CN102191629B - 含有有机和/或矿物粒子的无纺布制品及其制备方法 - Google Patents

含有有机和/或矿物粒子的无纺布制品及其制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102191629B
CN102191629B CN201110069466.3A CN201110069466A CN102191629B CN 102191629 B CN102191629 B CN 102191629B CN 201110069466 A CN201110069466 A CN 201110069466A CN 102191629 B CN102191629 B CN 102191629B
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bonded fabric
particle
fabric product
mineral
layer
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CN102191629A (zh
Inventor
弗雷德里克·罗斯
乔治·瑞博莱特
马西莫·米格里瓦卡
让-马克·劳瑟尔
罗伯特·格洛登
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Freudenberg Performance Materials SAS
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Freudenberg Politex SA
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/587Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
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Abstract

本发明以包含有机和/或矿物粒子的无纺布制品以及其制备方法作为其对象。柔韧的无纺布制品,其体积密度小于1且通过至少两层合成纤维或在垂直于所述产品XY平面的Z方向上重叠的长丝形成,且其经过至少一次机械或液压针刺操作,由此所述无纺布制品还结合在该产品中以单式或多式方式分布的矿物和/或有机粒子形式的粒子原料,且通过能使长丝或纤维互相至少点连接的粘合剂材料至少部分覆盖或密封;无纺布制品的特征在于至少总体或部分被称为“大粒子”的有机和/或矿物粒子,其尺寸满足:优选地其中SMf相应于形成无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均横截面积,且v表示有机或矿物粒子的平均单体体积。

Description

含有有机和/或矿物粒子的无纺布制品及其制备方法
本发明涉及的领域为基于由合成纺织品制成的无纺布的基底。
其涉及由热塑性聚合物制成的和由化学连接的长丝或纤维组成的结构(frame)或基底(substance)形式的柔韧的且形稳性的无纺布制品,以及其制备方法。
更具体地,本发明的目的为通过使用矿物和/或有机原料来增强由化学连接的连续纤维或长丝制成的无纺布的物理和机械性质,例如将其在浸渍、覆盖或分散过程中结合在粘合剂中,从而在交联之后通过树脂部分或全部密封。
矿物和/或有机粒子原料能由粒径和/或性质不同的总体的混合物组成,能够实现增加构成所述无纺布制品的纤维网络层之间的连接数和任选地增加在长丝或纤维之间的连结点的尺寸。
在上述领域中,由于经济或环境原因,目前的趋势趋向于通过减少组分或通过使用不太优美但耐用或可更新或可循环使用或其它较低内能的产品来生产新型无纺布制品。
同时,降低生产成本的压力迫使制造者越来越快地生产,而同时满足不断提高的高要求。
由于热记忆效应以及相对于在最终应用中对质量和耐用性的要求,作为结构使用的无纺布制品的机械和热稳定性性质成为绝对的决定性因素,同样对于它们用于在沥青形成过程中或在相似约束条件下的热处理过程中转化的适用性也是如此。
目前,这些结构常由80g/m2至350g/m2的无纺布组成,在均聚物基底的情况下通过化学方法或者在使用由两种聚合物组成的表面的情况下将其中一种熔化通过热的方法来使所述无纺布被交联或稳定。
在一些情况下,在任选地作为结构使用之前,这些无纺布表面或产品能够通过线、网格、纺织品或玻璃或具有非常高模量的合成聚合物编织材料进行加强,所述结构被设计为采用沥青浸渍和覆盖,而所述沥青则由聚合物或其它基底修饰或在热约束条件下经过转化。
在常规方法中,这些表面在进行分层之后接下来进行本领域技术人员已知的浸湿、干燥或熔化的制备过程,在它们的热和/或化学固结之前,经过通过机械针刺或通过液压粘合的混合以确保纤维网络至少部分结合,从而使其具有相当的抗裂强度。
随后发生的化学或热粘合的目的为使无纺布表面或产品相对于该表面或产品能承受的热机械约束条件具有形稳性。
在机械或液压或化学粘合之前或在分层过程中通过结合线、网格或玻璃或具有非常高模量的聚合物编织材料可能还会增强这些纺织品,其目的是在这些的热压(在后处理或转化温度下)下更进一步降低其变形性,从而稳定纤维结构。
实际上,在放置和老化中的层中的这些无纺布表面或产品都需要高形稳性。而且,在它们的制备或转化过程中,它们同时承受比在使用或最终实施过程中所承受的更高得多强度的机械和热约束条件。
本领域已经提供或已知的众多类型的无纺布制品以及它们的制备方法以或多或少满意的方式满足了上述的要求。
