CN102105047A - Apparatus and related methods for weather modification by electrical processes in the atmosphere - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides an apparatus for weather modification. The apparatus comprises an emitter electrode (21), means for providing the emitter electrode (21) with an electric charge, electrically coupled to the emitter electrode (21), an insulating support for supporting the emitter electrode (21) at a predetermined height, and means for earthing the apparatus. The emitter electrode (21) comprises a Malter film. According to another aspect of the present invention an apparatus for weather modification is provided, which comprises a lighter-than-air craft suitable for carrying an emitter electrode (21), means for providing the emitter electrode (21) with an electric charge, electrically coupled to the emitter electrode (21), and means for earthing the apparatus. According to still a further aspect of the present invention, a method of increasing the amount of precipitation in a target region is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing an emitter electrode (21), analyzing the meteorological situation in and/or close to the target region, and providing the emitter electrode (21) with an electric charge in response to the meteorological analysis, thereby causing the emitter electrode (21) to ionize the vicinity of the emitter electrode.

Description

The Apparatus for () and method therefor that is used for weather control by the galvanic process in the atmosphere

Technical field

The present invention relates to by enhancing be applied to that airborne particulate (for example particle water, floating grain, molecular cluster and self have the hydrone of electric dipole moment) is gone up and airborne particulate between electric field force, thereby transform the weather conditions method and apparatus of (being called weather control herein).The application-specific of weather control needs specific method and device to carry out.For example, some embodiment relates to control, increases or reduces precipitation.Term " precipitation " is meant the spawn of phase transformation of atmospheric water steam because action of gravity is deposited on the earth surface, and this product can exist in any form, for example rain, drizzle, snow, hail or the like.The method for electrically of weather control is used for other purposes, and for example mist (its be a kind of be positioned on the face of land or near cloud) disperses; The cloud that increases on the selection area (particularly ocean) covers; And it is landlocked to increase ocean moisture inflow, and these purposes all need the ad hoc approach and the parameter of embodiment usually.

Background technology

Among the present invention, described apparatus and method are used for specific weather control to be used, and this application is the precipitation that increases or reduce the objective area.Term " objective area " is meant in the application's context to be needed to change the mesoclimate condition, just controls the area of the precipitation of this area.Unless otherwise noted, follow-up control precipitation is meant increase precipitation.It is contemplated that also described device is used for some other weather control to be used, and provides specific method thus and optimizes device parameter, thereby be used for particular weather control.

The object of the present invention is to provide novel and improved method and apparatus, use, thereby influence microphysical processes in the atmosphere by electro ultrafiltration to be used for weather control.How under non-thunderstorm condition, to influence the better understanding of weather and weather naturally according to the new development of atmospheric physics with to ambient air electricity, the charging naturally (long-range cloud charging or RCC) by improving non-thunder cloud and/or introduce the notion that weather is controlled by the local weather lability (it redistributes atmospheric water) that increases of electric process.According to this notion, multiple improvement and new embodiment are proposed.Compare with embodiment of the prior art, the embodiment performance that this paper proposes is more superior, possess measurability, flowability and be easy to operation and maintenance.

In fact, derive from vaporous water, i.e. the microphysical processes of the precipitation of water vapour formation can briefly be divided into two classes.The first kind comprises the thermodynamics phase of gas to liquid, and it is called as condensation, and gas is to solid, and it is called as hydatogenesis or distillation.When the actual amount of the vaporous water in the volume of air surpasses air to the maximum amount of water that can keep under the fixed temperature time, promptly when air during by the steam supersaturation, the liquid water droplet can form by little airborne particle (floating grain) and by suitable surface (wettable) by condensation, and this particle is called the nuclei of condensation (CN).Airborne vapour quantity can be represented by (part) vapour pressure.Therefore, when vapour pressure surpassed its saturation pressure, air was oversaturated.When water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure reduced along with temperature, humid air became hypersaturated state when enough cooling off.When temperature was below the freezing point, the ice pellets in the supersaturated air can deposit from water droplet and the floating grain growth with suitable surface of freezing by steam, and these icing water droplets are called as ice-nucleus (IN) with the floating grain with suitable surface.The atmosphere zone that is full of droplet and ice pellets shows as cloud.

Second class process is the cloud particle merging process.In a certain stage of droplet growth in cloud, droplet is combined into bigger droplet by collision, and it is called as collision-merging process or single merging, and this process is than more effective by the growth of condensation.Because gravity and air viscosity, the droplet of having grown greatlyyer descends soon than little droplet.Along with their decline, bigger droplet (being called capture person herein) can collide with less droplet.Ice pellets and liquid particles also can merge in a similar manner.In traditional definition, have only GRAVITY CONTROL the droplet motion, merging then is the simplification pattern of actual droplet merging process in the atmosphere.By means of the turbulent airflow motion, droplet can move in different directions and have friction speed.In this case, the droplet of similar size also can merge.But for traditional merging process, the existence of big droplet even exist with smallest number concentration, can significantly strengthen the merging under the turbulent environment, also claims turbulent flow condense (Riemer and Wexler, 2005).

The cloud control method of using is usually based on strengthening a certain target mechanism that cloud forms by introduce particular medium particle (sowing) in cloud at present.This method is called the cloud seeding method.Typically by carrier, for example aircraft or rocket send cloud to catalytic media.Under some particular case, airborne catalytic media also can transmit by the effect of increasing of air, and this effect of increasing is caused by wind bump hillside.This technology is called landform catalysis.

A kind of process that can strengthen by cloud seeding is Bai Jilong (Bergeron) process by steam deposition growing ice pellets.In cold cloud, promptly the temperature in the cloud is below the freezing point, even drop to approaching-42 ℃ temperature, the droplet of pure water still can keep liquid (supercool), and therefore coexists with ice pellets.The water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure of ice is lower than the water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure (Bergeron, 1935,1939) of aqueous water.Along with the cloud particle consumption that steam is constantly grown up, its dividing potential drop will reduce.When the dividing potential drop of steam dropped under the water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure of drop, air was for the droplet undersaturation that will become, and for ice pellets, it is still oversaturated.At this moment, ice pellets will be the cost continued growth with the evaporation droplet.This process is more efficient than condensation, and most of available steam will be converted into precipitation potentially.But in cold cloud, the number concentration of natural IN will descend along with temperature drop to freezing point and be similar index, and only several degrees centigrade of scopes below freezing point temperature are just slack-off to make this process.In this case, thereby the generation increase precipitation that has increased ice is by artificial ice-nucleus catalysis cloud, and for example silver iodide (AgI) crystal is realized.The surface characteristic of silver iodide and the surface characteristic of ice crystal are similar.This method is the most frequently used weather control method that adopts at present.

At the particle that is lower than the material that evaporates under a lot of temperature of atmospheric temperature is another kind of catalytic media.The solid carbon dioxide pearl is called dry ice, and the droplet of liquid nitrogen is the example of this catalytic media, and they absorb heat from surrounding air, and therefore with the surrounding air cooling, and evaporation simultaneously.In cold cloud, be in supercooled state and have higher supersaturation degree around those particles, this can cause the initial growth speed of droplet and ice pellets higher, and has increased the number concentration of IN, phenomenon increases the weight of because droplet freezes.In warm cloud, the supersaturation of the higher degree that takes place around cold particle and the condensation meeting of consequent enhancing cause forming bigger droplet.And these droplets can be by strengthening merging as more effective capture person in this process.

Another kind method is based on tiny salt particle catalysis cloud, and the water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure of its water base solute is lower than the water-vapo(u)r saturation pressure of pure water.By from this CN condensation growth or by adhering to from the size of generating of the solute droplet of droplet growth with required salt particle greater than water droplet, therefore just strengthened merging, as mentioned above.This method is called hygroscopicity catalysis.

A large amount of evidences show that the enough strong electric charge or the two combination that exist on highfield, the cloud particle are enough to influence the multiple microphysical processes that cloud forms, and comprise the direct or indirect process that causes forming precipitation.A kind of effect of electric charge is the removing (promptly by adhering to realization) that has strengthened charged floating grain by charged and neutral water dust.Though not obvious, even the clean electric field force of the short distance between the cloud particle of same-sign electric charge also is attractive usually, this is because there is electrostatic mirrors image force people such as (, 2000) Tinsley.There is long-range repulsion in this particle for identical charges, but air flow power can make particle enter in the scope of leading image force.If two cloud particles being studied are floating grain and drop, then the effect of the clean electric field force of Xi Yining can cause drop successfully to remove floating grain, otherwise this is being impossible geometrically.

If floating grain is an ice-nucleus, then it is removed by drop and will cause the latter to be frozen immediately.This ice pellets mechanism of production is called contact freezing, compares with the Bai Jilong process, and this method is found to be a kind of especially effectively mechanism (Sastry, 2005).Opposite with the Bai Jilong process, can form ice pellets immediately from drop by contact freezing, evade the growth of Bai Jilong relatively slowly of icing nucleation, it comprises that drop passes through evaporation and " regeneration ".And the ice pellets that is produced can be by steam deposition or by further with mergings such as after this cold droplet of mistake and make its icing and continued growth.

Artificial ice renucleation cold cloud can be strengthened Bai Jilong and contact refrigeration process.The latter's reinforcement is because the probability that ice-nucleus is removed increases, and this is because their number concentration increases.Can cause too many ice pellets to diminish but introduce too much ice-nucleus, make they and the competition of available steam.This problem is called excessive catalysis.On the contrary, it is favourable improving contact refrigeration by the electrical clean-up of natural ice-nucleus, and this can cause the availability of natural ice-nucleus higher, but and finally can form the less ice pellets that condenses than conference.

Another effect that attracts electric field force is to increase the arresting efficiency that droplet merges, and this is for do not form the rain particular importance by freezing process in warm cloud.If the big droplet that charged droplet will be in merging process be captured or be filled with any electric charge by bigger neutral droplet captures, then the latter may success, even this is being impossible geometrically under the situation by the attraction electric field force not.The merging that electricity is strengthened be to improve combined efficiency on the other hand, be that droplet not only bumps also the permanent probability that captures takes place in the merging process, this means that droplet can not be by being departed from by air-flow, merge and separate subsequently temporarily, and may be broken into many less droplets and avoid collision.The merging reinforcement that electric field force causes was once studied by many people, comprised experimental research (Sartor, 1954; People such as Goyer, 1960; Abbott, 1975; Dayan and Gallily, 1975; Smith, 1972; Smith, 1976; Ochs and Czys, 1987; Czys and Ochs, 1988) and theory/Modeling Research (Sartor, 1960; Lindblad and Semonin, 1963; Plumlee and Semonin, 1965; Paluch, 1970; People such as Schlamp, 1976; Tag, 1976; Tag, 1977; People such as Freire, 1979; People such as Khain, 2004).

Electric charge is similar to the hygroscopic effect of salt to the influence of little droplet.Similar with the salt solution droplet, the droplet that is charged to certain level needs lower supersaturation, thereby by condensation grow (Harrison and Ambaum, 2008).The electric field of fully charged cold excessively droplet can directly help their freezing process.Because itself has electric dipole moment hydrone, so they trend towards cooperating with electric field, this helped cold water to freeze under higher temperature.Though this direct electricity that utilizes comes icing effect also not studied in great detail, is once proved in people's such as Wei experiment (2008).

