CN101953795A - 纳米级的药物传送装置、制备方法及用途 - Google Patents
纳米级的药物传送装置、制备方法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101953795A CN101953795A CN2010101619769A CN201010161976A CN101953795A CN 101953795 A CN101953795 A CN 101953795A CN 2010101619769 A CN2010101619769 A CN 2010101619769A CN 201010161976 A CN201010161976 A CN 201010161976A CN 101953795 A CN101953795 A CN 101953795A
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Abstract
本发明公开了活体内监控及释放药物的纳米装置与方法。所公开的纳米装置特征在于具有一装载有药物的纳米球,可透过磁性刺激而将其中的药物释出。也可将此纳米装置当作一种显影剂,在活体内造影并监控所释出药物或是单独注入活体标的位置处的药物的浓度与分布情况。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纳米级药物传送装置,及其制备方法与用途。
背景技术
传送药物到病患个体体内的途径有许多种,包括口服、经鼻吸入、经皮膜扩散、皮下注射及肌肉注射、非经肠胃道方式和植入等。口服一直是最常见的方式。但是,目前的口服药物,包括胶囊及药片都还有一些缺点,例如,药效不明显、不具控制释放效果致使药物太快被吸收或是吸收不完全、肠胃道不适等其它副作用。此外,这些药物可能无法提供局部治疗效果,和/或无法实时监控药物的释出情形。因此,迫切需要一种改良的药物传送系统和/或装置,以便能更有效地传送药物至患者体内,降低副作用,同时容许在活体内追踪患者体内标的位置处的药物释出情形。
目前已有多种影像技术可在活体内追踪金属性纳米颗粒,例如,纳米金颗粒等。这些影像技术所产生的影像,可反应出个体身体内组织与结构密度上的差异。最常使用的影像技术包括X-光摄影、计算机断层(computed tomography,CT)和核磁共振造影(magnetic resonanceimaging,MRI)。
本发明设计、制造及采用一种新颖的纳米装置作为药物的传送载体,可通过刺激个体身体的一特定部位,而能主动地、由远程将药物释出,同时并可利用如上述本领域公知的造影技术而在活体内追踪药物的释出情形,包括其浓度与分布。
发明内容
本发明公开的内容是有关在一种纳米级药物传送装置,及其制造方法与用途。此纳米级药物传送装置包括一种特征为壳-核结构的纳米球(nanosphere)。此纳米球的核相中可以包埋有药物或是生物活性物质,而外壳则是由磁性材料所制成,并进一步在壳层的表面上键结(键合)量子点(quantum dot),而构成所谓纳米装置(nanodevice)。当施加特定磁场到此纳米装置的独特结构上,通过磁性刺激上述磁性外壳来诱使磁性外壳产生变形,同时量子点产生光学变化,使得包埋在核相中的药物或是生物活性物质,能够根据所施加磁场的强度与时间长短,以控制释出的形式被释放至受测个体的特定身体部位。此外,也可利用其它适当的造影技术,例如,X-光摄影、计算机断层和核磁共振造影,在有或无外加显影剂的情况下,在活体内追踪本发明公开的纳米级药物传送装置。
本发明公开的第一方面是提供一种制备纳米级药物传送装置的方法。此方法包括以下步骤:(a)提供第一溶液,它是将纳米球分散在含有锌盐的第一溶剂中;(b)提供第二溶液,它是将至少两种量子点前驱物在第二溶剂中混合;(c)将该第一溶液与该第二溶液混合,以在该纳米球表面上形成一量子点。第一溶剂通常是由两种选自下列的溶剂组成,包括三辛基膦(trioctylphosphine,TOP)、四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)、C6-18烯烃类和二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulfoxid,DMSO);第二溶剂则是烷胺,例如油基胺(oleylamine)和十六烷胺(hexadecylamine)。量子点前驱物是至少两种选自下组的材料,包括:氯化亚铜(I)、三氯化铟(III)、碘化铟(III)、硫粉、硬脂酸锌、氯化镉和Te粉。量子点本身为顺磁性且可以是以下任一种:CuInZn、CuInS2、CdS、ZnS或CdTe。