因此,法国专利第FR8816711号描述了用于制备基于无纺布材料的基底的方法,所述无纺布材料为能够化学或热连接的具有良好形稳性的平面物品,其重量为20至500g/m2,且通过具有高模量优选地大于50GPa的连续线纵向加强。在所得的无纺布制品中,在180℃的温度下和每米宽度至少80N的约束条件下发生玻璃线的断裂,且在冷条件下的模量与含有或不含增强线的模量相同。因此,相对于标准无纺布制品,在热条件下的形稳性和变形性基本上得到增强。
通过文献US6221973已知用于在密封结构工业中使用的无纺布制品的液态化学粘合剂在约200℃下的组成以及交联机理。这些粘合剂由包含至少两个羧基的多酸、包含至少两个羟基的多醇和加速剂的混合物组成。
为满足新国际标准,由该US文献公开的所产生的形成粘合剂的树脂基本上不含甲醛。将该树脂浸渍在由玻璃纤维制成的无纺布基底上,所述玻璃纤维被设计用于制备包含沥青的涂料。在沥青应用过程中遇到的由于玻璃纤维本身对温度范围不敏感,从而粘合剂的基本功能为通过化学连接点的凝固和衔接以确保纤维的结合,目的是通过开发可接受的抗力防止表面的机械收缩,由此不预先固结表面。
与由聚酯制成的结构和更一般地由热塑性聚合物制成的无纺布制品不同,组成在该US文献中描述的所述结构的玻璃纤维或线不经过与施加的高压和温度相关的结构改变,然后其在使用中发生的热循环过程中产生剩余缩率情况。
能够实现够加强无纺布表面的众多其它粘合剂实例为在现有技术中已知的,例如通过文献US4076917、EP0583086和WO97/31036。
某些最近的应用或产品/市场需要同时要求非常好的形稳性连同增加厚度的无纺布制品。
由于技术和经济约束通常不允许增加表面重量,因此必要的是在降低产品的密度上采取行动,通常基于待连接材料将真空度设置为0.15%至0.3%或约70%至80%。
容易理解,随着沿Z轴重叠的层的长丝或纤维之间的距离的增加,具有恒定克重的厚度的增大消极地影响连结点的数量以及尺寸,结果消极地影响所涉及的无纺布制品的稳定性和/或模量。
专利文献US6299936和EP1664418引用使用40%至95%水稀释的交联树脂,任选地补充诸如硼、玻璃硅酸盐或纤维的矿物原料,目的是制备非常硬和非常厚的产品(>1cm),所述产品由无机纤维组成并用于绝缘。
这些文献还提到关于布或纸密封层或子层结构的可能的固结的应用。然而,在所论述的领域中,所述基底仅由玻璃纤维或长丝组成且因此对温度不敏感。此外,所述无纺布制品未通过混合的液压或机械针刺类型预先连接而显著弱化了网络。
而且,专利文献US2009/0048371描述了基于由合成或人造纤维制成的无纺布,在两个表面上的包含沥青的密封膜的制备,其通过至少一种化学粘合剂和氢氧化铝的混合物来固结。
优选地在190℃至210℃的温度下进行粘合剂的干燥和交联,持续约0.5分钟至约5分钟且优选地为1.3分钟至3.0分钟。干燥粘合剂的重量比优选地为待连接的无纺布制品重量的15%至20%(0.5%至30%)。以干燥化学粘合剂比率的10%至100%的比率结合氢氧化铝。氢氧化铝粒子的尺寸为0.5μm至50μm,且优选地为0.9μm至5μm。然后,使用沥青覆盖或浸渍无纺布层以形成膜。
该US文献要求保护由此产生的表面的破坏载荷和热稳定性的增强。
然而,在引用的比较实施例中,特别在使用10份碳酸钙或高岭土的过程中,注意到破坏载荷非常显著的降低和变形性的增加。
文献BE858986描述了包含聚合物混合物的粘合剂的使用,通过乳剂形成的粘合剂和设计为增加纺织品机械强度的惰性原料。待连接的表面由轻克数的合成、天然和/或人造纤维的混合物组成,具有仅使用连接所述纤维的粘合剂确保的纤维的衔接和最终性质用于防止其分解或增强抗力。
这些表面的平均表面重量约为25至35g/m2,且通过单体表面的重叠和随后的固结来确保较重表面的制备。
根据牵引力达到最有利的强度,即使通过使用矿物原料来增强也是非常低的且对于100g/m2计算大约为50N至80N/5cm。将这些值与形成密封结构的无纺布制品的值进行比较,其对于相同的最终重量大约大5至10倍,从而达到250至350N/5cm。
在该BE文献中描述的该产品的应用领域主要在基本上一次性的或打算用于热绝缘的纺织品的结构内。由于衔接力以及获得的机械性质水平的不足,这些无纺布制品不适用于在密封结构或热稳定性基底的结构内使用。还需指出的是,某些原料例如硅酸钙导致无纺布制品强度的损失。
本发明涉及基于合成材料且结合至少一种粘合剂的密度小于1的柔韧无纺布制品,其目的是通过在属于产品的不同层的纤维或长丝之间且优选地还在相同层的纤维或长丝之间特别地增加连结点的尺寸和数量来增强该产品的物理和机械性质。
有利地,本发明还将能够调整、改变或增强物理和/或机械性质,且特别是弹性性质以及在冷和热条件下的变形性用于制备无纺布基底,特别是通过交联化学粘合剂固结。
为这个目的,本发明的对象是柔韧的无纺布制品,其体积密度小于1且通过至少两层合成纤维或在垂直于所述产品XY平面的Z方向上重叠的长丝形成,其并经过至少一次机械或液压针刺操作,由此所述无纺布制品还结合在该制品中以单式或多式方式分布的矿物和/或有机粒子形式的粒子原料,且由能使长丝或纤维互相至少点连接的粘合剂材料至少部分覆盖或密封;
该无纺布制品的特征在于被称为“大粒子”的至少总体或部分有机和/或矿物粒子,其尺寸满足:
优选地
其中SMf相应于形成无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均横截面积,且v表示有机或矿物粒子的平均单体体积。
有利地,所述大粒子在质量和/或体积上构成在所述无纺布制品中存在的大部分粒子原料,并在相同层的结点、网格、纤维和长丝之间以及在形成所述无纺布制品的重叠层之间产生桥接或连接。
根据本发明优选的变型实施方案,所述无纺布制品具有下列特征中的至少一种:
所述大粒子具有至少一维d满足:d≥3xDMf,优选地d≥5xDMf,其中DMf相应于形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均直径。