The viewpoint that develops the cloud control method based on the charging cloud particle is not emerging.It is environmental sound that this method is compared with chemical cloud seeding.Another advantage of method for electrically is that can strengthen multiple precipitation at once to the cloud particle charging forms mechanism, and realizes with the particular medium that the number concentration of particular range is sowed in the air in cloudy sky at the specific catalysis process of a certain mechanism.For example, the increase of precipitation can strengthen the hygroscopic effect of droplet and electricity by electricity and strengthen to merge and realize in warm cloud.In mixed cloud, promptly cloud has cold top and warm bottom, in territory, cloud sector, top, also helps this effect by the icing formation that strengthens ice of the electro ultrafiltration of droplet.And the ice pellets of decline can be as the effective merging capture person in the warm cloud zone, promptly so-called sowing-present effect.

In order to strengthen the particular procedure of cloud development effectively, need each electricity activation cloud particle to have a certain lowest charge.For example, strengthen to merge collision efficiency and need and have at least hundreds of elementary charge (electronics) on the droplet of 10-20 μ m radius people such as (, 2004) Khain.The electric charge of every equal number grade particles freezes people such as (, 2000) Tinsley for effective electro ultrafiltration and the moisture-absorption characteristics (Harrison and Ambaum, 2008) of the little droplet of raising is necessary.Fully charged cloud particle with the evolution of remarkable change cloud is called the particle that overcharges hereinafter.

The first method of cloud particle of overcharging is devoted to directly to charge by the generation ion of same-sign (being unipolarity) mainly.Many device designs have mentioned in the prior art, typically comprise the unipolarity ion generator, and for example direct current (DC) corona discharge hereinafter referred to as corona discharge, and is installed into other interior elements of main body.In this device, from cloud, obtain or with the water droplet form by near the emission electrode of the artificial particle that will be recharged that forms through corona discharge (EECD), and therefore adhere to and obtain electric charge by ion.Replacedly, in certain embodiments, particle obtains electric charge by the contact electrification electrode.Then, the charged particle that is obtained is introduced in (sowing) cloud.This method for example is described in people's such as Khain the patent application.But in fact, the method for carrying out the cloud particle that directly overcharges in the cloudy air of large tracts of land can face severe engineering science difficulty.

The logarithm that adheres to the average evenly electric charge on the particle of realization and the so-called one pole factor by ion is proportional, and it is ratio people such as (, 1991) Clement of the concentration of the number concentration of ion of main symbol and contrary sign ion.For cloud particle is overcharged, particularly little cloud particle, the corresponding unipolarity factor is enough height also.Because be present in the air usually, so required unipolarity can only be maintained in the charging zone limited around the emission electrode with the ion of the opposite in sign of corona ion.

Other factors of restriction charging device production capacity are highfields of required time of particle charging and the space charge that is produced, and it can reduce ion production capacity (Smith, 1972 of corona discharge; People such as Loveland, 1972).The contacted charging of particle and electrode also is a problem, because in fact, only can realize in the sub-fraction in these particles.

In case after shifting out from the zone of charging, particle can only keep the overcharge condition of short time, this is because its non-equilibrium charge decay effect, and its speed and particle charge are proportional.This has just proposed a challenging problem, promptly in finite time with this distribution of particles in the cloudy air of large tracts of land.Because carry out the landform catalysis of cloud by the particle that overcharges of of short duration existence unlikely effective, so should and sow this unsettled catalytic media in the height and position manufacturing of cloud, this uses the flight carrier of many costlinesses, for example aircraft or unmanned plane with needs.Propose in the prior art utilize the chimney conduit will overcharge particle transmit into also meet in the cloud face the engineering science difficulty and cost higher.

The technological means of passing through that proposes in the prior art realizes obviously being difficult to use in practice based on the method for directly overcharging of cloud particle, and therefore can not mention in the same breath with existing cloud seeding method.

Summary of the invention

Therefore, the application's purpose is to provide a kind of improved equipment that is used for weather control, overcomes above-mentioned shortcoming of the prior art.Another object of the present invention provides a kind of improved method, increases the precipitation of objective area, avoids shortcoming of the prior art, and more effective and cost is lower.Another object of the present invention provides a kind of method that increases objective area precipitation, and it is easy to control and it provides the success rate of increase.These purposes realize by feature described in the independent claims.Dependent claims has then been described the preferred embodiments of the present invention.

The invention provides a kind of equipment that is used to control weather.This equipment comprises emission electrode, be used to described emission electrode that electric charge is provided and be electrically coupled to described emission electrode device, be used for the device that supports the insulating support of described emission electrode and be used for this is used for the equipment ground of weather control at predetermined altitude.Emission electrode comprises Ma Erte (Malter) film.The Ma Erte film preferably includes the film of one or more non-conducting materials.The particularly preferred material that is used for the Ma Erte film is a kind of of following material or its combination: Al ₂O ₃, Zn ₂SiO ₃, SiO ₂, ZrO ₂, CaCO ₃, Ta ₂O ₅

In a preferred embodiment, emission electrode is the electric capacity with conductive surface.This electric capacity preferably is substantially sphere.The electric capacity of " spherical substantially " can be regarded as has the slightly electric capacity of microspheroidal.Described shape for example can comprise the some planes or the planar structure of arranging with polygon, and its shape is similar to sphere.For example, be arranged in some pentagons and hexagon on the football.

According to the preferred embodiment of equipment of the present invention, emission electrode comprises the emission electrode assembly of one or more corona discharges, and they are machinery and/or electric coupling each other.

The support of equipment preferably has the height between 6m and 30m, especially preferably between 8m and 15m.More preferably support comprises insulating barrier.Replacedly, support can be made by insulating materials.Support can further comprise rigid structure.For example, emission electrode can be by having the frame supported of surperficial plane polygon.

In one embodiment, emission electrode comprises the parallel segment of two or more electric coupling of crossing the framework surface and separating at interval.

Be used to emission electrode to provide the device of electric charge to can be any device that is suitable for providing large charge density and/or big voltage.A preferred embodiment of device is the charging engine of model De Graff (Van der Graaf) generator.

According to preferred embodiment, emission electrode comprises two or more Ma Erte electrodes, and the shape of preferred solid wire or hollow wire further preferably includes one or more initial corona discharge wire.The diameter of Ma Erte electrode is preferably greater than the diameter of initial corona discharge wire.Initial corona discharge wire is preferably placed near the also machinery of Ma Erte electrode and/or is electrically coupled to the Ma Erte electrode.According to an embodiment, the Ma Erte electrode is arranged with the form of the parallel segment that the surface of crossing framework also separates at interval.

In embodiment replacedly, emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte electrode of two or more paper tinsel belt shapes.Emission electrode also comprises gauze.Replacedly, emission electrode also can comprise the Ma Erte electrode network.

According to another embodiment, equipment comprises the high-frequency electromagnetic wave producer, and it is suitable for the coil of contactless heating emission electrode.

In addition preferably, equipment comprises one or more earth electrodes, and wherein earth electrode is positioned under one or more emission electrode assemblies, and is electrically coupled to the device that is used for ground connection.This equipment also comprises one or more collector electrodes.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, equipment also comprises the storage tank that comprises conducting electrolyte solution.And, floating grain generator can be provided, it preferably includes one or more devices that are used for capillary electrolysis matter solution.

In another embodiment, equipment also comprises one or more devices that are used to produce ascending air.This device for example can comprise thermal source.A simplified example that is used for this thermal source is that black substance absorbs the solar radiation thing, and it is arranged under the equipment or around it.

According to a further aspect in the invention, a kind of equipment that is used to control weather is provided, and it comprises the lighter-than-air craft that is used to carry emission electrode, be used to emission electrode that electric charge is provided and be electrically coupled to the device of emission electrode and be used for device with equipment ground.The operation of equipment according to a first aspect of the invention highly is subjected to the restriction of the height of insulating support, and unrestricted highly basically according to the operation of the equipment of second aspect present invention, because emission electrode can be sent to any operation height by lighter-than-air craft.Therefore, can be promoted to predetermined altitude according to the application-specific of equipment according to equipment of the present invention.For example, can adjust according to the height that is present in the cloud in the objective area according to the height of equipment of the present invention.Therefore, effect and the success rate according to equipment of the present invention has very big lifting than prior art.

Preferably, lighter-than-air craft is used to emission electrode that the device of electric charge is provided by the rope connection.According to preferred embodiment, lighter-than-air craft is the electric capacity that is lighter than air with surface.That is, lighter-than-air craft forms electric capacity or be made by the parts that also can be used as electric capacity basically.Preferably, a plurality of emission electrode assemblies are arranged in around the electric capacity that is lighter than air and equably and fix (a plurality of support bars that for example pass through variable-length) to its surface.Support bar has the base on hand capacity surface, and it provides and compress-the supported mechanical device.

According to another embodiment, emission electrode comprises hollow electric capacity, and it has sphere or class spherical surface, and wherein lighter-than-air craft is arranged in the electric capacity.Preferably, one or more emission electrode assemblies be arranged on around the electric capacity and with its electric coupling.More preferably, the emission electrode assembly is the gauze around the lighter-than-air craft surface.In a preferred embodiment, the emission electrode assembly is supported by the sphere that is arranged between lighter-than-air craft and the net, and wherein sphere is arranged on around the lighter-than-air craft equably.

Those skilled in the art can understand, and also can use with respect to the preferred structure according to the device description of first aspect, so that improve equipment according to second aspect (lighter-than-air craft).

According to a further aspect in the invention, provide a kind of method that increases precipitation in the objective area.This method comprises the steps: to provide in emission electrode, the evaluating objects area and/or near the meteorology situation it, and for emission electrode provides electric charge, makes that emission electrode can ionization emission electrode ambient air according to the meteorology analysis thus.

According to preferred embodiment, method also comprises the steps: emission electrode is promoted to predetermined altitude.According to first kind of substitute mode, predetermined altitude is between 6m and 30m, preferably between 8m and 15m.According to a second aspect of the invention, predetermined altitude is preferably greater than 500m greater than 100m.

Usually preferably, determine predetermined altitude according near the meteorology situation in the objective area and/or it.Particularly preferably be, determine predetermined altitude according near the height above sea level of the cloud in the objective area and/or it.According to the preferred embodiment of this method, predetermined altitude be at least in the objective area and/or near the height above sea level of the cloud it 50%, preferred 65%.

According to first aspect, preferably, provide the step of emission electrode to comprise emission electrode is installed on the insulating support.According to second aspect, provide the step of emission electrode to preferably include following steps: to promote emission electrode by lighter-than-air craft.

Further preferably, emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte film.The Ma Erte film comprises the film of one or more electrically non-conductive materials, a kind of or its combination: the Al in the preferred following material ₂O ₃, Zn ₂SiO ₃, SiO ₂, ZrO ₂, CaCO ₃, Ta ₂O ₅

According to another preferred embodiment, method of the present invention comprises the steps: to utilize the soil under water or the wetting emission electrode of water-base conductive electrolyte solution.

Preferably, one or more collector electrodes comprise sheet metal or gauze, and above-mentioned both are arranged on the big ground surface under the emission electrode, and are electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.Usually, method of the present invention comprises the step that one or more earth electrodes are provided.And thermal source can be arranged under the emission electrode.Thermal source can realize that it is distributed under the emission electrode by matrix absorption solar radiation thing.