在本发明一实施例中,上述的纳米球是由包含以下步骤的方法所形成:(a)在一极性溶剂中将聚合性材料、无机材料或它们的混合物与一药物彼此混合成一悬浮液,从而形成一内含药物的纳米颗粒;和(b)在该悬浮液中加入至少两种金属氧化物前驱物;其中该至少两种金属氧化物前驱物可围绕着该内含药物的纳米颗粒而自我组装成一金属氧化物外壳。在一实施方式中,此聚合性材料是选自由聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚酐、聚醚、聚缩醛、多醣及磷脂所组成的一组物质中;且此无机材料是选自由氧化钛、氧化硅和一种由钙与磷所形成的复合材料所组成的一组物质中。此金属氧化物外壳是包含以下任一物质的单晶壳层、多晶壳层或是非晶壳,包括Fe2O3、Fe3O4、CoFe2O4、MnFe2O4或Gd2O3。
本发明公开的第二方面是提供一种纳米装置。此纳米装置包括一纳米球和一量子点。此纳米球含有由聚合性材料、无机材料或它们的组合所制成的核,以及由金属氧化物制成的外壳。上述的量子点是沉积在外壳表面,而且此量子点是可以选自以下一组物质,包括CuInZn、CuInS2、CdS、ZnS和CdTe。适合包埋在核中的药物可以是以下任一种:抗癫痫剂、抗肿瘤剂、抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗增生剂、抗发炎剂、抗糖尿病剂或是荷尔蒙。
本发明公开的第三方面是提供一种在活体内追踪依据上述方法所制造而成的纳米装置,以及利用磁性诱发药物自此纳米装置中释出的方法。所述方法包含以下步骤:(a)施用足量的本发明纳米装置到一个体的一身体部位;和(b)以强度在约0.05kA/m至2.5kA/m间的磁场,磁性刺激该身体部位约10至180秒,使得被包埋在该纳米装置中的药物被释放到该个体中被磁性刺激的身体部位。所述方法还包含以下步骤:通过X-光摄影、计算机断层和核磁共振造影技术,在不外加显影剂的情况下,以本发明公开的纳米装置在活体内追踪该个体身体部位。所述的身体部位可以是人脑。
通过以下的详细说明及权利要求书,可更了解本发明的这些及其它优点。
在叙述前,应了解在本发明说明书和权利要求书中的用语不应被解释成限制在一般及字典上的意义,基于为了最佳说明而允许发明人适当地定义用语的原则,应以对应本发明的技术观点的意义与观念而作为解释。因此,在此所提的叙述是仅为说明的目的的一较佳实施例,并非意图限制本发明的范畴,所以应了解在不脱离本发明的精神及范畴下,对本发明为其它均等意义及修改是可能的。
附图说明
图1为本发明一实施方式中所述的纳米级药物传送装置与纳米球的分解示意图。
图2(a)为本发明一实施方式中用来制造包含有聚合物核以及围绕此聚合物核自我组装成之单晶氧化铁外壳的纳米装置的方法示意图;
图2(b)及图2(c)为本发明一实施方式制成的纳米球的穿透式电子显微镜(TEM)照片和高分辨率电子显微镜(HRTEM)照片;
图2(d)为本发明一实施方式制成的纳米装置的高分辨率电子显微镜(HRTEM)照片,其中在纳米球的环形外壳上沉积有ZClS的量子点且此悬浮液在UV光照射下会发出荧光(插入图)。
图3为依据本发明实施方式所制成的纳米球与纳米装置其分别与磁场强度间的依赖关系的曲线图。
图4(a)为以HFMF处理包埋有模型药物的纳米装置(30mg/10ml水)约0~100秒时的发射光谱;
图4(b)为在各种不同磁场强度下分别从模型药物FITC和ZClS量子点所发射出来的光谱强度。
图5为依据本发明实施方式以包埋有FITC的纳米装置处理Hela细胞12小时后所拍摄的荧光照片,其中Gsum/Bsum代表绿荧光强度比上蓝荧光强度的比值且其代表每一细胞中模型药物FITC的相对浓度,Rsum/Bsum代表每一细胞中纳米装置的相对强度。
图6代表图5中细胞的Gsum/Bsum与Rsum/Bsum相对于磁场刺激期间长短的关系。
图7为依据本发明实施方式细胞吸入纳米装置的情况,此照片是在以纳米装置处理细胞2小时后所拍摄的。
图8为依据本发明实施方式使细胞吸入纳米球或纳米装置12、24及48小时后所测量到的细胞毒性结果。
图9为依据本发明实施方式以载有CPT的纳米装置处理癌细胞12、24及48小时后所测量到的细胞存活率结果。
图10为依据本发明实施方式,以载有CPT的纳米装置处理细胞并使细胞吸入该纳米装置后,以HFMF磁性刺激该载有CPT的纳米装置不同时间来使药物释出的结果。
图11显示出依据本发明实施方式,对实验动物施用(a)生理盐水、(b)乙琥胺(ESM)(28mg/Kg,ip)、(c)内含ESM的纳米球(纳米球-ESM)(48mg/Kg,ip)、和(d)内含ESM的纳米装置(纳米装置-ESM,device-ESM)(40mg/Kg,ip)后对SWDs的影响。
图12显示出依据本发明实施方式,在施用生理盐水、ESM(0.5ml,28mg/Kg,ip)、纳米球-ESM(40mg/Kg,ip)和纳米装置-ESM(40mg/Kg,ip)之前或之后,小鼠体内SWDs数目与其总持续期间。
