CN102029742A - 耐磨装置及用于该装置的工艺 - Google Patents

耐磨装置及用于该装置的工艺 Download PDF

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CN102029742A
CN102029742A CN2010105039419A CN201010503941A CN102029742A CN 102029742 A CN102029742 A CN 102029742A CN 2010105039419 A CN2010105039419 A CN 2010105039419A CN 201010503941 A CN201010503941 A CN 201010503941A CN 102029742 A CN102029742 A CN 102029742A
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boron
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B·A·史密斯
A·T·纳迪
K·M·兰金
P·L·克拉维特
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Hamilton Sundstrand Corp
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Abstract

本发明涉及耐磨装置,其包含第一金属材料的衬底和配置于衬底上的耐磨层。所述耐磨层包含第二不同金属材料的基质、分散遍及所述基质的粒子和分散于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料。

Description

耐磨装置及用于该装置的工艺
背景技术
本发明涉及用于增强的耐磨性的材料和组合物。
钻表面和轴等可包含易遭受磨损情况的表面。根据材料可使用渗碳或渗氮工艺而直接硬化所述表面,以改善所述表面的耐磨性。在某些情况下,另选在所述表面镀铬以提供更大程度的耐磨性。
近来,存在替代铬的需求。但是,潜在的替代材料不能成功的提供与镀铬相同程度的耐磨性。此外,对于诸如与硬颗粒有关、与啮合部件(mating component)有关和与升高的温度有关的不同类型的磨损机制,这种材料不能显示出广范的耐磨性。
发明内容
示例性的耐磨装置包含第一金属材料衬底和配置于衬底上的耐磨层。所述耐磨层包含第二不同金属材料的基质、分散遍及所述基质的粒子和分布于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料。
另一方面,可认为耐磨装置是耐磨层,并且可包含金属材料基质、分散遍及所述基质的粒子和分布于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料。
示例性的耐磨装置可通过将包含金属材料基质和分散遍及所述基质的粒子的耐磨层进行渗硼来制造或加工,以提供分布于基质的一部分中的硼材料。
附图简述
通过以下的目前优选实施方式的详细描述,本领域技术人员将会理解本发明的各种各样的特征和优点。伴随详细描述的示意图可以简述如下。
图1描述了一个耐磨装置的实施例。
图2描述了另一个耐磨装置的实施例。
优选实施方式
图1描述了示例性耐磨装置20,为了针对各种各样不同磨损机制的增强的耐磨性,其可以单独提供或与其它部件组合。在这种情况下,耐磨装置20包含耐磨层22(例如,涂层),所述耐磨层22含有基质24、分散遍及所述基质24的粒子26以及分布于所述基质24的一部分中的硼材料28(如阴影部分所示)。
硼材料28提供硬化基质24以增加耐磨性的优点,并因此有助于将粒子26保持于基质24中。作为一个实施例,耐磨装置20包含易遭受磨损情况的外表面30。在不存在硼材料28的情况下,基质材料24可磨损掉并且逐渐暴露出粒子26,使得粒子26变松动或是脱离基质24。一旦脱离,所述粒子会起到磨损粒子的作用并加速磨损。然而,硼材料28的存在硬化基质24的外侧部分以减少磨损并有助于将粒子26保持于基质24中。
耐磨层22包含内侧部分32和外侧部分34。在这种情况下,所述术语“内侧”和“外侧”是相对于磨损表面30而制定的,但可另选相对于关于耐磨层22的其它部件或参照点而制定。在该实施例中,外侧部分34包含硼材料28,而内侧部分32不含有任何的硼材料28。在这方面,内侧部分32不像外侧部分34一样坚硬,保持了更好程度的延展性。在外侧部分34形成裂缝的情况下,不含有任何的硼材料28的内侧部分32的延展性可有助于抑制裂缝的蔓延。
在一些实施例中,外侧部分34包含在接近磨损表面30的最外侧的第一亚层36和邻接第一亚层36及内侧部分32的第二亚层38。在这种情况下,第一和第二亚层36和38各自包含硼材料28,但是,在各个亚层36和38中,硼材料28可为不同的形式。例如,硼材料28可以硼化物的形式存在于第一亚层36中而以元素硼的形式存在于第一和第二亚层36和38中。相对于第二亚层38,可认为第一亚层36是富硼化物层。可认为硼化物是硼和电负性较小的元素的化合物,元素硼不化学键合到任何其它类型的元素上。