According to specific embodiment, the storage tank that holds conducting electrolyte solution can be provided, wherein this storage tank is arranged on the big ground surface under the emission electrode, and is electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.And the conductive carbon granulosa can be provided on the big ground surface, and wherein this layer is positioned under the emission electrode and is electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.

According to the preferred embodiment of the inventive method, some emission electrodes are provided and are arranged in the emission electrode assembly.Preferably, provide some emission electrode assemblies.Some emission electrode assemblies are preferably by for example frame supported of flat shape.Preferably, the emission electrode assembly is electrically coupled to one another and mechanical couplings and machinery are coupled to frame facet each other by flexible joint.Framework preferably be set to big ground surface at angle.Described angle preferably between about 20 and about 70 the degree between.

In a preferred embodiment, emission electrode comprises the parallel segment of two or more electric coupling, and described parallel segment crosses the framework surface and separates at interval.In a preferred embodiment, framework is leg-of-mutton, and the line segment end is fixed on the appropriate location by a plurality of flexible supports, and described a plurality of flexible supports are fixed to each side of framework in pairs, and wherein flexible support compresses for line segment provides-the supported mechanical device.Preferably, framework is leg-of-mutton, and line twines framework with the sub-thread form by the recess on the both sides that are arranged on framework, and wherein recess is provided on each side of framework in pairs.

The emission electrode assembly is the isosceles triangle shape preferably, and is arranged as one or more pyramids.The base portion of pyramid does not preferably comprise emission electrode, and is parallel to big ground surface setting.Preferably, different directions is pointed on the summit of adjacent ribs cone.

Those skilled in the art can understand, and can use the equipment according to first and second aspects of the present invention, so that implement described method.According to the particularly preferred embodiment of the inventive method, two or more equipment can be arranged in rows, particularly be arranged in identical with the direction of main air.Therefore, the effect that realizes by the method according to this invention can improve, even can double.In addition replacedly, the two or more parallel row of the said equipment is arranged as grid.Grid and the particularly distance between the neighbouring device are preferably determined by near the meteorology situation in the objective area and/or it.

According to a further aspect in the invention, can utilize said method to obtain the opposite effect.Therefore, provide a kind of method that is used for reducing the precipitation of first objective area.This method comprises the steps: to select second objective area, increasing its precipitation, and increases precipitation in described second objective area by said method.Therefore, can cause decrease in precipitation in described first objective area.Those skilled in the art can understand, and also can be used for reducing the method for precipitation at above-described all preferred features with respect to the method that increases precipitation.

Be further appreciated that all features that are described with respect to equipment also are used to improve said method, vice versa.

Said method and equipment can be used for some inventive application.According to first aspect, the present invention relates to utilize the said equipment and/or method to be used for dispersing the mist of objective area.Those skilled in the art can understand, and the precipitation that utilizes the said equipment and/or method to increase the objective area will disperse all mists in the described objective area basically.

According to second aspect, the present invention relates to utilize the said equipment and/or method to be used to increase the cloud coverage rate of objective area.Therefore, can reduce surface temperature in the objective area.

According to the third aspect, the present invention relates to utilize the said equipment and/or method to be used for reducing the formation probability and the intensity of hurricane in the starting stage of hurricane development.

According to fourth aspect, the present invention relates to utilize the said equipment and/or method to be used to strengthen the steam recycle that the ocean water steam flow is gone into inland and area, land.

According to the 5th aspect, the present invention relates to utilize the said equipment and/or method in the objective area, to reforest.

Description of drawings

Explain other aspects of the present invention, purpose and advantage referring now to accompanying drawing.

Following preferred embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. 1 illustrates the sketch map according to the preferred embodiment of equipment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 illustrates the sketch map according to another preferred embodiment of equipment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 illustrates the another preferred embodiment of equipment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 illustrates the another preferred embodiment according to equipment of the present invention;

Fig. 5 illustrates the some emission electrodes on the pyramid framework of being arranged at according to preferred embodiment;

Fig. 6 a to 6d illustrates the detailed setting shown in Fig. 5;

Fig. 7 a and 7b illustrate the triangle embodiment according to basic emission electrode assembly of the present invention;

Fig. 8 illustrates the alternative embodiment of leg-of-mutton basic emission electrode assembly;

Fig. 9 illustrates another embodiment of leg-of-mutton basic emission electrode assembly;

Figure 10 illustrates the preferred embodiment according to equipment of the present invention;

Figure 11 illustrates the example according to the electric capacity of almost spherical of the present invention;

Figure 12 illustrates the example that is used for lighter-than-air craft of the present invention;

Figure 13 illustrates according to Ma Erte electrode of the present invention;

Figure 14 and 15 illustrates according to Ma Erte net of the present invention;

Figure 16 illustrates according to Ma Erte paper tinsel band of the present invention;

Figure 17 illustrates the track of hydrone in hydrone and the ion collision process.

Embodiment

In the conventional method and embodiment thereof of this paper explanation, realize the artificial clouds charging wherein not requiring the technology that employing is overcharged droplet sowing cloud by electric instability indirectly and at remote place by ground installation.The basis of this method is controllably to strengthen the natural process of cloud being charged by the engineering means, rather than attempts to utilize the engineering means that it is replaced.Some is specific, non-limiting example is mainly used in the precipitation that increases the objective area.In each embodiment,, then bring out the precipitation of described objective area, thereby implement to increase precipitation in the area, land by (there is the meteorology relation in this target area and area, target land) on the cloud particle of additional charge being introduced target area in the atmosphere.

At natural world, all clouds all are charged to certain level, and promptly they all comprise charged particle.In thunder cloud, the multiple mechanism of strong charge inside is all relevant with the formation of precipitation, and is particularly relevant with the formation of ice, therefore produces positive feedback (MacGorman and Rust, 1988) between cloud charging and precipitation.Tellurian thunderstorm activity it is believed that it is main separation of charge device (Wilson, 1929) in the earth circuit model, and wherein the electromotive force between electronegative the earth and positively charged ionosphere is maintained at about 250-300kV.The air ion of opposite polarity to (the two poles of the earth ionization) by natural high energy particle, cosmic rays and constantly being created in the atmosphere most importantly.In fine zone, these ions are by so-called fair weather electric field, and ionosphere drives the gradient of ground potential, therefore forms leakage current, and it is called as fine day or environment electric current, and it flows through big gas column, and has about 1-4pAm ^-2Density.

Do not exist the relative more weak non-thunderstorm stratus of charge inside or charge inside to produce most in total precipitation on the earth.This cloud is responsive to the external charging by fine electric current, because under identical height above sea level situation, the conductivity of cloudy air is usually less than the manyfold of the conductivity of sunny air, this is mainly due to ion, the carrier of fine electric current, be attached to the reason (Zhou and Tinsley, 2007) of cloud particle.When approximate downward fine electric current flow through have high conductivity gradient sunny-during the black clouds air interface, electric charge accumulates on the particle on cloud border-top is that positive charge and bottom are negative electrical charge.

The separation of charge of outside cloud charging takes place in the following manner.When ion pair is produced by high energy particle, the microcosmic initial charge takes place separate.Subsequently, because the electric field force in the fair weather electric field, the ion of opposite polarity is pulled to rightabout, promptly positive electricity downwards and negative electricity upwards.At last, some in these ions is attached on the cloud particle, to the cloud particle charging, promptly fills positive electricity and fills negative electricity in the bottom at the top on cloud border thus.Any separation of charge all needs the energy input.Provide the primary power input by high energy particle, thereby produce ion pair.Providing by the ground ball circuit can be with the energy input of the separate particles of contrary sign macroscopic view distance, and in this process, the ground ball circuit is as generator of electric energy.

Mean charge of realizing on cloud particle by external charging and fine current density are proportional, and approach usually to overcharge threshold value (Zhou and Tinsley, 2007; Harrison and Ambaum, 2008), this shows that the part of overcharging of cloud particle can influence the development of cloud.On the other hand, observed data provides a large amount of evidences, and its proof Changes in weather and fine electric current are closely related.The circulation of solar activity and irregular variation can be adjusted atmospheric ionization, and therefore adjust the fine electric current in the lower atmosphere layer.Changes in weather according to the observation is for the susceptibility of solar activity, and nearest research shows that forcefully the input of cosmic rays is (Tinsley, 2000 of can not ignore; People such as Carslaw, 2002; Tinsley and Yu, 2002; People such as Palle, 2004; Harrison and Ambaum, 2008).The evidence of the statistics relation between precipitation and the cosmic-ray jet is proposed by Kniveton and Todd (2001) first, and is proposed by people such as Zhao (2004) subsequently.Near the variation of the different regions the comparative analysis that concerns between big rainfall and the cosmic rays, its middle everywhere ocean current territory is proposed by Mavrakis and Lykoudis (2006).

In principle, weather control can realize that the external charging of non-thunder cloud is to fine electric current sensitivity by the density of the fine electric current of control.Be difficult to technically realize that so if possible, then increasing fair weather electric field at the height above sea level place of cloud is a kind of selection owing in big capacity atmosphere, produce the ionization of artificial the two poles of the earth.This can be by being positioned at realizing partly as the accumulation of the electric charge on the object of charging capacitor under the cloud.Negative electrical charge is preferred, the direction of an electric field of this electric capacity identical with the direction of fair weather electric field (downwards).Electric capacity is high more from the earth height above sea level, and the electric-field intensity that sea of clouds pulls out the place is big more.This also is because by the electric field of the image charge of the contrary sign of geoinduction, this electric field is conductible in the case, along with the rising of electric capacity reduces at the sea of clouds place of pulling out.

If the electric capacity of above-mentioned structure is to have the sphere that radius is the conductive surface of R, this is the charging capacitor of common shape, is the height of h and keeps potential to ground U and be raised to apart from the earth, and the electric field E that is in sea of clouds degree of lifting H is so defined by following expression formula:

$E\left(H\right)=4\mathrm{RU}\frac{\mathrm{Hh}}{{(H^2-h^2)}^2}---\left(1\right)$

Expression formula (1) has been considered the above-mentioned effect of image charge, utilizes it can estimate actual needs for parameters R, U and h.In order to be implemented in the E=120V/m at H=600m place, cloud base, for being positioned at h=300m, have the spherical capacitor of R=3m, its voltage should be set to about U=3.5MeV.This is the electric field appropriateness enhancing to the cloud of this height above sea level, and will cause the several times of cloud charging current to increase.

As unrestricted example, the above-mentioned parameter value that realizes a certain order of magnitude can realize by model De Graff generator (VDGG) technically, its charging engine is a ground connection, and its spherical electric capacity and charging engine electric coupling, and spherical electric capacity is promoted to desired height apart from the face of land by lighter-than-air craft.

Actual processing method is with the lighter-than-air craft of the sphere electric capacity as VDGG, and with its surface conductance, for example can be by covering metal forming in its surface or conductive coating is realized.In the embodiment shown in fig. 1, this electric capacity 11 that is lighter than air can be anchored to the face of land 12 by pull rope 13, and the height that the length of pull rope 13 and electric capacity raise can be by reel 14 controls.Lead 15 is arranged at around the rope by supporter 16, for example supporter 16 is the rings that are attached to rope, lead 15 is wound on the reel and electric coupling electric capacity with rope, and electric capacity being electrically coupled to (bear) electrode 18 of VDGG charging engine 19 by other lead 17, the base portion 110 (just) of the engine 19 that charges is electrically coupled to earth point 111.This support comprises that lighter-than-air craft and anchor to the pull rope on the face of land, hereinafter are called the rope support with this support.

