) 之差构成。
5.按权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,离合器转矩(MK)取决于启动离合器(2)和/或第一驱动部(1)和/或三个驱动部(8)的当前运行状态和/或公路状况,而限制于离合器最大转矩(MKmax)。
6.按权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,为了调整转矩的升高,名义启动转矩(MAnf)高于离合器最大转矩(MKmax)。
7.按上述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,第三驱动部(8)与第一驱动部(1)连接,并且由其驱动,以便产生能量,这种能量给第二驱动部(7)使用。
8.按权利要求6和7所述的方法,其特征在于,离合器转矩(MK)分配在第一(1)和第三(8)驱动部上。
9.按上述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,当启动离合器(2)的输入转速和输出转速达到转速相等时,使第一(1),第二(7)和第三驱动部(8)的转矩(Mv,MA2,MA3)无突变地匹配于混合动力汽车的行驶运行。
10.按上述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,第一驱动部(1)设计成内燃发动机,第二(7)和第三(8)驱动部分别设计成电动机。
11.按权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在驱动离合器(2)打开时,通过第二驱动部(7)进行起动,而此时第一驱动部(1)则断开。
12.按权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,当名义启动转矩MAnf提高,但在名义启动转矩MAnf超过第二驱动部的最大启动转矩MA2max之前,起动第一驱动部(1)。
13.按权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,当名义启动转矩MAnf提高,但在名义启动转矩MAnf超过最大启动转矩MA2max之前,要求在第一驱动部(1)上的转矩储备。
14.按权利要求12或13所述的方法,其特征在于,名义启动转矩MAnf至最大转矩MA2max的间距取决于行驶踏板的操纵速度和/或取决于名义启动转矩(MAnf)的变化速度来确定。
15.使混合动力汽车起动的装置,这种汽车具有第一(1)和第二驱动部(7),其中名义启动转矩(MAnf)由第二驱动部(7)产生,其特征在于,设有装置(5),其使启动离合器(2)进入滑动状态,用于连接第一驱动部(1),当超过了第二驱动部(7)的规定的名义转矩(MA2)。
16.按权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,第二驱动部(7)在启动离合器(2)的传动系里接在后面,并且直接或者通过变速器(3)作用于混合动力汽车的至少一个主动轮(4)。
CN2009801420604A 2008-10-24 2009-09-25 使混合动力汽车启动的方法和装置 Pending CN102196955A (zh)

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