图13分别显示出依据本发明实施方式,将纳米装置注射到小鼠脑部之前(上排)与之后(下排),所拍摄的T2-权重影像。
图14为图13小鼠脑部区域的动态显影强化MRI,其中(A)是注射纳米装置30分钟后所撷取的T2-权重影像,(B)和(C)则分别是右脑半球与左脑半球的讯号模式,箭头代表注射纳米装置的时间。
图15是安非他命刺激后小鼠脑部的MR I影像以及安非他命的活化时间图,其中分别以热与冷的颜色代表事件相关程度为+0.5及-0.5。
上述附图中主要部件符号说明:
10 纳米级药物传送装置 12 纳米球
14 量子点 16 核心
18 外壳 20 药物
具体实施方式
下文中,将配合附图详细说明本发明的较佳实施例。
以下描述用在活体内造影和/或磁性诱发药物释放的纳米装置,及其制备方法与用途。可主动地自远程控制此新颖的纳米装置,以便将包埋在此纳米装置中的药物释放到一个体身上的要求部位,例如人体之脑部区域或任一器官中。而且,可利用适当的影像技术,在有或无额外添加本领域公知的显影剂的情况下,在活体内追踪此纳米装置。本领域公知的显影剂的例子包括有硫酸钡、碘系显影剂、铟、钆、氧化铁和/或与锰螯合的氧化铁。
参照图1(a),其为本发明的纳米级药物传送装置10的示意图。此纳米装置10是由显示在图1(b)的纳米球12,与量子点14两者所共同构成。在此实例中,只显示出一个量子点14,但是,需了解在必要时,纳米球12上可以包含有多个量子点14。此纳米球12的特征是具有壳/核结构。核16可由聚合性材料、无机材料或此两种材料的组合来构成,外壳18则是由金属氧化物构成。量子点14是沉积在外壳18的表面上。此纳米装置10是设计成可将药物包埋在纳米球12的由聚合性材料、无机材料或此两种材料之组合所构成的核心16中。利用磁场(magnetic field,MF)磁性刺激外壳18使金属氧化物外壳18变形和/或崩塌,而能以可控制方式将包埋在核16中的药物20释出。
制造纳米球
制造纳米球的方法已揭示在公开文献中(参见Hu et al.,“Core/Single-Crystal-Shell Nanospheres for Conducting DrugRelease via a Magnetically Triggered Rupturing Mechanism”,Adv.Mater.,200820,2690-2695),在此并入其全部公开的内容作为参考。在一实施方式中,纳米球是由包含以下步骤的方法来形成,包括:在诸如水或是C1-6醇类的极性溶剂中将1-10%(重量%)的聚合性材料、无机材料或它们的混合物彼此混合成一悬浮液,由此形成一聚合物型、无机型或聚合物/无机型的纳米颗粒;以及在该悬浮液中加入至少两种金属氧化物前驱物;其中该至少两种金属氧化物前驱物可围绕着该内纳米颗粒而自我组装成一金属氧化物外壳。
可用来形成纳米球的核心相的适合的聚合性材料,包括,但不限于,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚酐、聚醚、聚缩醛、多醣及磷脂。上述的多醣可以是淀粉、纤维素、果胶、几丁质或甲壳素;且上述的磷脂可以是磷脂胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰丝胺酸(PS)、磷脂乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油或卵磷脂。在一实例中,此聚合性材料为PVP。适当的无机材料包括,但不限于,二氧化钛、二氧化硅和一种由钙和磷酸盐组成的复合材料。在一实例中,此无机材料为二氧化硅;且在另一实例中,此无机材料为二氧化钛。
可围绕上述聚合性或无机性纳米颗粒而自我组装成一种金属氧化物外壳的金属氧化物前驱物包括,但不限于,氯化亚铁(II)、氯化铁(III)、氯化亚钴(II)、硝酸亚铁(II)、醋酸铁(III)、醋酸钴(II)、氯化钆(III)和醋酸锰(II)。此金属氧化物外壳可以是包含以下任一物质的单晶壳层、多晶壳层或是非晶壳层,包括Fe2O3、Fe3O4、CoFe2O4、MnFe2O4或Gd2O3。
在一实例中,此金属氧化物外壳是一种单晶型氧化铁壳层,透过包含以下步骤的方法所形成:在诸如水或是C1-6醇类的极性溶剂中,以摩尔比介于约2∶1至约5∶1的比例,将包含氯化亚铁(II)和氯化铁(III)在内的至少两种金属氧化物前驱物混合并形成一悬浮液;调整pH值到7至12间;让所形成的氧化铁围绕着纳米颗粒而自我组装成一金属氧化物外壳。适用的C1-6醇类可选自甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇、己醇等类似物。也可使用适当的金属氧化物前驱物,依照上述步骤来形成由其它金属氧化物构成的金属氧化物外壳。举例来说,可以CoCl2和FeCl3来形成CoFe2O4外壳;以MnCl2和FeCl3来形成MnFe2O4外壳;或以醋酸钆或Gd(OH)2来形成Gd2O3外壳。