第一亚层36包含分散遍及第一亚层36的硼化物粒子或硼化物相40。硼化物粒子或硼化物相40的浓度可随着经过从磨损表面30朝向第二亚层38的耐磨层22的厚度的距离而减少或改变。
硼化物的类型也同样可以随着距磨损表面30的距离而改变。例如,第一类型的硼化物相可以位于磨损表面30附近,而另一种类型的硼化合物可以主要位于第一亚层36的更深处。
作为一个实施例,一种或多种硼化物包含硼和来自基质24的金属的化合物。在这方面,硼化物的类型取决于为基质24选择的金属或合金的类型。在一些实施例中,基质24的金属材料为钴、镍、钴-磷、镍-磷、镍-钨或它们的组合。在这些实施例中,硼化物包含镍硼化物或钴硼化物。
硼化物也可以是硼和粒子26中的金属的组合。作为一个实施例,粒子26为金属碳化物、金属氧化物或其它材料,其通常比基质24的材料硬。例如,粒子为氧化铝、碳化硅、碳化铬、碳化钨或其它非硼材料。在这方面,硼化物包含硼与铝、硅、铬或钨。或者,所述粒子可为氮化硼或金刚石材料,其可以对于硼是惰性的。
粒子26的平均粒径可高达约20微米。在另一实施例中,所述粒径可为2-10微米或甚至8-10微米。一般说来,所述粒径大于硼化物粒子或硼化物相40的粒径,所述硼化物粒子或硼化物相40的粒径一般小于2微米。
相对于耐磨层22的厚度,外侧部分34可以以所需要的厚度形成,这取决于所需要的耐磨性质。在一些实施例中,耐磨层22具有外侧部分34的厚度与耐磨层22的总厚度的全厚度比(through-thickness ratio),其不大于0.5。就是说,外侧部分34的厚度可高达耐磨层22的厚度的约50%。在一些实施例中,外侧部分34的厚度可差不多约为2.5mils(0.635毫米)。在另一实施例中,外侧部分34的厚度可不大于1.2mils(0.305毫米)。
所给出的基质24、粒子26和包含硼材料28的外侧部分34的实施例材料的组合提供了比镀铬或其它耐磨层更好的耐磨性质。例如,镀铬对啮合金属部件(mating metal component)显示出杰出的耐磨性,但对氧化铝粒子则未显示。基质24和不含有硼材料28的粒子26的复合材料在接触特定合金时显示出良好的耐磨性,但在升高的温度下对其它合金的耐性下降。相比之下,含有基质24、粒子26和硼材料28的耐磨层22在升高的温度下对氧化铝磨损粒子和各种不同的合金具有良好的耐性。也就是说,对于许多不同类型的磨损机制,耐磨层22提供了广泛的耐磨性。
图2描述了另一耐磨装置120。在这种情况下,耐磨装置120包含配置于衬底50上的耐磨层22。在该实施例中,衬底50是由金属材料制成的,例如铁基合金、镍基合金、钴基合金、镍-铬合金、钴-铬合金、钛合金或他们的组合。也就是说,衬底50的金属材料与耐磨层22中的基质24的金属材料不同。
一般说来,衬底50是其上配置有耐磨层22的部件主体。在这方面,可将耐磨层22直接配置于衬底50上,或作为独立部件单独形成,然后附着于或粘结于衬底50上。作为一个实施例,所述部件可为致动器(钻)、轴、空气循环机部件、螺旋桨叶、涡轮机或具有磨损表面的任何类型的部件,其受益于公开的实施例。
可加工耐磨层22以将硼材料28掺入基质24。作为一个实施例,可在例如电镀工艺的已知方法中将基质形成为含有粒子26。接下来可将硼材料28通过“渗硼”工艺而掺入基质24。在渗硼工艺中,硼扩散到基质24中。所述工艺可以在升高的温度下进行,例如在约537-1094℃下持续一段时间,其适于生产外侧部分34的所需要的微观结构和厚度。在另一实施例中,渗硼温度可为约648-983℃或甚至760-927℃。可选择渗硼温度以提供使粒子26和基质24相互扩散以加强结合的额外益处。也可以选择渗硼温度以提供使基质24和衬底50相互扩散以加强结合的额外益处。在这方面,所选的渗硼温度可取决于为衬底50而选择的材料的类型。对于是镍基材料或钴基材料的衬底,760-927℃的温度范围可适宜于影响与所给出的实施例基质材料的相互扩散。在这方面,扩散结合与渗硼同时进行。
硼的来源可为固体化合物、粉末、糊状物、液体或气体气氛(gaseous atmosphere)。硼扩散到基质24中使得表面30附近的硼浓度高于距表面30远的位置处的硼浓度。
当硼浓度超过了基质24中的溶解性限制,过量的硼在第一亚层36中形成硼化物粒子或硼化物相40。在一些实施例中,第二亚层38中的硼量没有超过溶解性限制,因此在基质24中保持间隙状态(interstitially)或溶解状态,从而不形成硼化物。因此,可在渗硼工艺中控制时间、温度和硼源的类型以生产出所需要的第一亚层36、第二亚层38的厚度和所导致的硼化物的类型。
尽管特征组合在所描述的实施例中显示,但不是所有的特征都需要被组合起来以实现本公开中不同实施方式的益处。换句话说,根据本公开中实施方式所设计的体系不需要包含所有显示在任一图中的特征或所有概略性地显示在所述图中的部分。另外,一个示例性实施方式中选择的特征可以和其它示例性实施方式中选择的特征相组合。
之前的描述在本质上是示例性的,而不是限制性的。对所公开的实施例的变更和修饰可对本领域技术人员显而易见,而无需背离本公开的本质。赋予本公开的法律保护范围仅通过所提交的权利要求来决定。