所述大粒子的平均尺寸相应于所述无纺布制品层的可见孔的平均尺寸的至少20%,在垂直于所述无纺布制品的XY平面的Z方向上看得见所述可见孔。
在无纺布制品的结构内其长丝纤维具有通常范围内的标称值,有利地所述大粒子的平均粒径大于约50μm,优选地大于约60μm。
尽管所述大粒子的有效尺寸对于在分层的纤维和长丝之间建立连接和桥接是有益的,然而必要的是能将这些大粒子引入至无纺布制品的纤维网络中且此外它们不引起局部厚度过大(通过层的变形或通过突出)。因此还有必要调整它们的尺寸以使它们能套入无纺布制品的厚度中。
发明者指出,当所述大粒子的单体体积还符合下列不等式: 优选地时实现这些目的。
优选地,还符合下列两种方案中的至少一种:
所述大粒子的平均尺寸小于所述无纺布制品层的可见孔的平均尺寸的约120%,优选地约100%,在垂直于所述无纺布制品的XY平面的Z方向上看得见所述可见孔。
所述大粒子的平均粒径小于约400μm,有利地约300μm,且优选地约200μm。
为提高质量和增加相同层的纤维或长丝之间的连接数,矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于30μm,优选地20μm的总体或部分粒子。
与本发明的有利实施方案一致,所述矿物和/或有机原料以形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝重量的1%至30%,优选地为5%至25%的重量比存在。
在本说明中,将层定义为面向XY平面且在相同平面内略微混合的重叠的一组长丝或纤维。
在熔化过程(连续的长丝)的情况下,纺织速度(通常为30至120m/s)为在分层过程中使帘或束长丝或多或少通过束、通过在分层平台上展开来自己“移动”,从而形成本发明要达到的数平方毫米或更少的微拉绒层(微层,子层)。
在干燥或润湿过程的情况下,在分层平台上以束的形式连续放置以前单体的纤维,从而形成上述的微分层层。
分层体系能任选地产生若干帘或束的重叠,从而在这些长丝或纤维子层的层中的制备结束。这是多帘过程(连续的长丝)或干燥过程的情况,其中所述纺织品互相重叠。
当然,通过组合不同的以前连接的无纺布能制备所述层的层。在本文献中提到的Z桥接等同于在它们的接触面上的层或“子层”或“微层”。
为防止在温度范围内温度的任何影响,所述温度范围为在其制备、处理或使用阶段无纺布制品通常暴露的温度,所述形成矿物和/或有机粒子的材料的熔点大于形成所述层的纤维或长丝的材料的熔点,必要时处于所述粘合剂活化、交联或干燥的熔点。
作为变型且基于考虑到的使用和目标作为无纺布制品的性质,其可以提供有机粒子的熔点小于所述纤维或长丝的熔点且适当时小于或大于形成所述粘合剂的材料的热定型、干燥、活化或交联的温度。
根据本发明另外的有利特征,其可以提供:
所述形成原料的粒子的粒径大于100μm,有利地大于60μm,优选地大于20μm,且具有有机的性质或来源。
形成矿物和/或有机原料的一部分粒子由能够随温度膨胀的粒子组成。
尽管形成纤维或长丝的合成材料能够为任何材料,前提是其适用于制备无纺布且适用于考虑到的应用,形成无纺布制品层的连续纤维或长丝基于热塑性聚合物材料,所述热塑性聚合物材料选自聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯以及这些不同聚合物的共聚物和这些不同聚合物和共聚物可能的混合物。
为增加无纺布制品的结构衔接且在目标范围和特征内增强其性能水平,前提是其能任选地在两层或多层构成层中或在两层或多层构成层之间结合具有高稳定性特性的长丝、网格和/或纺织品形式的增强结构,由此由所述粘合剂至少部分覆盖或密封的所述矿物和/或有机粒子,所述粘合剂在这些增强结构和层的长丝或纤维之间建立刚性连接或产生桥接。
与本发明的优选的变型实施方案一致,其还能提供:
形成矿物粒子的材料选自诸如碳酸钙、氢氧化镁或氢氧化铝、硫酸钡、粘土、高岭土、石英、滑石的碳酸盐,硅酸盐和硫酸盐以及诸如二氧化钛、矾土和三水铝石的氧化物和氢氧化物。
形成有机粒子的材料选自诸如木材、木质素、石墨的纤维或粒子纤维素,诸如环氧树脂和酚醛树脂(注册名称)的微粒化热定型性循环使用聚合物,诸如PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯)、PBT(聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯)、PP(聚丙烯)、PE(聚乙烯)、PA(聚酰胺)以及它们的共聚物的微粒化热塑性聚合物。
形成粘合剂的材料选自含有或不含甲醛的树脂、液体树脂、基于丙烯酸酯的乳状液或分散体、苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乙烯丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙烯酯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯甲酰胺、乙基醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯丁二烯、乙烯醇、丁二烯丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、硅酮和基于苯酚、三聚氰胺、尿素、环氧树脂、醇酸树脂和聚酯的交联树脂。
本发明还具有其目的为制备柔韧的无纺布制品的方法,所述无纺布制品的体积密度小于1且通过由至少两层合成纤维或在垂直于所述制品XY平面的Z方向上重叠的长丝形成,其并经过至少一次机械或液压针刺操作,由此所述无纺布制品还结合在该制品中以单式或多式方式分布的矿物和/或有机粒子形式的粒子原料,并且由能使长丝或纤维互相至少点连接的粘合剂材料至少部分覆盖或密封。
