CN102036736B - 二氧化碳净化 - Google Patents

二氧化碳净化 Download PDF

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CN102036736B
CN102036736B CN200980118109.2A CN200980118109A CN102036736B CN 102036736 B CN102036736 B CN 102036736B CN 200980118109 A CN200980118109 A CN 200980118109A CN 102036736 B CN102036736 B CN 102036736B
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carbon dioxide
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L.E.吉尔哈特
S.N.帕特尔
D.R.科赫
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Lummus Technology LLC
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种从气体混合物中回收二氧化碳的方法,其包括:在预处理系统中预处理含有二氧化碳、水蒸气和一种或多种轻气体的气体混合物,来形成冷却的气体混合物,分馏该冷却的气体混合物来回收含有二氧化碳的底部馏分和含有二氧化碳和轻气体的顶部馏分,将该顶部馏分通过对二氧化碳具有选择性的膜,来从含有轻气体的残留气体中分离二氧化碳渗透物,将该二氧化碳透过物再循环到预处理系统,并且回收作为净化的二氧化碳产物流的至少一部分的底部馏分。

Description

二氧化碳净化
发明背景。
技术领域
此处公开的实施方案通常涉及一种分离二氧化碳来产生液体二氧化碳流的方法,其可以用于例如提高石油采收率。更具体的,此处公开的实施方案涉及一种二氧化碳净化方法,其整合有膜工艺,二氧化碳蒸馏,并且使用二氧化碳作为自制冷剂来产生改进的方法,该方法能够以高的纯度来回收供料中高百分比的二氧化碳。
技术背景
在油气工业中,在提高石油采收项目中已经使用了不同的油藏驱使技术,作为提高烃生产的一个手段。在二氧化碳驱使中,将二氧化碳通过注入井长期(例如数年)泵入到油藏中。所注入的二氧化碳“充满”所处理的区域,并且驱使/携带地岩层中的油朝向一个或多个生产井,在这里采收所述的流体。所生产的流体的组成随着时间而变化,并且在某些点会发生二氧化碳“穿透”。在穿透之后,气体体积和所生产的流体中的二氧化碳含量明显升高。
二氧化碳会占所生产的流体的60-96mol%(或更多)。为了使得二氧化碳驱使操作经济可行,二氧化碳必须从所生产的流体中有效回收来重新使用。在许多情况中,回收的二氧化碳可以通过注入井重新注入到地岩层中,限定其满足纯度的化学规格。二氧化碳的产品规格会是非常高的,特别是关于烃(即,甲烷和乙烷)和/或氮气含量的规格。
驱使操作中所用的二氧化碳可以来自多种来源,包括来自化学加工的废气,和其他来源。净化这样的富含二氧化碳的流体的方法典型的包括除去轻气体例如氢气,氮气,氧气,甲烷和一氧化碳。这些流体的许多具有低的二氧化碳含量,包括石灰窑气体,锅炉烟道气和某些天然气体。
为了从具有低二氧化碳含量的流体(例如锅炉烟道气流)中回收二氧化碳,一种方案是用合适的溶剂(例如单乙醇胺、环丁砜或者碳酸钾)洗涤气体混合物(其贫含二氧化碳),来溶解二氧化碳,然后从所获得的溶液中汽提二氧化碳;即,将另外一种流体引入到该系统中来实现所需的分离。二氧化碳然后可以压缩,干燥,冷却和通过部分冷凝或者蒸馏来进一步净化。但是这种方法是高耗能的,期望的是一种不太耗能的可选择的方法。
回收和/或净化二氧化碳的不同的其他方法公开在US专利No.4602477,4639257,4762543,4936887,6070431和7124605等中。