Because the electric field of system can be along with from the distance of electric capacity and fade away, and only considers the vertical component of electric field, can in finite time, be recharged so pass the latter's cloud.The cloud required time that charges fully can be estimated in the following way.Suppose that cloud is to be recharged, promptly finally set up Electric Field Distribution, then the law of conservation of space charge density ρ and fine current density vector J reduce in the following manner:

$\frac{\∂\mathrm{\ρ}}{\∂t}\÷\▿\·J=\▿\·J=0---\left(2\right)$

Further the hypothesis Ohm's law is effectively, so J is related as follows by air conductivity σ with electric field strength E:

$E=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\σ}}J---\left(3\right)$

The Poisson's equation of related E and ρ is:

$\▿\·E=\frac{\mathrm{\ρ}}{\mathrm{\ϵ}}---\left(4\right)$

In this equation, ε is the dielectric constant of air, and it approximates ε～ε in a vacuum ₀=8.85 * 10 ^-12Fm ^-1By with in expression formula (3) the substitution expression formula (4), and rethink expression formula (2), thereby obtain following expression formula:

$\mathrm{\ρ}=-\mathrm{\ϵJ}\·\▿\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{\σ}}\right)---\left(5\right)$

Resistivity gradient 1/ σ in the assumption (5) is chosen as along this gradient perpendicular to border between sunny and the black clouds air and reference axis x, then can obtain the following expression formula of the absolute value of expression of space charge density from formula (5):

$\left|\mathrm{\ρ}\right|=\mathrm{\ϵ}{J}_n\left|\frac{d}{\mathrm{dx}}\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{\σ}}\right)\right|\≈\mathrm{\ϵ}{J}_n\left|\frac{\mathrm{\Δ}(1/\mathrm{\σ})}{\mathrm{\Δx}}\right|=\frac{\mathrm{\ϵ}{J}_n}{\mathrm{\Δx}}(\frac{1}{{\mathrm{\σ}}_{\mathrm{cld}}}-\frac{1}{{\mathrm{\σ}}_{\mathrm{air}}})=\frac{\mathrm{\ϵ}{J}_n}{{\mathrm{\σ}}_{\mathrm{air}}}\frac{\mathrm{\γ}-1}{\mathrm{\Δx}}---\left(5\right)$

Here, J _nBe the vertical component (with respect to boundary face) of electric current of atmosphere density, Δ x be sunny and the black clouds air between interface width, σ _CldBe the electrical conductivity of black clouds air, and σ _Air=γ σ _CldElectrical conductivity (γ＞1) for sunny air.As a rule, can be similar to and think that the border is flat and is parallel to the face of land, so J _nIt is the vertical component of electric current of atmosphere density.The estimation of the time τ that the electric charge accumulation is required can obtain to be the borderline surface charge of cloud | ρ | and Δ x and current density, J _nRatio.As the formula (5), τ=ε (γ-1)/σ _AirFor representative value σ _Air～10 ^-13Ω ^-1m ^-1, and γ～10, this moment τ～900s or 15 minutes.According to their horizontal velocity, cloud can be through thousands of meters distance in this time period; Therefore, the electric capacity of a plurality of risings should provide along the cloud travel direction, and the distance between them should guarantee suitably continuous electric field, and therefore be the cloud reinforcement electric current of atmosphere of process.The twice that distance between the electric capacity in the line is no more than distance between cloud base and the electric capacity is a standard.

In fact, comprise the electric capacity (element) of rising two-dimensional grid (bunch) the unit need realize enough width of cloud charging area.Each electric capacity can be fixed on fixing position or removable, for example on the truck or on the ship.According to atmospheric conditions and the influence degree that can reach, can in 20-30 minute to 1-2 hour cycle, observe effect in coverage.Therefore, in order to realize speed and the cloud direction of motion of variation and the influence in the specific objective area under other atmospheric conditions, need the network of a plurality of unit of selectivity operation usually to changing.

Another kind method is based on the air space electric charge that produces under the cloud base in the atmosphere zone, and it can be realized by the ground based device that is positioned at the height place that is lower than under the airborne electric capacity of being discussed.Space charge in the volume of air is defined as the electric charge summation (comprise ion and charged floating grain, and consider their symbol) of all particles that comprise in this volume.The space charge plume that is produced then is raised by natural and/or artificial ascending air, resembles to use aerial charging capacitor.Opposite with ion, very long by the life-span of floating space charge that accumulates, usually up to about 20-40 minute, this makes the space charge plume be raised according to ascending air, to arrive the height above sea level up to several kms.

In operating process, be preferably negative space charge and should continue to produce by the natural or artificial floating grain of charging, and have enough speed and be positioned at height enough on the face of land in a certain area, this has determined initial plume height.Opposite with institute's discussion situation of charged solid electric capacity, cloud not necessarily will be recharged directly over device, also can be recharged above the space charge plume that is produced, and the space charge plume drifts about in atmosphere.

In order to assess the zone that effect (if can realize) is taken place, depend on the area and the degree of the dynamic (dynamical) cloud charging of space charge plume, can predict according to the character of series of meteorological data and particular space charge generators.Many floating grain plume kinetic model based on Gauss's dispersion model is developed between decades in the past, to be used for different atmospheric conditions, these models are applicable to the plume of the floating grain of charging particle, because the main air movement that depends on of motion of the plume that low electromobility causes.The baseset that is used for the input parameter of plume model comprises the charging rate of generator (being the electric charge that time per unit is obtained by floating grain), initial plume height, wind speed and the vertical of direction and distribution of space charge and level standard deviation, and it depends on atmospheric stability rank (being the atmospheric turbulance interference volume).Some model of developing for a certain atmospheric conditions needs other meteorology parameters.

The method of prediction cloudier charging is as described below.If atmospheric conditions are good, comprise promptly having suitable cloud that then sustainable collection comprises cloud base, cloud amount and the information relevant with the plume modeling parameters, and can obtain parameter value.These data should be collected under the situation that the possible plume of large tracts of land spreads, and collect under the situation of tens of kms usually.

Because the charging rate of space charge generator depends on atmospheric conditions (will discuss hereinafter), so the also measured and/or modeling of its speed based on the meteorology data.Next, Select and Apply the model that is suitable for main atmospheric conditions most.After obtaining the modelling Density Distribution of space charge, by obtaining near the cloud base of the Two dimensional Distribution of vertical component of plume electric field and known elevation height the relevant electric current of atmosphere (AEC) from distribution of space charge to the numerical integration of plume volume.Then the method (2007) that for example proposes according to Zhou and Tinsley can obtain all other distributions cloudlike electric field in borderline inductive spacing charge density, the cloud and the distribution of charges on the cloud particle (supposing for example by their spectrum of radiometer measurement).

In weather control,, particularly can predict that precipitation begins the model with precipitation, still can not obtain in the prior art with acceptable accuracy for the result's of the influence that is applied (ringing for film in this case) forecasting model.And also unlikely obtaining this model in the near future, this is because process is various and have high variations, and relates to quantity of parameters, and the current limitation that is used to have the computing capability that high-precision multichannel handles.

When combining enforcement with following method, the preceding method that is used for cloud charging modeling can further expand some qualitative assessment that realization will be initiated precipitation.Current generation, only statistic law can provide some confidence level, will be had bigger probability to tell on by the parameterized influence that applies to a certain extent with prediction, and this effect is also by suitable parameterization.The relation between parameter and the effect parameter of influencing under the similar atmospheric conditions can utilize the professional system of artificial intelligence and based on the historical data of the weather control of particular locality by statistic quantification, the professional system of artificial intelligence for example is the instrument of industry standard software or customized development.In the method, the similarity of atmospheric conditions also should be by parametrization, and the similarity degree of each parameter, and maximum receivable difference also should be defined between the promptly various situation values.The parameter set that is used for the similarity of atmospheric conditions includes but not limited to aerological chart parameter, and the cloud parameter, for example the spatial distribution of the type of cloud, cloud base height above sea level, temperature, ice pellets and droplet spectrum, supersaturation or the like.

Situation for the solid electric capacity that promotes is provided with the space charge generator, and produces in suitable general objective area under the atmospheric conditions that change or enhancing precipitation, and this may need family's network of this generator.In order effectively to realize weather control purpose, should optimize the design of space charge generator, thereby realize the performance of maximum.Preferably, particularly considering under layout and the ambulant situation, but embodiment should be practical operation.Advantageously, can also be convenient to the initial vertical transport of space charge.Because this method need not charged floating grain is transported in the cloud, thus realize high spatial electric charge manufacturing speed, and the floating grain particle that needn't overcharge is important.

Utilize corona discharge ion (one pole) at first to propose out of doors in the environment by Vonnegut (1962) for the notion of the space charge generator with low cost of the floating grain charging of clean atmosphere.In order to test the equipment summarized in its patent and relevant Vonnegut and Moore (1958) have developed a kind of simple EECD by natural space charge being transmitted the hypothesis of the transmission charging in the cloud into, it comprises, and 7km is long, the straight lead of the about 0.25mm of diameter.In the present embodiment, lead is supported on 80 high metal antenna bars of ground 10m along its length direction, and is connected to the negative electrode in the commercial DC source of working under 25kV voltage.The positive electrode ground connection in DC source, and the earth is as the collector electrode of corona discharge.

Utilize thin wire more practical as the cuspidated needle electrode of emission electrode Billy apparatus, because the latter can be because electrochemical corrosion and rust, the corrosion of lead simultaneously is slower and almost evenly take place along its length direction.Thin wire has also minimized the release of hazardous gas, ozone and the nitrogen oxide that under the too high situation of the lip-deep electric-field intensity of emission electrode, discharges for example, and practical tip-shape thing is that the too high phenomenon of above-mentioned electric-field intensity can take place.On the contrary, by applying under the situation of moderate strength electric field on the high surface area of lead, utilize corona discharge can under the situation that does not have the pernicious gas discharge, realize macroion output.

But the basic engineering of Vonnegut and Moore to layout, the expansion scale of thin rapid wear lead, arrange again and safeguard it is unpractical.And support (mast) can cause that electric current reveals when flowing through them.Under hyperbaric environment, having conductivity can not all may cause Leakage Current for any supporting construction of zero.Can increase its electrical conductivity and supporting construction placed under the wet condition.Because Leakage Current, have that the earth of finite conductivity no longer is considered to conduct electricity, particularly under the very big situation of the earth electrode (earth point) in DC source and the distance between the support, this can cause the performance degradation of emission electrode by the voltage that the latter reduces, and causes the overload in DC source possibly.

As shown in Figure 2, significantly being improved to of basic design is pressed into lead or electric coupling line segment in the emission electrode assembly (EEA) 21, it preferably is promoted to apart from the face of land one distance by single support 22, and for example be electrically coupled to negative electrode 24, its positive electrode and earth point 26 electric coupling in DC source 25 by suitable lead 23.This design is suggested (2001) in people's such as Rostopchin russian patent.