根据本发明,所述方法的特征在于其包括之前、同时或随后在纤维或长丝层中和/或在纤维或长丝层之间结合所述粘合剂材料,由此一个过程用于结合包含至少总体或部分有机和/或矿物粒子的矿物和/或有机粒子原料,所述有机和/或矿物粒子被称为“大粒子”且其尺寸满足:优选地其中SMf相应于形成无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均横截面积,且v表示有机或矿物粒子的平均单体体积。
在优选的方法中,无纺布制品中结合的大粒子相应于上述粒子,由此在所述无纺布制品层中或在所述无纺布制品层之间引入所述粒子原料之前或之后进行所述针刺操作。
还为增加或增强相同层纤维或长丝之间的连结点的目的,有利地,其前提是结合的矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于30μm,优选地20μm的总体或部分粒子。
所述方法包括以形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝重量的1%至30%,优选地为5%至25%的重量比在所述无纺布制品中结合所述矿物和/或有机原料。
与本方法的第一个变型实施方案一致,在化学粘合剂之前或与化学粘合剂同时,在所述无纺布制品中同时结合全部矿物和/或有机粒子。
与本方法的第二个变型实施方案一致,在所述无纺布制品中以差别化方式结合所述矿物粒子和有机粒子,由此在所述有机粒子以后引入所述矿物粒子。
形成矿物和/或有机粒子的材料的熔点大于所述形成层的纤维或长丝的材料的熔点,必要时处于所述粘合剂活化、交联或干燥的熔点。
在根据本发明方法的结构内,其还能提供:
粒子的粒径大于100μm,有利地大于60μm,优选地大于20μm,且具有有机性质或来源。
形成所述矿物和/或有机原料的一部分粒子由能够随温度膨胀的粒子组成,和/或
所述形成无纺布制品层的连续纤维或长丝基于热塑性聚合物材料,所述热塑性聚合物材料选自聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯以及这些不同聚合物的共聚物和这些不同聚合物和共聚物可能的混合物。
为避免矿物和/或有机粒子的沉淀或结块,当所述粒子的密度比所述粘合剂的密度大约30%,优选地约20%时,在通过浸渍引入粒子原料和粘合剂的情况下,所述方法包括使用触变剂或分散剂。
最后,其还能提供为在所述无纺布制品中结合下列结构:任选地在两层或多层连续层中或在两层或多层连续层之间、具有高稳定性特性的长丝、网格和/或纺织品形式的增强结构,以及由所述粘合剂至少部分覆盖或密封的矿物粒子和/或有机粒子,所述粘合剂在这些增强结构和层的长丝或纤维之间建立刚性连接或产生桥接。
由于以下描述将更好地理解本发明,其涉及通过非限制性实例提供的优选的实施方案。
根据本发明用于制备无纺布制品的方法,部分实施操作对于本领域的技术人员为已知的。
因此,以通过干燥方法或通过熔化或润湿方法的已知方法来获得无纺布制品的纤维或长丝的层。
不管实施上述的方法,已经证明用于在XY平面的层中大部分分布的长丝取向。非常少的强连接是沿着Z轴自然存在的。
混合方法,例如机械针刺或液压结合,能够实现在产品的厚度方向上,在开始的平面层中部分定向表面纤维或长丝。平坦或间歇碾压以及通过传送热空气还能够实现通过聚合物的部分和特殊熔化来热机械布置该网络。没有这种类型的结合,无纺布几乎没有机械保持。
在通过针刺混合的情况下,通常制成的穿孔数为每平方厘米20至150个穿孔且一般为每平方厘米25至70个穿孔。因此,该穿孔的速度使在Z上每1至2mm最多一个长丝结合或结点,然而前提是两个单体的针不在相同的点穿孔,其相对频繁地发生。
纤维网络的通过化学结合的衔接在纤维或长丝的交叉点完成但是主要在复长丝累积的位置发生,所述复长丝累积的位置穿过产品厚度(在Z方向上重叠)的重叠层的不同XY平面上交叉。
仅交叉的纤维或长丝或纤维或长丝束有助于结合。互相连接的平行长丝或网络的自由单长丝部分通过核心/外壳类型的涂料消耗树脂,但不会由此显著有助于增强网络。
对于其部分,当他们接触时,通过在相应的交叉点互相粘合这些层或层制成Z结合。
增加无纺布制品的厚度以及维持必需的表面重量导致层或层之间的连结点减少,因此降低所述产品的结构衔接以及物理和机械性质。
特别地,本发明的目的为通过尝试矿物和/或有机原料的引入来改进这个缺点,所述矿物和/或有机原料包含满足上述一种或多种尺寸标准的特别大的粒子。
特别地,基于引入的粘合剂的类型和方法,能够以不同的方法和在制备无纺布制品的不同阶段中实施粒子原料的结合。
有利地,能够在通过浸渍引入粘合剂的同时进行原料的引入。
此外,基于所需另外的粒子性质,粒子原料能具有不同粒度的总体或部分。
在以至少两种平均粒度距离的混合物形式的粘合剂树脂(设计以浸渍无纺布层)中添加矿物或有机原料能够实现人工增加尺寸并且能主要增加结合点的数量。
使用尺寸比纤维或长丝的直径的尺寸大约3至10倍的粒径能够实现通过确保Z轴上的另外的桥接来增加可能的结合点的数量,所述纤维或长丝通常在用于矿物或有机原料的无纺布(15至30微米)或50至150微米中制成。
具有0.5至20微米当量直径的小粒径增加了自然统计上存在的结合点的尺寸或重量。
特别地,对于最小粒径,使用分散剂防止粒子的再结块,由此在增强表面或由此构成的产品的热条件下的模量中产生积极效果。
基于矿物原料的密度,当粒径增加超过30至50μm时,使用增稠触变剂防止沉淀和确保这些载荷完全分散进入化学粘合剂中且随后进入无纺布矩阵中是可取的。由于它们密度极低(0.8至1.4),因此通常当原料为有机来源时通常不需要该试剂来防止沉淀。对于非常大的粒径(特别地超过100μm),优选地使用有机原料。
同样地,在寻求用于增加具有恒定表面重量的产品厚度的框架内,证明使用例如热膨胀的微球是有利的(参见例如文献WO2006/068574)。然而,它们的实施能在以损失形稳性或增加伸长率或降低在冷条件以及在热条件下的模量为代价下进行。实际上,在Z轴上的连结点之间的距离增加,衔接点和结合点的数量减少得更多。