大规模的二氧化碳加工还在下面的文献中进行了讨论:Hegerland等人,“Liquefaction and handling of large amount of CO2 for EOR”,Project Invest as,挪威,YARA International ASA(卷,日期等等);Berger等人,“Creating a large scale CO2 infrastructure for enhanced oil recovery”,发表在第7届International Conference of Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies,Vancouver,2004;和在Song等人,SPE Formation Evaluation,Society of Petroleum Engineers,1987年12月。
这里仍然需要一种方法,其具有提高的二氧化碳回收率,同时保持了所回收的二氧化碳高的纯度。
发明内容
在一方面,此处所公开的实施方案涉及一种从气体混合物中回收二氧化碳的方法,其包括:在预处理系统中预处理含有二氧化碳,水蒸气和一种或多种轻气体的气体混合物,来形成冷却的气体混合物,分馏该冷却的气体混合物来回收含有二氧化碳的底部馏分和含有二氧化碳和轻气体的顶部馏分,将该顶部馏分通过对二氧化碳具有选择性的膜,来从含有轻气体的残留气体中分离二氧化碳渗透物,将该二氧化碳渗透物再循环到预处理系统,并且回收作为净化的二氧化碳产物流的至少一部分的底部馏分。
其他方面和优点从下面的说明书和附加的权利要求中将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1是根据此处所公开的实施方案的二氧化碳净化方法的一种简化的流程图。
图2是根据此处所公开的实施方案的二氧化碳净化方法的一种简化的流程图。
图3是根据此处所公开的实施方案的一部分的二氧化碳净化方法的一种简化的流程图。
具体实施方式
在一方面,此处的实施方案涉及一种分离二氧化碳来产生液体二氧化碳流的方法,其可以用于例如提高石油采收率。更具体的,此处公开的实施方案涉及一种二氧化碳净化方法,其整合有膜工艺,二氧化碳蒸馏,并且使用二氧化碳作为自制冷剂来产生改进的方法,该方法能够以高的纯度来回收供料中高百分比的二氧化碳。
此处公开的方法可用于回收和净化不同来源的二氧化碳,包括锅炉烟道气,石灰窑气体,天然气,和来自不同加工的其他废气。在一些实施方案中,从中回收二氧化碳的流体可以包括至少30体积%的二氧化碳;在另一种实施方案中至少40体积%;在另一种实施方案中至少50体积%;在另外一种实施方案中至少60体积%;和在仍然另外一种实施方案至少70体积%。这样的流体还可以包括其他轻气体,包括例如甲烷,氧气,氮气,氩气和水蒸气。甚至在低的供料百分比时,此处公开的方法能够以高的二氧化碳纯度来回收包含在供料气体中的高百分比的二氧化碳。
现在参考图1,表示了根据此处所公开的实施方案的二氧化碳净化方法的一种简化的流程图。含有二氧化碳,其他轻气体和水蒸气的流可以在预处理系统中预处理来压缩和干燥该气体混合物。如图1所示,该预处理系统包含气体压缩系统12,干燥机26和压缩系统33。在另外的实施方案中,可以使用其他公知的预处理系统。例如,该气体混合物可以经由流动管线10供给到气体压缩系统12中。气体压缩系统12可以包括一种或多种压缩机14,冷却机16,和洗涤器18。如所示的,在气体压缩系统12中包括三级压缩。实际所用的级数会取决于期望的压力升高,功率分配,卸料温度,和多变压缩机效率等其他变量。
在每级压缩之后,离开压缩机14的气体可以通过冷却机16冷却。例如,该气体可以冷却到大约15℃-大约40℃,例如大约30℃的温度,在这里所产生的温度会取决于冷却机的类型,热交换介质的温度或者环境温度等其他因素。在一些实施方案中,冷却机16可以包括空气冷却机。
在每级压缩和冷却之后,冷凝水可以在洗涤器18中从气体中除去。洗涤器18可以装备有例如除雾器或者其他装置来分离气流中所携带的水滴。该水可以经由出口20从洗涤器18中回收,并且在一些实施方案中可以排泄到废水处理系统中(未示出)。
在压缩系统12之后,所形成的压缩气流可以经由流动管线22回收。另外的水可以通过使得该气流过干燥机26中包含的固体干燥剂24,来从流动管线22中的压缩气体中除去。干燥剂24可以包括例如3A型分子筛等本领域公知的其他干燥剂。