By definition, EEA comprises one or more electric coupling emission electrodes and the structure that supports them, hereinafter referred to as the emission electrode framework or abbreviate electrode framework as.According to people's such as Rostopchin design, the frame shape of EEA becomes the isosceles conical in shape, and lead twines tapered side with the sub-thread form.Single EEA is by supporter and carriage rack-mount (not shown among Fig. 2).High voltage insulator (not shown among Fig. 2) is between support and carriage.

The ratio that ion produces speed (being called gas current) and leakage current is the important performance feature of corona discharge embodiment.Should attempt to obtain the ratio of the highest possible gas current/Leakage Current, this ratio depends on support quality and other factors.The support quality is determined by the ability that support insulation characterisitic and carrying thereof have the EEA of the highest possible gas current output, and therefore EEA has great machinery load, promptly main weight and the momentum that derives from electrode framework.

Therefore, it is not use insulator that first of people's such as Rostopchin design is improved, and makes up the seamless support that is made of suitable insulating materials.This method can reduce weight and improve the mechanical strength and the resistivity of support.At support is to have under the situation of rigidity vertical structure of two ends, its first end is fixed to the earth and second end is fixed to EEA, hereinafter referred to as ground support, the unrestricted example of suitable holder is a collapsible mast, it is made by the hollow glass fibre section, and is fixed to the lanyard of the earth by three or more.The easy segmentation transportation of this mast, and the maintenance of load is easier to, so be widely used in supporting antenna.

Another that proposes improves among the embodiment in this article, can use the rope support that is used for by the EEA of lighter-than-air craft lifting, it is particularly advantageously under situation as described below, for example need to change easily hoisting depth, for example be used for maintenance purpose or desired height and be difficult to situation by ground support.

The unrestricted example that the notion of rope support is described is the embodiment shown in Fig. 3.Lighter-than-air craft 31 is by rope or pivot contact 32 mechanical couplings first end to cradling piece 33, cradling piece 33 carrying EEA 34 (promptly being fixed to its framework).The upper end of support cable 35 is fixed to cradling piece, and its length is by reel 36 controls.Be set to around the rope by supporter 38 (for example being attached to the ring of rope) and (and be wrapped in lead 37 on the reel with rope, be electrically coupled to first (bearing) electrode 310 in DC source 311 by another lead 39, DC source 311 for example is the charging engine of VDGG, and its second (just) electrode 312 is electrically coupled to earth point 313.

No matter cantilever type is how, recommend support section, for example mast and rope are all covered by the grease class waterproofing agent that one deck insulate, thereby prevent that the continuous conduction moisture film is accumulated on those parts under wet condition.

Even Leakage Current is minimized, but the macroion electric current that is obtained also can produce the problems referred to above of the loss of voltage on the emission electrode, and this is because the finite conductivity of the earth causes.Further improvement to embodiment (referring to Fig. 2) is to adopt one or more earth points 27 around corona discharge, and it utilizes for example suitable lead 28 and the earth point in electric coupling DC source.The quantity of required earth point depends on that the ion of the great majority generation below dispersion current, the earth type and the EEA is towards its earth zone of moving.For negative corona discharge, this zone is called anode region hereinafter.In order in volumes of air, floating grain to be charged preferably bigger anode region.As a standard, the radius of anode region should equal the height above sea level of EEA at least.The earth type and dispersion current have defined the density of the earth point in the anode region that needs the enough electrical conductivity of the maintenance latter.For example, if the earth is a damp soil, and dispersion current is about 100-200 μ A, and single earth point is arranged under the EEA with the 70kV voltage power supply, and then the radius of anode region will be up to 5-8m.If soil is dry, then need to cover anode region and the earth point grid that is electrically coupled to one another and the earth point in electric coupling DC source.In this case, the distance between the adjacent place should be 1-2m in the grid.Earth point is generally the earth brace by for example metal conductive material, and its should be enough dark and preferred contact gear ratio surface is the damp soil layer more, if present.For average soil, the minimum-depth of the earth brace of recommendation is about 0.5m.For dry soil, minimum-depth should be bigger.

Replacedly or additionally, more earth point can be set, the electrical conductivity of the soil in the anode region can increase by wetting (watering) in the operating period of space charge generator.Preferably, utilize environmentally sound electrolyte to come wetting soil, for example have the aqueous solution of common mineral matter, it can suppress the vegetation growth under the ion generator, and promptly salt solution discharges so that minimize the positive corona on vegetation top.

Additionally or replacedly, particularly under wetting action inefficiency or irrealizable situation, if for example the surface being installed is building or rock landforms top, then can use the collector electrode of the other types of corona discharge, rather than earthing type replaces or the expanded anode zone in soil.Therefore, (referring to Fig. 2) in certain embodiments, the collector electrode 29 of high conduction, for example one or more sheet metals or gauze can be provided with on the ground and for example directly be electrically coupled to by suitable lead the earth electrode in DC source.

In other embodiments, as shown in Figure 4, storage tank 41 is full of conducting electrolyte solution, salt solution for example, storage tank 41 can be electrically coupled near earth point 42, and is electrically coupled to the earth point 43 in DC source 44 by lead 45, and can be arranged under the EEA 46, EEA 46 promotes by face of land support 47, and as the collector electrode of corona discharge.In this case, except increasing soil conductivity, for example come capillary electrolysis matter solution to discharge and from the residue of evaporation electrolyte drop, produce artificial floating grain 48 by bubbling by air flow.

Being used to of being discussed improves the face of land and also is applicable to the embodiment with rope support as the efficient of collector electrode and/or the technology of introducing other collector electrodes.For example, as mentioned above, can improve the performance of the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 by using the extra earth point 314 and the collector electrode (not shown) of the extra corona discharge of the earth point 313 that is coupled to DC source 311.

According to people's such as Rostopchin design, the pyramid surface is crossed by line segment, and with the face of land at angle.Two advantages of this embodiment of EEA are: removed space charge that is produced and the new big air supporting grain that is provided for charging by beam wind, and minimize the number of times that the same air particle that comprises space charge passes from lead, particle repeatedly passes the ion that lead can reduce them and produces performance.Under the general atmosphere condition, the optimum value of this angle is positioned at the scope of about 20-70 degree.

In people's such as Rostopchin EEA embodiment, can utilize thinner lead, increase wiring density, utilize bigger framework or the combination by said method to realize higher gas current.But there is some restriction in the improvement of framework, and this is that limited mechanical property by framework causes.

Spacing distance between the line segment has determined wiring density.This density can not ad infinitum increase.For specific line segment, from the generation of the electric field influence ion of other line segments.For given magnitude of voltage and conductor thickness, there is some restriction for spacing distance, surpass this restriction, on framework, increase the remarkable increase that new conducting line segment can not cause the ion generation rate.For the voltage and the lead with 0.1-0.2mm diameter of 50-70kV, this spacing distance is about 1.5-3cm.Under given voltage, the maximum effective density that increases wiring needs thinner lead.

Lead is thin more responsive more to the corrosion deterioration, and then it just needs higher corrosion resistance more.The unrestricted example that is suitable for the lead that the commerce of this purpose can get is that diameter is Monel copper-nickel alloy, the highly corrosion resistant Ni+Co+Cu base alloy of 0.1-0.2mm.

The thin more framework of lead should firmly more support this lead with (promptly more stable dimensionally).If use thinner lead and/or increase frame size, then should use thicker and more heavy sheet material or bar, this will hinder the purpose that the ion under the given weight that realizes the longest possible length of arrangement wire and EEA is exported.

A kind of settling mode to described problem is to utilize a plurality of less EEA to replace a big EEA, uses the cone-shaped framework in this case.The unrestricted example of this embodiment 50 shown in Fig. 5 wherein uses 6 triangular taper EEA.By unrestricted example, adjacent EEA 51 and 52 summit 51a and 52a are respectively up and down.This design can and reduce the number of times that the same air particle that comprises space charge passes EEA 51 and 52 by horizontal wind optimization ventilation.For extra stability, connect by bar 53 towards the summit of last pyramid, it can not carry heavy load, so weight is lighter.And these bars are connected to plate 55 by bar or support cable 54, and plate 55 is attached to the top of mast 56.In a similar manner, towards under the summit of pyramid connect by bar 57, and it is connected to carriage 59 by bar or support cable 58, and carriage 59 is attached to mast.

The unrestricted example of the actual embodiment of this design shown in Fig. 6 a, wherein up the base portion of pyramid 61a and down the base portion of pyramid 62a be arranged among Different Plane 63a and the 64a.Be arranged in the pyramid base edge of Different Plane and the support 61b mechanical couplings shown in Fig. 6 b, preferably have certain flexibility ratio.Shown in Fig. 6 c, in each plane, the edge of corresponding pyramid 61c is fixed to gripper shoe 62c by screw bolt and nut 63c.Shown in Fig. 6 d, the gripper shoe 62d on each plane is fixed on a certain position along mast 66d by top and bottom bracket 64d and 65d respectively, and the edge of pyramid base portion 61d is fixed to gripper shoe 62d by screw bolt and nut 63d.

But the pyramid shape is not unique optimal selection mode of EEA.Can realize multiple EEA in the modular design, its middle frame is a planar shaped, its surface crossed by at least two parallel parts and preferred and the face of land at angle, and their also electric coupling of machinery each other.This EEA module comprises the support line segment of plane framework and EECD, and is parallel to each other with a spacing distance between the described line segment, hereinafter is called basic EEA (EEEA).

Usually, the shape of EEEA framework can be polygonal, but mechanically stable shape is a triangle.Because they have flat shape, thus large batch of pre-assembling EEEA can easily be transported, and EEA can disassemble from EEEA in the infield and assemble.

As unrestricted example, pyramid bodily form EEA can be from having three or more EEEA assembling of same size and isosceles triangle shape.EEA compares with pyramid, and wherein the line segment of pyramid EEA forms continuous conductors, and promptly around whole framework, the lead in the present embodiment is more durable, even because line has broken, for example by due to the birds, also only influences the sub-fraction of whole wiring with the sub-thread form for lead.

The EEEA frame facet can be bar or sheet material, and is for example made by conduction or non-conducting material.If the use metal framework is for example made by hollow tube, then care should be used to avoids lead directly to contact the framework that different metal is made out of doors.Otherwise wire portion branch promptly damages at contact point under the electrochemical corrosion environment, and therefore broken.

According to unrestricted example, EEEA 70a triangle embodiment shown in Fig. 7 a, a plurality of conducting line segment support 71a (for example hook-shaped) are fixed on the both sides 72a of framework and each side among the 73a (along its length direction) in couples, and each side is the end of support wire section 74a (insertion) all.Conducting line segment can form continuous conductors or twine support with the multiply form.The end of these line thighs (being sub-thread in this example) is fixed on a 75a and 76a place, makes this EEEA be electrically coupled to other EEEA by this set, and this electric coupling meeting reduces the lead breakage of this EEEA.Use non-metal frame or by the metal support identical with lead, it has the flexibility to a certain degree, and this is preferably, because can reduce the stress (if frame facet slight curvature under the external force effect that changes) on the lead like this.The vertical column of support also can be configured to the form of spring.Support 71b (insertion) on the inside side of framework shown in Fig. 7 b based on spring.