本发明在Z轴上具有刚性矿物或有机原料的解决方法能够实现通过补偿损失的连结点来维持或限制在热条件下的变形水平,甚至基于引入的速度和目标柔韧性的变化范围来增强变形水平。
在有利的方法中,当所需的表面重量没有必要显著增加时,证明使用密度比矿物原料小两至三倍的有机原料是有利的。这些有机原料能容易地通过诸如聚酯、聚丙烯或聚酰胺或所有热塑性或热定型聚合物的微粒化来获得。研磨瓶聚合物或回收从清洗和剥落中获得的细粉用于在这些过程中的循环使用能够实现经济地使用材料,所述材料为相容的且其密度与构成无纺布的聚合物的密度非常接近。
与通过针刺的混合相比,能够实现定向和产生新的交叉和混合点,所述交叉和混合点在Z轴上间隔1至2mm用于每平方厘米30至70个穿孔,基于原料的密度或每平方毫米10至60个点的产品,结合尺寸为40至60μm(或长丝直径的2至3倍)的5g/m2的原料提供具有可能结合的另外500至6,000个点。必要时,这个方案可能实现通过针刺减少穿孔数(由于该技术对速度的限制能够影响毛毡,因此这个标准常相应于生产率瓶颈)。
图1为使用电子显微镜拍摄的摄影图像,其例示了通过针刺混合的无纺布。
以无纺布的重量计,通常在干燥粘合剂比率为15%至30%下完成由能交联的树脂化学结合的无纺布。由于粘合剂还覆盖在连结点之间平行的自由长丝或长丝束,因此一部分该粘合剂不利于产品的衔接和稳定性。可以估计相对于某些所需的机械性质例如断裂强度或冷条件或热条件下的模量,因此引入的30%至50%的树脂是无效的。
图2为使用电子显微镜拍摄的在层中存在的无纺布的剖视图的摄影图像,其例示了粘合剂的距离实例。
由于与引入的基底或大量锚固点更好地配合,因此使用适合尺寸和性质以及任选的形状、密度和特定性质的原料能够实现通过降低粘合剂比率或通过提高加强功能来增加该产率。
下列表格例示与图3A(载荷的分散体)和图3B(平均长丝间距离)的曲线相关的、对于每平方米15g原料的比率和对于矿物粒子的密度为2.2(密度)的不同粒径的矿物原料的理想化距离模拟。
表1A
密度2.2g/cm3
载荷/m215g/m2
载荷
表1B
克重100g/m2
厚度1mm
Z层16数/毫米厚度
“IdealizedCage”长丝-在Z上的xx层/mm
根据现有技术(实施例1)和根据本发明(实施例2至4),下列实施例1至4例示了无纺布制品不同的变型实施方案。
实施例1(不含粒子原料)
按照所谓的“纺粘法”方法以两个水平的表面重量125和155g/m2制备6.0dtex的连续聚酯长丝的表面。根据由文献FR8816711描述的方法,目标是通过在层中心引入68Tex玻璃线来增强。
然后,使用直径为130μm的喷嘴在130至210Bar的四个不同压力水平下,以每面一次的速率,在20米/分钟的速度下将这些表面液压连接,由此将开口分离0.8mm。在下列表2中将这些测试编号为E1至E8。
然后,在12米/分钟的速度下使用由稀释70%的88%的丙烯酸树脂和12%的三聚氰胺组成的粘合剂在装满的浴中将这些表面拿起和浸渍。将所述粘合剂干燥,然后连续地在第一桶上的215℃的温度下和在第二桶上的135℃下进行交联。
以如此的方法调整装载水平能够实现理论上相对于无纺布的重量以12%至24%的干燥变化(在下列表中将这些测试编号为E1.1至E1.1.2)。
表2
通过二次多项式方法模仿不同性质的结果以被实施。其显示超过14%至16%的粘合剂树脂水平,无纺布纺织的机械性质几乎不再变化,证明树脂的影响非常小,然而,必须确保在聚酯长丝网络的复长丝连接/交叉点的充分衔接。其显示几乎50%的树脂主要覆盖长丝网络的外结点/交叉。因此,相对于装载水平,这些结点的增多能够实现最小化树脂水平或提高机械性质,或减弱无纺布的性质。由于这些交叉点的增多,因此对于较高表面重量树脂水平显示稍微重要的贡献。根据电子显微镜观察,使用玻璃线衔接的增强仍然低。
图4和5的附图分别例示了对伸长率的抗力(图4)和对拉伸模量的抗力(图5)。
实施例2:(包粒子原料)
根据“纺粘法”方法不通过非常高模量的基底增强来制备7.0dtex的连续聚酯长丝的表面。
使用的聚合物为Q5质量“瓶切片”(循环使用的塑料瓶切片)类型的100%循环使用的PET。
通过针刺将这些表面机械连接,所述针刺的速度为
50穿孔/平方厘米
12mm的穿透
使用“标准锋利”型的15x18x38的针
在210℃下进行热定型之前从烫光机开始,然后在40m/min的速度下使用碳酸钙和与实施例1相同的丙烯酸粘合剂的变化的混合物浸渍。
将粘合剂干燥,然后在空气通过的直径为3.6m的桶上,在217℃的温度下进行交联。
理论上调整装载水平至相对于无纺布的重量为21%至27%干燥的变化水平。
在下列表3和4中将这些测试编号为1至6。
碳酸钙为d50%至1.5μm的Omylate60液体浆(“浆”)形式。
表3
表4
基于无纺布+树脂单元和另外供给的CaCO3填料的g/m2质量,已经分别通过二次多项式模仿所述机械性质。
破坏载荷对增强的矿物原料表现不敏感然而仅对无纺布+树脂的质量敏感。相比之下,在横向方向上注意到在压力下收缩的显著增强。主要通过增强以及通过增加结合点的规模解释这个机理,所述结合点通过添加以质量计的矿物原料降低变形性,由此而不提供另外的衔接点,因为引入尺寸非常小的粒子,其比长丝的直径小10至15倍。这还被符合在50N下的冷变形。
能显著降低树脂的装载水平,由此基本上不影响如此产生的表面的机械性质和热变形性。
图6和7例示了根据实施例2制成的无纺布制品在50N下的伸长率曲线(图6)和蠕变(图7),且图8为与实施例2一致的无纺布制品的摄影剖视图。
实施例3
在与实施例2相同的条件下制备7.0dtex的连续聚酯长丝的表面,还从质量Q5的100%循环使用的PET聚合物“瓶切片”(循环使用的瓶切片)开始。