Claims (20)

1.耐磨装置,其包含:
包含第一金属材料的衬底;和
配置于所述衬底上的耐磨层,所述耐磨层包含第二不同金属材料的基质、分散遍及所述基质的粒子和分布于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料。
2.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述耐磨层包含相对于不含有任何所述硼材料的衬底的内侧亚层部分。
3.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述耐磨层包含邻接所述衬底的内侧亚层和相对于所述衬底的第一、第二外侧亚层,所述第一外侧亚层包含硼化物作为所述硼材料并且所述第二外侧亚层包含元素硼作为所述硼材料,其中,所述内侧亚层不含有任何所述硼材料。
4.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述第一金属材料选自铁基合金、镍基合金、钴基合金、镍-铬合金、钴-铬合金、钛合金和它们的组合。
5.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述第二金属材料选自钴、镍、钴-磷、镍-磷、镍-钨和它们的组合。
6.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述粒子选自氧化铝、碳化硅、碳化铬、碳化钨、金刚石、氮化硼和它们的组合。
7.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述粒子选自比所述第二金属材料硬且平均粒径不大于20微米的材料。
8.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,至少一些所述硼材料为硼化物。
9.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,至少一些所述硼材料为元素硼。
10.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述粒子为非硼化物材料。
11.权利要求1的耐磨装置,其中,所述硼材料包含与第二金属材料的金属的硼化物。
12.耐磨装置,其包含:
包含金属材料基质、分散遍及所述基质的粒子和分布于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料的耐磨层。
13.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述粒子选自碳化物粒子、氧化物粒子和它们的组合。
14.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述粒子选自氧化铝、碳化硅、碳化铬、碳化钨、金刚石、氮化硼和它们的组合。
15.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述金属材料选自钴、镍、钴-磷、镍-磷、镍-钨和它们的组合。
16.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述耐磨层包含不含有任何所述硼材料的亚层部分。
17.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述基质部分与所述耐磨层总厚度的全厚度比不大于0.5。
18.权利要求12的耐磨装置,其中,所述硼材料包含硼化物和元素硼。
19.加工耐磨装置的方法,所述装置包含含有金属材料基质和分散遍及所述基质的粒子的耐磨层,所述工艺包含:
对所述耐磨层进行渗硼以提供分布于所述基质的一部分中的硼材料。
20.权利要求19的方法,其进一步包含在渗硼温度下对耐磨层进行渗硼,所述温度导致所述基质和所述粒子之间的相互扩散、所述基质和其上配置有所述基质的衬底之间的相互扩散或这两者。
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