In a preferred embodiment, method provided herein is that the lead support frame structure is separated with the weight support frame structure, but makes their flexible couplings.In this structure, the hardness with a plurality of less EEEA of lightweight frame is enough to support the more intensive wiring with thinner lead, and a plurality of less EEEA utilizes flexible contact coupled to each other and be coupled to weight and support (outside) plane framework.If the wiring of an EEEA damages, then this EEEA can be changed fast, and need not at the scene it to be connected up again.As a unrestricted example, flexible contact can be spring or the zigzag part that is used as the suitable lead of spring.Concerning basic framework, bigger EEA structure can be by the external frame assembling of supporting EEEA.

Fig. 8 illustrates unrestricted example, and how its explanation triangle EEEA 80 holds the bigger total length of thinner lead 81, and promptly framework 82 is positioned at the outside of a plurality of less EEEA 83 that connected by flexible contact 84.

According to unrestricted example, the another kind of triangle embodiment of EEEA 90 is supported by external frame, as shown in Figure 9.Framework 91 is made by the flat sheets of insulating materials, insulating materials for example is a coating timber, framework 91 is along having groove 92 on each side of the both sides of its length, by groove 92 lead 93 is twined as shown in the figure around framework, thereby forming parallel fragment (dotting the lead on the framework dorsal part) between the groove on the opposite side of framework.The end of line thigh is fixed on a little 94 and 95 places, makes this EEEA be electrically coupled to other EEEA by it, and can be by random electric coupling.

Replacedly or additionally, utilize the external frame of the less EEEA of support with flexible contact, traverse net can replace the parallel conductive line segment as emission electrode.By using this gauze among the EEEA, it is self-supporting to a certain extent, and bigger framework can be used for gauze, and itself and lead to compare the sensitivity of distortion lower.Can be by different way, need not a plurality of supports or groove under the situation of conducting line segment, gauze is attached to framework.Compare with conducting line segment, the conduction gauze is more firm, and it can resist the damage on machinery and the electricity.It is also easier to replace the gauze that damages or be corroded.

People such as Rostopchin point out that operation EEA can cause freezing on the lead under sub-zero temperature, and this can reduce its performance as emission electrode.In order to address this problem the fan that they advise using electric heater and blow warm braw towards EEA.People such as Rostopchin recognize that this technology works unsatisfactorily under the high wind state, because high wind dispelled it before stream of warm air arrives EEA.

The practical methods that addresses the above problem can be carried out self heating by the low-tension current by it for making lead.Utilize the conventional current source, transformer for example, the problem that low-tension current is provided is that the electricity of high pressure and low-voltage circuit is isolated and possessed skills difficulty and can introduce leakage current.Method provided herein is to use the Electromagnetic Launching source, for example has the microwave generator of appropriate antenna, in order to remotely need not directly to heat in electrical contact emission electrode.In this case, the electric current generation that is in closed circuit, gauze fragment or have the line thigh of electric coupling end for example, they are the parts of emission electrode, thereby make the lead heating.

The height above sea level of EEA from the face of land is important parameters, and it has determined floating grain charge efficiency.The ion that is produced by EEA often flows to the collector electrode of corona discharge, promptly flows downward.They move when the emission electrode mainly by highfield decision, when with the emission electrode distance when farther, then mainly by wind and electric field decision near emission electrode.Because the most of big air supporting grain between the EEA and the face of land all is recharged, so the height above sea level of EEA should be preferably enough high, to guarantee that most ions that produced are when they arrive the face of land, by being attached to floating grain before compound being wasted.

In still air, best height above sea level depends on the spectrum of the floating grain particle in the atmosphere, especially depends on the number concentration of floating especially grain particle, its airborne ion lifetime in decision relative rich floating grain land, and ion wherein is compound to be left in the basket.In most of the cases, the scope of this life time is usually between 3 and 8 minutes.

Therefore, best height above sea level can be ion move distance between the EEA and the face of land in its lifetime by measurement in the still air.In fact, the space electric field that this distance that is used for specific EEA embodiment can be measured under the EEA by experiment distributes, and the numerical computations acquisition of the charged particle trajectory in the ion lifetime phase subsequently (being vertical-path therefore), it also can be measured by existing technology.

Replacedly, the best height above sea level concentration of anion at height above sea level place that can measure the increase of EEA by experiment obtains.The obvious reduction of the ion concentration at a certain height above sea level place will show and arrive best height above sea level.

In fact, utilize basic point to form the experimental study of space charge plume in the corona discharge unit in wind over the ground according to Jones and Hutchinson (1975), best height above sea level should be at least about 9m.Utilize the further improved EEA embodiment that for example proposes herein, may need higher height above sea level.If utilize the ground support to be difficult to realize optimum height, then should use space charge generator and/or a plurality of generators with rope support more.

If use more charge generators to remedy them owing to the inferior position on the performance that is lower than best height above sea level, then height should be at least 6m.

In this, the embodiment that preferably possesses the rope support.The height above sea level of EEA is high more, realizes that then the required operating voltage of same ion electric current is just high more.In this, advantageously use VDGG to replace commercial DC source.In this case, the spherical electric capacity that is lighter than air of VDGG can be used as lighter-than-air craft.Such embodiment shown in Figure 10, the framework 101 of EEA can be set to around the surface of the electric capacity (airborne vehicle) 102 that is lighter than a plurality of support bars 103 of having of air and base 104, and are evenly distributed on the surface.Be fixed to the rope 105 on the electric capacity (airborne vehicle) that is lighter than air and be electrically coupled to the lead 106 of EEA, with mode identical shown in Fig. 3, be connected to miscellaneous part in the present embodiment.Because airborne vehicle is expandable, and its radius can change, so support bar is answered variable-length, and provides on their base and compresses-the supported mechanical device, for example by realizing in conjunction with spring.

Replacedly, as shown in figure 11, around sphere or the spherical capacitor fixing of class, this electric capacity is not lighter-than-air craft to the framework 111 of EEA by inflexibility support bar 112.As unrestricted example, the class spherical capacitor can be by lightweight sheet material 113 assembling and electric coupling and the mechanical connections with conductive outer surface, and for example lightweight sheet material 113 is made by the plastics that cover electrically-conducting paint.As unrestricted example, this sheet material can be cut and be arranged to the lip-deep connection tablet of football class.The ball of initial unaerated is arranged in the electric capacity, and subsequently by the gas inflated that is lighter than air, for example helium takes the volume of electric capacity until it, thereby makes electric capacity have buoyancy.

The embodiment that is lighter than air 120 of another proposition shown in Figure 12.A plurality of gauze parts or a plurality of EEEA electric coupling and mechanical connection with net or parallel segment 121, thus the spherical EEA of class formed.If use the EEEA of frameworkization, the then preferred above-mentioned flexible contact connecting frame side of using.The ball 122 of inflation is uniformly distributed in and for example is attached at by little ring the inboard of net surface.If the EEEA of frameworkization is used for this embodiment, it is right that then ball is attached at the side of connecting frame.Be arranged at balloon 123 among the EEA subsequently by the gas inflated that is lighter than air, compress for EEA provides-bracing frame until ball.In this structure, the enough big EEA with several rice diameters can be used as emission electrode and electric capacity, and in this case, system has (considerable) capacity of self.

Height above sea level at EEA can arrive by the rope support under the situation of hundreds of rice eminence, and can not ignore from the EEA outflow is not the gas current that moves downward.This is because the big electric field of positive charge on the ground reduces with height above sea level, and the electric field of big positive charge on the ground flows to motion down with the leading ion of the electric field of the space charge that is produced.Therefore, recommend the surface of EEA evenly to distribute around lighter-than-air craft, the most of ion that wherein leaves EEA moves on all directions when initial formation.

In the foregoing description, the remarkable enhancing of formed gas current can realize by introducing Malter effect.Ma Erte (1936) finds, when such as Al ₂O ₃, Zn ₂SiO ₃, SiO ₂, ZrO ₂, CaCO ₃, Ta ₂O ₅When being applied to negative pole with the film of some electron opaque material of some other oxides, it is by electron bombard, thereby derives from the secondary electron emissions of film surface.Hereinafter kind electrode is called the Ma Erte electrode.Secondary electron emissions stays clean positive charge on film (hereinafter the being called the Ma Erte film) surface of Ma Erte electrode, cause on the Ma Erte thin layer and form highfield.Because the Ma Erte film is nonconducting, so positive charge is neutralized in the time of can not setting up as it so soon, this just causes thin layer to be used as the dielectric media of electric capacity, and " plate " of electric capacity is the film and the negative terminal surface of reverse charged.The electronics that is transmitted into negative terminal surface in high field is further satisfied break-through and is crossed the Ma Erte film and be released into air, finally forms electronegative molecular cluster, i.e. anion.For the generation of Malter effect, must have the initial source or the ionizing radiation (for example high energy electron, ion, X ray, ultra-violet radiation) that can remove the particle of electronics from film surface.And, the speed that the electronics emission rate of negative pole must be removed from film surface greater than positive charge.If the Ma Erte electrode is by electron bombard, then the gas current (according to circumstances) of kind electrode emission can be up to thousands of times (Hawkes, 1992) of elementary bombarding current.

As unrestricted example, can realize higher gas current by the EEEA generation, as shown in Figure 13, by introducing the Ma Erte electrode 131 of the other thicker conducting line segment form that is coated with the Ma Erte film, it is parallel with thin wire section 134, and electric coupling for example comes electric coupling by solder joint 132 on no film zone 133 on thin wire section 134.The latter is mainly as the initial source that is used for adjacent Ma Erte electrode, and the Ma Erte electrode also can substitute solid wire based on hollow conductor (pipe), thus minimum weight.In order to simplify, hereinafter cellular conductor is called lead.In the embodiment that is discussed, utilize this lead to substitute conventional wires to 130.The diameter of Ma Erte lead should be enough big, and thin wire should be enough near the Ma Erte lead, thereby guarantee that electrons emitted and ion effectively bombard the latter.Because the diameter of electric-field intensity on the conductive line surfaces and lead is inversely proportional to, so if the diameter of Ma Erte lead is enough big, the surface that bombardment electronics that is slowed down by the electric field of Ma Erte lead and anion can arrive this lead also provides secondary emission required collision.And, because their emitting surface is bigger, so have the ionization output that larger-diameter lead provides higher per unit length.Every the Ma Erte lead can use more than one corona to begin lead.

If emission electrode is a network structure as shown in figure 14, then can adopt the similar approach of introducing Malter effect, wherein the fragment of Ma Erte net 140 is shown in top (left figure) and bottom (the right figure) of net surface.Thin wire 141 is provided with as mentioned above, and is welded to first group of parallel wire 143 of the thick gauze that covers the Ma Erte film at point 142 places.In the same manner, thin wire 144 also is arranged at the bottom, and is welded to second group of parallel netting twine 146 at point 145 places, and it is perpendicular to first group of lead 142.If the second networking line is positioned at (for example the upper lines assembly welding is received the lower line group) on first group, the then another kind setting of thin wire shown in Figure 15, wherein the fragment of Ma Erte net 150 is illustrated in top (left figure) and bottom (the right figure) of net surface.In left figure, thin wire 151 is arranged on first group of (bottom) lead 152 by the lead 154 that is welded to second group (top) of Ma Erte netting twine at point 153 places.In right figure, thin wire 155 is arranged on by first group the lead that is welded to the Ma Erte netting twine at point 156 places under second group the lead.