干燥的压缩气流可以经由流动管线28从干燥机26中回收。在一些实施方案中,从干燥机26中回收的压缩气体可以具有小于200ppm体积的水;在另一种实施方案中小于100ppm体积,和在仍然另一种实施方案中小于50ppm体积。除水能够减轻在下游加工装置中腐蚀的发生和在产物二氧化碳加工和运输过程中发生冰冻。在干燥机26出口可以提供除尘过滤器30来除去任何的细粒,该细粒是气流从干燥剂24中携带的。
干燥的气流32然后可以经由压缩系统33压缩,包括一种或多种压缩机34和一种或多种冷却机36,来产生压缩气流38,其具有用于净化系统40的所期望的入口气压。在一些实施方案中,压缩气流38可以具有至少40bar的压力;在另一种实施方案中压缩气流38可以具有大约40-大约60bar的压力;在另一种实施方案中是大约43-大约55bar;和在仍然另一种实施方案中是大约46-大约52bar,例如大约49bar。
在预处理后,压缩气流38然后可以经由一种或多种热交换器88冷却,并且经由流动管线46供给到塔44。供给到塔44的气体可以冷却到大约-30℃到大约-35℃,例如诸如大约-33℃的温度。
塔44可以包括在供料入口位置之上和/或之下的一系列塔盘或者填料床,来便于二氧化碳的分馏,作为底部馏分经由流动管线48回收,顶部气体馏分经由流动管线50回收。为了回流塔44上部区域52中的塔盘或者填料床,经由流动管线50回收的一部分的顶部馏分可以冷凝,经由在一个或多个热交换器53中除热,收集到转鼓54中,并且经由流动管线56作为回流再循环。为了进行蒸气冷凝,在一些实施方案中该顶部馏分可以冷却到大约–50℃到大约-65℃的温度;和在另一种实施方案中冷却到大约–55到大约-60℃,例如大约-57℃。
二氧化碳底部流48可以供给到缓冲罐60。一部分回收的底部馏分可以经由再沸器62加热,并且供给到塔44中来控制该塔内的蒸气流通。其余部分回收的底部馏分可以作为二氧化碳产物流经由流动管线64回收。在一些实施方案中,所回收的二氧化碳产物流可以具有至少90体积%的二氧化碳;在另一种实施方案中是至少95体积%;在另一种实施方案中是至少97体积%;在另一种实施方案中是至少98体积%;和在仍然另一种实施方案中是至少99体积%。
从转鼓54经由流动管线58回收的蒸气馏分可以包括包含在初始供料流10中的大部分轻气体,以及二氧化碳。另外的二氧化碳可以通过将流动管线58中的蒸气馏分流过膜单元66来回收。压缩机可以增加到膜单元66的前面来使得塔44低压运行和使得该膜高压运行。当该蒸气馏分沿着二氧化碳选择性膜通过时,膜单元66通过扩散从其他轻气体中分离了另外的二氧化碳,在这里扩散速率可以是所用膜面积和沿着该一种或多种膜的二氧化碳浓度差的函数。穿过该膜的二氧化碳渗透物可以经由流动管线68回收,并且再循环到压缩系统12。如所示的,将该二氧化碳渗透物再循环到第二压缩级,但是,该二氧化碳渗透物可以再循环到气体压缩系统12的任何一点。具有降低的二氧化碳含量的残留物可以经由流动管线70回收。
在一些实施方案中,供给到膜单元66的至少50体积%的二氧化碳可以经由流动管线68回收;在另一种实施方案中是至少60体积%;和在仍然另一种实施方案中是至少70体积%。
如上所述,根据此处所述的实施方案的二氧化碳净化能够允许回收高纯度的二氧化碳流64。经由膜单元66回收的另外的二氧化碳会使得该整体二氧化碳净化方法回收存在于供料流10中的大于65mol%的二氧化碳;在另一种实施方案能够达到大于75mol%的回收率;在另一种实施方案能够达到大于90mol%的回收率;在仍然另一种实施方案能够达到大于95mol%。在所选择的实施方案中,大于90mol%的二氧化碳能够以至少95体积%的纯度回收。
除了提高分离(其可以通过此处所公开的实施方案的方法来实现)之外,还发现可以通过使用不同的二氧化碳流作为自制冷剂来实现另外的效率,这样的一个例子表示在图2中,在这里同样的标记代表了同样的部件。
在一些实施方案中压缩气流38可以用作再沸器62热侧的流体,产生再沸腾蒸气,并且冷却在压缩系统33之后的压缩气体。所形成的冷却压缩气流72然后可以分成两个或者多个馏分,并且在将该压缩气体经由流动管线46供给到塔44之前,使用下面的一种或多种进行冷却:一部分的二氧化碳产物流64,从转鼓54回收的蒸气馏分58,和制冷剂。