针刺结合以及热定型和浸渍和干燥/交联的条件与前面的实施例相同。
无纺布的基本表面重量为195g/m2。相对于无纺布的重量,理论上调整装载水平至干燥条件下为21%至27%的变化水平。在下列表5和6中将这些测试编号为1至4。
根据测试引入的惰性原料由如指示确定的粒子混合物组成。
碳酸钙为1.5μm的d50%的Omyalite60液体浆(浆)和170μm的d50%的Durcal130。
从回收的筛处理的“瓶切片”部分(循环使用的瓶粒子)的细粉制备聚合物粒子的原料,其粒径范围为2μm和400μm。
为防止大粒径矿物原料的沉淀,在0.5%的丙烯酸树脂水平的干燥水平下引入触变悬浮剂。
在含有表面活性剂的情况下将聚酯固体细粉预先清洗并干燥,所述表面活性剂能够防止它们在粘合剂中结块。
表5
表6
在230g/m2承载的200℃热测力法
其显示出矿物或聚合物原料的引入能够实现降低树脂的装载水平同时维持或增强机械或形稳性。
证明两种粒径的混合物比使用一种总体为小粒径以及与不含载荷且树脂装载水平显著降低的产品相比在破坏载荷上较好。
大粒子在XY和Z平面上的桥接能够实现使用增加的厚度减弱经常期望的稳定性。
图9和10为使用电子显微镜拍摄的具有不同的放大率的摄影图像,其例示了相对于无纺布的长丝和孔,使用大粒子和后者的相对尺寸获得的桥接。
实施例4
已经根据干燥方法制备的表面重量约为110g/m2和120g/m2的6.5dtex的包含短聚酯纤维无纺布的表面。它们是通过68Tex的玻璃线增强的对象,所述68Tex根据由文献FR8816711描述的方法引入至层的中心。
然后,在2.5m/min的速度下,将这些表面的若干实例在使用粘合剂的装满的浴中拿出和浸渍,所述粘合剂由在水中稀释为77.5%的70%的丙烯酸树脂和30%的三聚氰胺组成。将所述粘合剂干燥,然后在温度为215℃的炉中交联3分钟。
以这样的方法调整装载水平能够实现相对于无纺布的开始重量理论上为22%至24%干燥。对于所有测试,在3.5Bar的拉紧压力下通过浸染机进行挤压。
与比较测试中,干燥的目标为添加25%树脂的粒子原料的相同的粘结剂,所述粒子原料为具有d50%至130μm的平均粒径的碳酸钙形式或粒径为100μm至300μm的微粒化聚乙烯形式。
这些比较测试的处理与不含另外原料的对照实验相同。
在冷条件下和温度为180℃的热条件下测试最终表面的纵向变化。
在下列表7和8中显示通过这些测试获得的结果。
表7
表8
注意到相对于对照实验,矿物或有机原料与玻璃增强长丝的良好配合以及在冷条件下和在180℃二者下模量的显著增强。
对于载荷产品尽管较低的表面重量,但破坏和变形能显示相同或甚至更好。
而且,对于相同的操作条件,引入的原料能够实现获得连接至较小弛豫网络的较小厚度的产品。聚乙烯原料能够实现点限制大量长丝,因此尽管在交联的粘合剂中引入它们,但是非常显著地改变纤维网络的机械热变形行为。
这些原料还能够减弱无纺布结构的物理机械性质,由此在期望的领域不损失形稳性。
图11以曲线的形式示出还在表8显示的热测力法测试(变形/载荷曲线)的结果,且图12为根据实施例4的样品的电子显微镜摄影图像,其例示了由存在的大粒子(在交联之后的聚乙烯+丙烯酸粘合剂原料)产生的桥接位置。
当然,本发明不局限于描述的和在附图中示出的实施方案。特别地,从各种元素的组成或由等效技术替换的观点出发仍然可能存在变型,由此所述变型不超出本发明保护的范围。

Claims (56)

1.柔韧的无纺布制品,其体积密度小于1且由至少两层合成纤维或在垂直于所述制品XY平面的Z方向上重叠的长丝形成,其经过至少一次机械或液压针刺操作,由此所述无纺布制品还结合在该制品中以单式或多式方式分布的矿物和/或有机粒子形式的粒子原料并且由能使长丝或纤维互相至少点连接的粘合剂材料至少部分覆盖或密封,
所述无纺布制品的特征在于被称为“大粒子”的至少总体或部分有机和/或矿物粒子,其尺寸满足:
3 x ( S M f ) 3 ≤ v ,
其中SMf相应于形成无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均横截面积,且v表示有机或矿物粒子的平均单体体积。
2.如权利要求1所述的无纺布制品,所述“大粒子”的至少总体或部分有机和/或矿物粒子的尺寸满足:
3.如权利要求1所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子在质量和/或体积上构成在所述无纺布制品中存在的大部分粒子原料,并在相同层的结点、网格、纤维和长丝之间以及在形成所述无纺布制品的重叠层之间产生桥接或连接。
4.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的至少一维d满足:d≥3xDMf,其中DMf相应于形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均直径。
5.如权利要求4所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的至少一维d满足:d≥5xDMf。
6.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均尺寸相应于所述无纺布制品层的在垂直于所述无纺布制品的XY平面的Z方向上看得见的可见孔平均尺寸的至少20%。
7.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均粒径大于50μm。
8.如权利要求7所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均粒径大于60μm。
9.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的单体体积v还符合下列不等式:
10.如权利要求9所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的单体体积v还符合下列不等式:
11.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均尺寸小于所述无纺布制品层的在垂直于所述无纺布制品的XY平面的Z方向上看得见的可见孔的平均尺寸的120%。
12.如权利要求11所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均尺寸小于所述无纺布制品层的在垂直于所述无纺布制品的XY平面的Z方向上看得见的可见孔的平均尺寸的100%。
13.如权利要求1或3所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均粒径小于400μm。
14.如权利要求13所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均粒径小于300μm。
15.如权利要求14所述的无纺布制品,其中所述大粒子的平均粒径小于200μm。
16.如权利要求1所述的无纺布制品,其中矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于30μm的总体或部分粒子。
17.如权利要求16所述的无纺布制品,其中矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于20μm的总体或部分粒子。
18.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中所述矿物和/或有机原料以形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝重量的1%至30%的重量比存在。
19.如权利要求18所述的无纺布制品,其中所述矿物和/或有机原料以形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝重量的5%至25%的重量比存在。
20.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中形成所述矿物和/或有机粒子的所述材料的熔点大于形成所述层的纤维或长丝的所述材料的熔点。
21.如权利要求20所述的无纺布制品,其中形成所述矿物和/或有机粒子的所述材料的熔点处于所述粘合剂活化、交联或干燥的熔点。
22.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中所述有机粒子的熔点小于所述纤维或长丝的熔点。
23.如权利要求22所述的无纺布制品,其中所述有机粒子的熔点小于或大于形成所述粘合剂的材料的热定型、干燥、活化或交联的温度。
24.如权利要求1或2所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成原料的粒子的粒径大于100μm,且具有有机的性质或来源。
25.如权利要求24所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成原料的粒子的粒径大于60μm。
26.如权利要求25所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成原料的粒子的粒径大于20μm。
27.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成矿物和/或有机原料的一部分粒子由能够随温度膨胀的粒子组成。
28.如权利要求1所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成无纺布制品层的连续纤维或长丝基于热塑性聚合物材料,所述热塑性聚合物材料选自聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯及这些不同聚合物的共聚物以及这些不同聚合物和共聚物可能的混合物。
29.如权利要求1或28所述的无纺布制品,其中其任选地在两层或多层构成层中或在两层或多层构成层之间结合具有高稳定性特性的长丝、网格和/或纺织品形式的增强结构,由此由所述粘合剂至少部分覆盖或密封的所述矿物和/或有机粒子通过所述粘合剂在这些增强结构和层的长丝或纤维之间建立刚性连接或产生桥接。
30.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成矿物粒子的材料选自碳酸盐、硅酸盐和硫酸盐以及氧化物和氢氧化物。
31.如权利要求30所述的无纺布制品,其中所述碳酸盐、硅酸盐和硫酸盐包括碳酸钙、硫酸钡、粘土、高岭土、石英、滑石。
32.如权利要求30所述的无纺布制品,其中所述氧化物和氢氧化物包括二氧化钛、矾土、氢氧化镁、氢氧化铝和三水铝石。
33.如权利要求1或16所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成有机粒子的材料选自纤维或粒子纤维素,微粒化热定型性循环使用聚合物,以及微粒化热塑性聚合物。
34.如权利要求33所述的无纺布制品,其中所述纤维或粒子纤维素包括木材、木质素、石墨。
35.如权利要求33所述的无纺布制品,其中所述微粒化热定型性循环使用聚合物包括环氧树脂和酚醛树脂。
36.如权利要求33所述的无纺布制品,其中所述微粒化热塑性聚合物包括PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯)、PBT(聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯)、PP(聚丙烯)、PE(聚乙烯)、PA(聚酰胺)以及它们的共聚物。