Replacedly, the Ma Erte electrode can be metal forming, and its one or two surface all is coated with the Ma Erte film.This Ma Erte electrode is called the Ma Erte paper tinsel hereinafter.In this structure, concerning the Ma Erte lead, as mentioned above, thin " initiation " electrical discharge wire is positioned near the Ma Erte paper tinsel, and is fixed to one or two surface of Ma Erte paper tinsel.The unrestricted example of this structure shown in Figure 16, wherein the Ma Erte paper tinsel is banded.One or more thin wires 161 are fixed on the Ma Erte electrode at point 163 places, and are arranged on its one or two surface 162.For a pair of conventional wires and Ma Erte lead, kind electrode has replaced the lead among the above-mentioned EEEA.Therefore, can replace traverse net by the net of making by Ma Erte paper tinsel band, and electrical discharge wire preferably is fixed to two active surfaces of paper tinsel.

For the embodiment shown in Figure 12, another embodiment is to replace the gauze among the EEEA or the whole surface of line segment with the Ma Erte paper tinsel that has electrical discharge wire on its outer surface.

If the buoyancy concentration in the atmosphere is on the low side, then some embodiment can comprise artificial floating grain generator, for example by TSI Incorporated, and of Shoreview, MN, USA makes, thereby increases the floating grain amount that centers on EEA in the air and particularly be positioned at the EEA bottom.Preferably, floating grain generator is positioned under the EEA of space charge.Storage tank with infiltration solute also can be used as replacedly or collector electrode additionally as mentioned above.

Moving of air, for example horizontal wind and vertical lifting air-flow comprise charged floating air particles by removing, and the air particles with new floating grain is provided, thereby increase the efficient that floating grain charges.And best height above sea level can reduce owing to air movement.In this, advantageously produce artificial air motion, particularly ascending air, it increases the initial height above sea level of space charge plume.

Therefore, in certain embodiments, can below EEA, place fan or thermal source.Various types of combustion furnaces also can be used as floating grain generator, and as thermal source.If traverse net is used as additionally or alternatively corona discharge collector electrode, then can form thermal source by it being promoted to apart from the ground lower height and making the low pressure electric current that for example derives from transformer flow through this traverse net.Can be by providing " heat island " around the space charge generator, promptly also can be used as the black surface of conductive material of the collector electrode of corona discharge, and realize the solar radiation heating.The method of taking in the reality is that the carbon granules material (for example natural coal) with black and conduction is coated with earth terminal.

Except the big air supporting grain that charges causes the RCC by increasing fine electric current, the AEC that corona discharge produces sufficiently high one pole ion can produce another effect, and its relative moisture that can change in the atmosphere distributes.Therefore, can produce the moving both vertically of humid air of the height above sea level that helps the space charge plume, and can produce or strengthen the local atmosphere instability.The latter can promote the formation of cloud under good atmospheric conditions.

From other composition of air, isolate atmosphere vapour (water vapour) and cause the Physical Mechanism that distributes again of steam as follows, be called selectivity steam hereinafter and carry (SMT).Collision between moving iron and the air molecule can cause momentum to transfer to the latter from the former, and it shows as the adhesion that acts on the ion in the unit interval.Do not having under the situation of electric field, this process be at random (Brownian) and average macroscopical momentum to shift be zero.But under DC corona discharge situation, most of ion that produces all is identical electric charge (negative electrical charge), and therefore, most of ion that produces moves in the same direction.Along with ion in an organized way moves by this way, the momentum from ion to air molecule shifts and displays in macro level when power is imposed on air, and causes air to flow with " ion wind " form on main ion motion direction.But in existing research, ignored " ion wind " that produced and quickened water vapour, significantly quickened, therefore caused mobile be in other compositions before of steam in air flow thereby it is compared with other composition of air.

Opposite with other composition of air molecules, hydrone (H ₂O) itself has electric dipole moment.Because the attraction of the electric charge electrode couple electric field force between ion and the hydrone, hydrone meeting and ion collision, and therefore from ion, obtain momentum, and the collision of other air molecules and ion may not realize geometrically.

Hydrone shown in Figure 17 is with respect to the track of non-hydrone, its explanation is to the collision cross-section effect of the increase of hydrone with track 171, and hydrone is along the direction that is parallel to the x axle and to space from r (collision distance) with the x between centers be that the air ion 172 of R moves towards radius.Non-hydrone is parallel to the x axle and moves, and with x axle partition distance r, only when r＜R, then its can with ion collision.On the contrary, because the attraction of electric charge electrode couple electric field force, those have the hydrone of collision distance R＜r＜ρ, and wherein ρ is their maximum crash distance, also can with ion collision.In this, when colliding with air ion, the performance of hydrone and other air molecules and inequality, and this species diversity describes by collision cross-section, and determine by collision distance in this case.Because ρ＞R is so the collision cross-section of hydrone is greater than the collision cross-section of non-hydrone.

Water is called the enhancing factor with the collision cross-section ratio of non-hydrone, and this factor is estimated by people such as Nadykto (2003).For typical air ion, find to strengthen factor and be about 7 with 0.6nm.When steam approaches when saturated, for higher concentration, dipole moment is greater than hydrone H ₂The water cluster of O, for example dimer (H of water ₂O) ₂And other materials ((H ₂O) _n, n＞2), it is higher to find to strengthen factor.Therefore the collision cross-section of ion pair molecule is big more, and then the collision quantity of ion pair molecule is many more, and in the time per unit, the momentum of transferring to the molecule in the volume of air is also just big more, promptly is applied to the macroforce on this volume of air.Therefore, the mean force of each molecule is greater than hydrone, that is, they have obtained higher speed.This process of SMT can cause the relative moisture in some zone that increases air, and this is to be cost with dehydration in other zones,, promptly formed wetting air and dehydration air at first.

Because under given temperature and pressure, the molecular number of all the components in the volume of air is constant, and the molal weight of water (18g/mol) is less than the molal weight (29g/mol) of dry air, and the increase of humidity has reduced atmospheric density, and vice versa.According to Archimedes principle, air moistening when dry air descends rises.This time-continuing process makes in a big way appearance upwards transmit the phenomenon of steam, and this can cause possesses the artificial formation that has increased the initial ascending air group of humidity.When rising, artificial wet air is cooled off by adiabatic under the speed lower than natural air, and therefore has low relatively thermal insulation (temperature) lapse rate.Because the atmosphere instability that causes by the dry-adiabatic lapse rate and the difference between the atmospheric lapse rate in the atmosphere of air bolus, thus by the moistening air mass of SMT than the air mass instability that forms by free convection.Under some atmospheric conditions, the local instability effect that increases can cause the steam condensation in the moistening air mass, has increased the latter's buoyancy and the final cloud that forms by discharging latent energy.This process occurs in height above sea level and is lower than low height above sea level air mass under the natural moistening air mass situation, or occurs over just in the artificial moistening air mass, and if atmosphere for natural air mass almost or faint instability, then its to extend to be possible in a big way.By the rising that the moist air mass that closes on takes place towards converging of artificial ascending air, may be little influence factor at first, it can be by discharging the dynamic variation that latent heat brings out the nature air mass.Though this can only realize under certain condition that this effect is unique with respect to the existing method of other weather controls.

Height above sea level for the EEA of SMT the best is usually less than a height that is used for best floating grain charging, because not only ion concentration is important, the density of AEC is important.Nature or artificial floating grain charging to most probable number are unsuitable for this situation, if because the space charge that produces in the path of AEC stream not to remove (for example by high wind) at a high speed, then can reduce the density of AEC.If implement the main purpose of corona discharge embodiment is to realize the SMT of maximum possible, then should not produce artificial floating grain, and the ion that is produced compound on anode region be favourable, and this can be achieved by the height above sea level of selecting low EEA.In order to realize the AEC of higher density, also recommend to use than little anode region under the floating grain charge condition.For specific embodiment, it is experimental selecting the simplest method of the best height above sea level of EEA, and it is controlled attainable AEC and balance between the volume of air at SMT place takes place.

The reduction of objective area precipitation can realize that the reduction of objective area precipitation will be brought out the influence in the area of precipitation thus by in a planned way increasing other regional precipitation.

The space charge generator can be controlled automatically by manual control or from a control centre independently.According to application-specific, the foregoing description can be arranged on the means of transportation of all correlation types in the face of land or the water (static or move).Under latter event, need the platform on the water main body, it possesses anode region, and with water-immersed earth electrode electric coupling.

Application for other control weather except increase or reduction objective area precipitation, the physical process that influence has one or more effects needs ad hoc approach and special parameter to be used for the embodiment that need implement, the height above sea level of for example charged electric capacity or EEA and the latter's anode region usually.

Mist is to be positioned on the face of land or near the cloud it.For dispersing of mist, a kind of method is that the EEA with charged electric capacity or corona discharge props up by rope and is placed on the mist layer, thereby causes space charge to accumulate on mist layer border.In order in suitable large tracts of land, to realize effect, should adopt a plurality of embodiment that are lighter than air and/or adopt embodiment or a plurality of embodiment to disperse different fog-zones.In this case, the mist layer should be enough thick, so that effectively capture less mist particle with bigger particle, it is not all feasible in all cases.Alternative solution is to implement corona discharge embodiment in the mist layer, and the best SMT operating space of utilization.In dry air, evaporate by droplet and to disperse mist, and in wet air, droplet and ice crystal (if present) are grown greatly and by the action of gravity sedimentation, may be captured the mist particle when they descend.The ascending air that is caused by latent energy promotes forming of larger particles, and makes its suspension and the long process of growing, and cause close on the mist air accumulation arranged, thereby improve by SMT.This gathering can remove supersaturated vapor by continuous condensation and strengthen, and if mist colder, then can strengthen, thereby cause the steam dividing potential drop to reduce by the growth ice crystal.

In order to begin to disperse mist below EEA, floating grain particle is recharged and has therefore reduced AEC, and the initial height above sea level of EEA is preferably lower, and progressively is increased to optimum value subsequently.Replacedly, corona discharge embodiment should implement before mist appears in forecast, promptly under antifog pattern.

The another kind of application is to reduce surface temperature.The unrestricted example of this application is energy saving in the residential area and the temperature (large tracts of land is implemented and last very long) that reduces ocean surface, so that reduce the frequency of occurrences and the intensity (its origin depends on water temperature) of hurricane.By day, can make under the suitable atmospheric conditions or strengthen the cloud that (by operation corona embodiment under the SMT pattern) covers low height above sea level, it can be with in the solar radiation reflected back space.At night, low clouds cover (the infrared radiation emission that its minimizing enters the space) and can be reduced or remove by the precipitation that uses charged electric capacity under the above-mentioned floating grain charge mode or corona discharge embodiment to strengthen the objective area.In this application, even precipitation condensation vapor phenomenon is less and they can not arrive the face of land, still can realize effect, but can realize that cloud disperses.To a certain degree down,, still can realize this effect even generate lessly and more greatly but be not the cloud particle of precipitation.In this case, can increase the cloud transparency that infrared radiation is seen through.