如图2所示,压缩气流72可以分成三部分,包括流动流体74,76和78。馏分74可以经由间接热交换,在热交换器80中经由流动管线84和86用一部分的二氧化碳产物64进行冷却。该二氧化碳产物的分流然后可以经由流动管线82供给到压缩系统12,例如供给到第三级压缩机。
在一些实施方案中,如所示的,一部分的二氧化碳产物流64可以经由流动管线84供给,并且用于在热交换器53中冷凝来自流动管线50的一部分的顶部馏分。从热交换器53冷侧蒸发或者沸腾的二氧化碳的分流然后可以经由流动管线86供给到热交换器80的冷却馏分74。
馏分76可以经由间接热交换,在热交换器87中用从转鼓54中回收的蒸气馏分58进行冷却。任选的,压缩机59可以添加到膜单元66的前面,来使得塔44在低压运行和使得膜单元66在高压运行。
馏分78可以经由间接热交换在热交换器88中用制冷剂进行冷却。三个部分74,76,78然后可以经由流动管线90,92,94重新合并,并且经由流动管线46供给到塔44。通过每个管线74,76,78供给的原料气体的量会取决于热交换要求,包括压缩气流38,72的温度,期望的供料温度,和流58,64,86的温度,和制冷剂,等其他变量。
在一些实施方案中,用于热交换器88的间接热交换的制冷剂是丙烷;还可以使用其他的制冷剂或者制冷剂混合物。丙烷可以在致冷回路96中循环,该回路可以包括压缩机98,其可以包括两级压缩系统,冷却机100,积聚器102,和节能器104。来自节能器104的蒸气可以再循环到第二级压缩机的吸入管中,并且该液体可以供给到热交换器88,将该压缩供料78冷却到低于大约-33℃的温度,例如冷却到大约-25℃到大约-40℃的温度范围。来自热交换器88的闪蒸丙烷可以经由流动管线106供给到洗涤器108,然后供给到压缩机98。
另外的效能还可以通过回收和重新使用从膜66回收的残流70,其的一个例子表示在图3中,这里相同的标记表示相同的部件。一部分的残流70可以在加热器110中例如在电加热器中加热到高温,例如在一些实施方案中大于200℃的温度。该加热的残留气体然后可以经由流动管线112供给到干燥机26(26a或者26b),通过干燥剂吸附除水再生。在这种实施方案中,二氧化碳净化系统包括至少两个干燥机26a,26b,这里一个干燥剂床例如床24a可以处于使用中,而另一个干燥剂床例如床24b进行再生(没有示出阀的位置)。该再生气体然后可以经由流动管线114回收,并且使用冷却机和洗涤器118任选的冷却来回收水116。用于再生所述床的气体和任何未用部分的残留气体70然后可以在流动流120中合并来进一步回收,处理或者处置。
如上所述,二氧化碳净化系统的实施方案有利的提供了以95%或更高的纯度来回收供料中90%或者更高的二氧化碳。有利的,此处公开的方法可以用于从低二氧化碳含量流体(包括锅炉烟道气和石灰窑气体等)中回收高纯度的二氧化碳流,而不使用溶剂例如胺。该净化的二氧化碳降低了构成生产设备的温室气体总量的二氧化碳的量,并且可以用于提高油采收率,或者可以进一步净化来用于碳酸饮料中。此处公开的实施方案还提供了这样的优点,即,将废气流和产物流用于热回收,和干燥剂再生。
虽然说明书包括了有限数目的实施方案,但是本领域技术人员受益于本说明书,将理解可以设计其他的实施方案,这样的实施方案不脱离本发明的范围。因此,本发明的范围应当仅仅由附加的权利要求来限定。

Claims (17)

1.一种从气体混合物中回收二氧化碳的方法,该方法包含:
在预处理系统中预处理含有二氧化碳、水蒸气和一种或多种轻气体的进料气体混合物,来形成冷却的气体混合物,其中所述一种或多种轻气体选自甲烷、氧气、氮气和氩气,其中所述预处理包括压缩该气体混合物;
在第一分馏塔中分馏该冷却的气体混合物来回收含有二氧化碳的底部馏分和含有二氧化碳和至少一部分轻气体的顶部馏分;
将该顶部馏分通过对二氧化碳具有选择性的膜,来从含有轻气体的残留气体中分离二氧化碳渗透物;
将该二氧化碳渗透物再循环到预处理系统;并且
从第一分馏塔移出至少一部分的底部馏分作为净化的二氧化碳产物流,其中该二氧化碳产物流包含至少95体积%的二氧化碳;