37.如权利要求1所述的无纺布制品,其中所述形成粘合剂的材料选自含有或不含甲醛的树脂、液体树脂、基于丙烯酸酯的乳状液或分散体、苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乙烯丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙烯酯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯甲酰胺、乙基醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯丁二烯、乙烯醇、丁二烯丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、硅酮和基于苯酚、三聚氰胺、尿素、环氧树脂、醇酸树脂和聚酯的交联树脂。
38.柔韧的无纺布制品的制备方法,所述无纺布制品的体积密度小于1且通过由至少两层合成纤维或在垂直于所述制品XY平面的Z方向上重叠的长丝形成,其经过至少一次机械或液压针刺操作,由此所述无纺布制品还结合在该制品中以单式或多式方式分布的矿物和/或有机粒子形式的粒子原料,并且由能使长丝或纤维互相至少点连接的粘合剂材料至少部分覆盖或密封,
所述方法的特征在于,其包括在之前、同时或随后在纤维或长丝层中和/或在纤维或长丝层之间结合所述粘合剂材料,由此一个过程用于结合包含至少总体或部分有机和/或矿物粒子的矿物和/或有机粒子原料,所述有机和/或矿物粒子被称为“大粒子”且其个体体积满足:其中SMf相应于形成无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝的平均横截面积,且v表示有机或矿物粒子的平均单体体积。
39.如权利要求38所述的制备方法,其中所述“大粒子”个体体积满足:优选地 5 x ( S M f ) 3 ≤ v .
40.如权利要求38所述的制备方法,其中在所述无纺布制品中结合的所述大粒子相应于权利要求3至16中任一权利要求所述的粒子,由此在所述无纺布制品层中和在所述无纺布制品层之间引入所述粒子原料之前或之后进行所述针刺操作。
41.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中所述结合的矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于30μm的总体或部分粒子。
42.如权利要求41所述的制备方法,其中所述结合的矿物和/或有机粒子原料还包含粒径小于20μm的总体或部分粒子。
43.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中其包括以形成所述无纺布制品层的纤维或长丝重量的1%至30%的重量比在所述无纺布制品中结合所述矿物和/或有机原料。
44.如权利要求43所述的制备方法,其中所述重量比为5%至25%。
45.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中在使用化学粘合剂之前或与使用化学粘合剂同时,在所述无纺布制品中同时结合矿物和/或有机粒子组。
46.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中在所述无纺布制品中以差别化方式结合所述矿物粒子和有机粒子,由此在所述有机粒子以后引入所述矿物粒子。
47.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中所述形成矿物和/或有机粒子的材料的熔点大于所述形成层的纤维或长丝的材料的熔点。
48.如权利要求47所述的制备方法,其中所述形成矿物和/或有机粒子的材料的熔点处于所述粘合剂活化、交联或干燥的熔点。
49.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中所述有机粒子的熔点小于所述纤维或长丝的熔点。
50.如权利要求49所述的制备方法,其中所述有机粒子的熔点小于或大于形成所述粘合剂的材料的热定型温度、干燥温度、活化温度或交联温度。
51.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中粒径大于100μm的粒子具有有机性质或来源,且其中形成所述矿物和/或有机原料的一部分粒子由能够随温度膨胀的粒子组成,且其中所述形成无纺布制品层的连续纤维或长丝基于热塑性聚合物材料,所述热塑性聚合物材料选自聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚乙烯以及这些不同聚合物的共聚物及这些不同聚合物和共聚物可能的混合物。
52.如权利要求51所述的制备方法,其中所述粒径大于60μm。
53.如权利要求52所述的制备方法,其中所述粒径大于20μm。
54.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中当所述粒子的密度比所述粘合剂的密度大30%时,在通过浸渍引入粒子原料和粘合剂的情况下,其包括使用触变剂或分散剂。
55.如权利要求54所述的制备方法,其中所述粒子的密度比所述粘合剂的密度大20%。
56.如权利要求38或40所述的制备方法,其中其包括在所述无纺布制品中结合下列结构:任选地在两层或多层连续层中或在两层或多层连续层之间、具有高稳定性特性的长丝、网格和/或纺织品形式的增强结构,以及由所述粘合剂至少部分覆盖或密封的矿物粒子和/或有机粒子,所述粘合剂在这些增强结构和层的长丝或纤维之间建立刚性连接或产生桥接。
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