In fact, vegetation covers, and particularly forest can produce humid air, and this is that as mentioned above, this can increase the atmosphere lability because the height evaporation of the high surface area of leaf causes.Near the coastline, the fully stocked wood overlay area has increased the ocean moisture flows upcountry, and has kept good water cycle (precipitation-evaporation-precipitation) (Makarieva and Gorshkov, 2007) by the moisture recycle of very high distance on the coastline.In this, the big array of corona discharge embodiment turns round the long time cycle under the SMT pattern, so that under possible situation, increase the atmosphere lability, with the running long time cycle under the RCC pattern, so that under the situation that has suitable cloud, strengthen the precipitation of land, this vegetation that can replace in the vegetation degeneration zone covers, and helps to reforest, and covers until having rebulid vegetation.In order to improve the last water cycle of landlocked very big distance (by strengthening water cycle, as afforestation), the big network of the grid (unit) of the controlled embodiment of the no vegetation area of covering may need to begin to increase to hundreds of kms from the coastline.Identical method is used in the forest farm and quickens afforestation, this can provide many other benefits, the for example manufacturing of carbon sequestration, sustainable biofuel and reproducible timber, it has stored carbon, and under multiple situation the alternative other materials that consumes a large amount of energy aborning.

Though describe the present invention with reference to specific embodiment, but be appreciated that, these embodiment only are explanation principle of the present invention and application, therefore be appreciated that, under the situation that does not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention that define by appended claim, can carry out multiple improvement and design other settings illustrative embodiment.

The abbreviation vocabulary:

AEC: the electric current of atmosphere

CN: nucleus of condensation

DC: direct current

EEA: emission electrode assembly

EECD: the emission electrode of corona discharge

EEEA: basic emission electrode assembly

IN: ice-nucleus

RCC: long-range cloud charging

SMT: the selectivity moisture transmits

VDGG: model De Graff generator

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Claims (76)

1. one kind is used for the equipment that weather is controlled, and comprising:

Emission electrode;

Be used to described emission electrode that the device of electric charge is provided, it is electrically coupled to described emission electrode;

Be used for supporting the insulating support of described emission electrode at predetermined altitude; And

Be used for the device that is used for the equipment ground of weather control with described;

Wherein, described emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte film.

2. equipment according to claim 1, wherein, described Ma Erte film comprises the film of one or more non-conducting materials.

3. equipment according to claim 1 and 2, wherein, described Ma Erte film comprises a kind of or its combination: the Al in the following material ₂O ₃, Zn ₂SiO ₃, SiO ₂, ZrO ₂, CaCO ₃, Ta ₂O ₅

4. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode is the electric capacity with conductive surface.

5. equipment according to claim 4, wherein, described electric capacity is substantially sphere.

6. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the emission electrode assembly of one or more corona discharges of machinery each other and electric coupling.

7. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described support has the height between 6m and 30m, preferably between 8m and 15m.

8. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described support comprises insulating barrier.

9. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described support is made by insulating materials.

10. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, the described device that is used to described emission electrode that electric charge is provided comprises the charging engine of model De Graff generator.

11. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described support comprises rigid structure.

12. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode is by the frame supported of the plane polygon with surface.

13. equipment according to claim 12, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the parallel conductive line segment of described surface of crossing described framework and the two or more electric coupling that separate at interval.

14. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode comprises solid or the nemaline two or more Ma Erte electrodes of tubular guidewire, and also comprises one or more initial corona discharge leads.

15. equipment according to claim 14, wherein, the diameter of described Ma Erte electrode is greater than the diameter of described initial corona discharge lead.

16. according to claim 14 or 15 described equipment, wherein, described initial corona discharge lead is arranged near the described Ma Erte electrode, and with described Ma Erte electrode machinery and electric coupling.

17. according to claim 14,15 or 16 described equipment, wherein, described Ma Erte electrode is set to cross the described surface of described framework and the parallel fragment of separating at interval.

18. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte electrode of two or more paper tinsel band shapes.

19. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode comprises gauze.

20. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte electrode network.

21., also comprise the high-frequency electromagnetic wave producer of the coil that is used for the described emission electrode of contactless heating according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim.

22. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, also comprise one or more earth electrodes, wherein said earth electrode is positioned under one or more emission electrode assemblies and is electrically coupled to the device that is used for ground connection.

23., also comprise one or more collector electrodes according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim.

24., also comprise the storage tank that holds conducting electrolyte solution according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim.

25., also comprise floating grain generator according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim.

26. equipment according to claim 25, wherein, described floating grain generator comprises the device of one or more capillary electrolysis matter solution.

27., also comprise the device of one or more generation ascending airs according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim.

28. according to each described equipment in the aforementioned claim, wherein, described equipment also comprises thermal source.

29. equipment according to claim 28, wherein said thermal source comprises the black substance that absorbs solar radiation.

30. an equipment that is used for weather control comprises:

Be applicable to the lighter-than-air craft of carrying emission electrode;

Emission electrode;

Be used to described emission electrode that the device of electric charge is provided, it is electrically coupled to described emission electrode; And

Be used for the device that is used for the equipment ground of weather control with described.

31. equipment according to claim 30, wherein, described lighter-than-air craft is connected to the described device that is used to described emission electrode that electric charge is provided by rope.

32. according to claim 30 or 31 described equipment, wherein, described lighter-than-air craft is the electric capacity that is lighter than air with surface.

33. equipment according to claim 32, wherein, a plurality of emission electrode assemblies center on the described capacitive surface setting that is lighter than air, and are fixed to the described surface that is lighter than the electric capacity of air equably by the support bar of a plurality of variable-lengths.

34. equipment according to claim 32, wherein, described support bar contact described capacitive surface and providing is provided compresses-base of supported mechanical device.

35. according to claim 30,31 or 32 described equipment, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the hollow electric capacity with sphere or class spherical surface, and wherein said lighter-than-air craft is arranged in the described electric capacity.

36. equipment according to claim 35, wherein, one or more emission electrode assemblies center on and the described electric capacity of electric coupling.

37. equipment according to claim 36, wherein, described emission electrode assembly is the gauze around described lighter-than-air craft surface.

38. according to claim 36 or 37 described equipment, wherein, described emission electrode assembly supports by the spheroid that is arranged between described lighter-than-air craft and the net, and wherein said spheroid is arranged on around the described lighter-than-air craft equably.

39. a method that increases objective area precipitation comprises the steps:

A) provide emission electrode;

B) analyze in the described objective area and/or near meteorology situation; And

C) provide electric charge with the analysis of response meteorology to described emission electrode, cause the described emission electrode ambient air of described emission electrode ionization thus.

40., also comprise the steps: described emission electrode is promoted to predetermined altitude according to the described method of claim 39.

41. according to the described method of claim 39, wherein, described predetermined altitude is between 6m and 30m, preferably between 8m and 15m.

42. according to the described method of claim 39, wherein, described predetermined altitude is preferably more than 500m greater than 100m.

43. according to the described method of claim 39, wherein, described predetermined altitude is by the height above sea level decision of the cloud of described objective area.

44. according to the described method of claim 43, wherein, described predetermined altitude be at least described objective area cloud height above sea level 50%, preferably be at least 60%.

45. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 44, wherein, the described step of emission electrode that provides comprises: described emission electrode is installed on the insulating support.

46. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 44, wherein, the described step of emission electrode that provides comprises: promote described emission electrode by lighter-than-air craft.

47. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 46, wherein, described emission electrode comprises the Ma Erte film.

48. according to the described method of claim 47, wherein, described Ma Erte film comprises the film of one or more non-conducting materials.

49. according to the described method of claim 47, wherein, described Ma Erte film comprises a kind of or its combination: the Al in the following material ₂O ₃, Zn ₂SiO ₃, SiO ₂, ZrO ₂, CaCO ₃, Ta ₂O ₅

50., also comprise the steps: the soil under the wetting described emission electrode of water or water-base conductive electrolyte solution according to each described method in the claim 39 to 49.

51. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 50, wherein one or more collector electrodes comprise sheet metal or gauze, described sheet metal or gauze are arranged on the ground surface under the described emission electrode, and are electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.

52., also comprise the steps: to provide one or more earth electrodes according to each described method in the claim 39 to 51.

53. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 52, wherein, thermal source is positioned under the described emission electrode.

54. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 53, also comprise the steps: to provide the storage tank that holds conducting electrolyte solution, wherein said storage tank is positioned on the face of land under the described emission electrode, and is electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.

55. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 54, also comprise the steps: to provide the conductive carbon granulosa on the face of land, wherein said layer is positioned under the described emission electrode and is electrically coupled to one or more earth electrodes.

56. according to each described method in the claim 39 to 55, also comprise the steps: to provide floating grain generator, wherein said floating grain generator is positioned under the described emission electrode.

57., wherein, some emission electrodes be provided and be arranged in the emission electrode assembly according to each described method in the claim 39 to 56.

58., wherein, provide some emission electrode assemblies according to the described method of claim 57.

59. according to the described method of claim 58, wherein, by the described some emission electrode assemblies of planar shaped frame supported.

60. according to the described method of claim 59, wherein, described emission electrode assembly is electrically coupled to one another and mechanical couplings and machinery are coupled to frame facet each other by flexible contact.

61. according to claim 59 or 60 described methods, wherein, the angled setting in the described framework and the face of land.

62. according to the described method of claim 61, wherein, described angle between about 20 and about 70 the degree between.

63. according to the described method of claim 59, wherein, described emission electrode comprises two or more electric coupling parallel conductive line segments that cross the framework surface and separate at interval.

64. according to the described method of claim 63, wherein, described framework is leg-of-mutton, and two conducting line segment ends are fixed on the appropriate location by a plurality of flexible supports, flexible support is fixed on each side of both sides of framework in pairs, and wherein flexible support compresses for the conducting line segment end provides-the supported mechanical device.

65. according to the described method of claim 63, wherein, described framework is leg-of-mutton, lead twines framework with the sub-thread form by the groove that is positioned on the framework both sides, and its further groove is provided on each side of framework both sides in pairs.

66. according to the described method of claim 58, wherein, described emission electrode assembly has the isosceles triangle shape, and is arranged in one or more pyramids with base portion, the base portion of described pyramid does not comprise described emission electrode, and described pyramid base portion is parallel to the face of land.

67. according to the described method of claim 66, wherein, different directions is pointed on the summit of adjacent ribs cone.

68., wherein, use according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 according to each described method in the claim 39 to 67.

69., wherein, two or morely be arranged in the row with the prevailing wind direction equidirectional according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 according to the described method of claim 68.

70., wherein, be grid configuration according to two or more the be arrangeding in parallel of each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 according to claim 68 or 69 described methods.

71. a method that is used for reducing in first objective area precipitation comprises the steps:

Selection is used to increase by second objective area of precipitation; And

By in described second objective area, increasing precipitation, make that thus the precipitation in described first objective area reduces according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

72. use and be used to disperse the mist of objective area according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 and/or according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

Be used for increasing the cloud covered areas of objective area and reduce surface temperature 73. use according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 and/or according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

Be used for reducing probability and the intensity that hurricane forms 74. use at the commitment of hurricane development according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 and/or according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

75. use and be used to strengthen the steam recycle that the ocean water steam flow is gone into inland and land area according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 and/or according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

76. use according to each described equipment in the claim 1 to 38 and/or be used for the reafforestation of objective area according to each described method in the claim 39 to 70.

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