其中将该进料气体混合物中至少90%的二氧化碳被回收到该净化的二氧化碳产物流中。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述预处理进一步包含干燥该压缩的气体混合物。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中该干燥包含下面的至少一种:将该气体混合物与干燥剂接触,和从该压缩的气体混合物中分离冷凝水。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中该预处理的气体混合物包含小于50ppm体积的水。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中该分馏是在40-60bar的压力范围内进行的。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中冷却该预处理的气体混合物包括:将该进料气体混合物与至少一部分的底部馏分和至少一部分的顶部馏分中的至少一种进行间接热交换。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中将进料气体混合物冷却到-30℃到-35℃的温度。
8.一种从气体混合物中回收二氧化碳的方法,该方法包含:
在预处理系统中预处理含有二氧化碳、水蒸气和一种或多种轻气体的气体混合物,来形成冷却的气体混合物;
分馏该冷却的气体混合物来回收含有二氧化碳的底部馏分和含有二氧化碳和轻气体的顶部馏分;
将至少一部分的该底部馏分经由间接热交换与顶部馏分接触,来形成顶部蒸气馏分和顶部液体馏分;
将该顶部蒸气馏分通过对二氧化碳具有选择性的膜,来从含有轻气体的残留气体中分离二氧化碳渗透物;
将该二氧化碳渗透物和至少一部分的底部馏分再循环到预处理系统;并且
回收作为净化的二氧化碳产物流的至少一部分的底部馏分。
9.权利要求8的方法,其进一步包含供给该顶部液体馏分以作为用于分馏的回流。
10.权利要求8的方法,其中该预处理包含压缩和干燥该气体混合物。
11.权利要求10的方法,其进一步包含使用至少一部分的残留气体来再生干燥所用的干燥剂。
12.权利要求8的方法,其进一步包含经由间接热交换,用下面的至少一种来冷凝该预处理的气体中的至少一部分的二氧化碳:至少一部分的底部馏分;至少一部分的顶部蒸气馏分;和制冷剂。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中塔用于分馏所述冷却的气体混合物,所述方法进一步包含将至少一部分的底部馏分作为再沸腾蒸气返回到所述塔中,该底部馏分是通过与预处理气体的间接热交换来回收的。
14.权利要求12的方法,其进一步包含将至少一部分预处理的气体经由间接热交换与至少一部分的底部馏分接触,该底部馏分是通过与顶部馏分的间接热交换来回收的。
15.权利要求8的方法,其中该二氧化碳产物流包含至少95体积%的二氧化碳。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中将该气体混合物中至少90%的二氧化碳回收到二氧化碳产物流中。
17.一种从气体混合物中回收二氧化碳的方法,该方法包含:
在预处理系统中预处理含有二氧化碳、水蒸气和一种或多种轻气体的气体混合物,来形成冷却的气体混合物;
将所述的冷却气体混合物至少分离成为第一流、第二流和第三流;
将至少一部分所述的第一流经由间接热交换与制冷剂接触;
将至少一部分所述的第二流经由间接热交换与来自分馏器的顶部蒸气馏分接触,来形成冷却的顶部蒸气馏分;
将所述的冷却的顶部蒸气馏分通过对二氧化碳具有选择性的膜,来从含有轻气体的残留气体中分离二氧化碳渗透物;
将至少一部分的该二氧化碳渗透物再循环到预处理系统;
将至少一部分所述的第三流经由间接热交换与来自分馏器的至少一部分的底部馏分接触,来形成冷却的底部馏分;
将至少一部分所述的冷却的底部馏分再循环到所述的预处理系统;
重新合并所述的第一、第二和第三流来形成重新合并的流;
分馏所述的重新合并的流来形成所述的含有二氧化碳的底部馏分流和含有二氧化碳和轻气体的顶部馏分;
将至少一部分的底部馏分经由间接热交换与顶部馏分接触来形成所述的顶部蒸气馏分和顶部液体馏分;和
回收作为净化的二氧化碳产物流的至少一部分的底部馏分。
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