如果要制造的是载有药物的纳米球,则可将在上述悬浮液中添加生物活性物质并将其混合均匀,使得药物可被包埋在聚合性材料或无机性材料结构中;接着如上述方式以金属氧化物围绕着含有药物的纳米颗粒外,进而组装成金属氧化物外壳,而形成所需的载有药物的纳米球。可被包埋在纳米颗粒之核心相中的药物量多寡,一般需通过实验来决定,而此多半取决于所要包埋的药物类型而定。在本文中“药物(drug)”或“生物活性物质(biological active substance)”两名词可互换使用,都是指可用来治疗和/或预防多种药学领域中的情况且可被施用在活的有机体,如哺乳类动物,特别是人类身上的化合物或组合物。可用于本文中的药物包括,但不限于:核酸,如DNA或小型干扰性RNA(siRNA);多肽;蛋白质,如牛血清白蛋白、糖蛋白或胶原蛋白;抗生素;抗氧化剂,如维生素E或维生素C(即,抗坏血酸);免疫原性制备物,例如疫苗;抗癫痫药剂,例如乙酰唑磺胺(acetazolamide)、卡马西平(carbamazepine)、可洛巴宁(clobazam)、氯硝安定(clonazepam)、宁神平(diazepam)、乙琥胺(ethosuximide)、乙苯妥因(ethotoin)、非氨酯(felbamate)、磷苯妥因(fosphenytoin)、加巴潘汀(gabapentin)、乐命达(lamotrigine)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、美芬妥因(mephenytoin)、美沙比妥(metharbital)、甲琥胺(methsuximide)、甲氮酰胺(methazolamide)、除癫达(oxcarbazepine)、苯巴比妥(Phenobarbital)、苯妥因(phenytoin)、苯琥胺(phensuximide)、普瑞巴林(pregabalin)、脱氧苯巴比妥(primidone)、丙戊酸钠(sodium valproate)、司替物醇(stiripentol)、噻加滨(tiagabine)、托吡酯(topiramate)、三甲双酮(trimethadione)、丙戊酸(valproic acid)、氨己烯酸(vigabatrin)或唑尼沙胺(zonisamide);抗肿瘤药剂,例如紫杉醇(taxol)、喜树碱(camptothecin,CPT)、抗癌妥(topotecan,TPT)或治癌妥(irinotecan,CPT-11);抗菌剂,例如氧化锌或四级胺化合物;抗病毒药剂,例如无环鸟苷(acyclovir)、雷巴威林(ribavirin)、扎那米尔(zanamivir)、奥噻米尔(oseltamivir)、齐多夫锭(zidovudine)或拉脉优锭(lamivudine);抗增生药剂,例如放线菌素(actinomycin)、阿霉素(doxorubicin)、唐霉素(daunorubicin)、戊霉素(valrubicine)、泛达霉素(idarubicin)、表阿霉素(epirubicin)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、光辉霉素(plicamycin)或丝裂霉素(mitomycin);抗发炎药剂,例如类固醇(corticosteroids)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、除癌锭(methotrexate)、阿思匹灵(aspirin)、水杨酸(salicyclic acid)、二苯氢胺(diphenyhydramine)、人人百炎锭(naproxen)、保泰松(phenylbutazone)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)或酮基布洛芬(ketoprofen);抗糖尿病药剂,包括磺酰尿素(sulfonylureas),例如甲苯磺丁脲(tolbutamide)、醋磺己脲(acetohexamide)、妥拉磺脲(tolazamide)、氯磺丙脲(chlorpropamide)、吡磺环己脲(glipizide)、格列本脲(glyburide)、格列美脲(glimepiride)或甲磺吡脲(gliclazide),苯丙胺酸衍生物(meglitinides),例如瑞格列奈(repaglinide)或那格列萘(nateglinide);双胍类(biguanides)例如二甲双胍(metformin)、苯乙双胍(phenformin)或丁双胍(buformin);噻唑烷二酮类似物(thiazolidinediones)例如罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)、皮利酮(pioglitazone)或曲格列酮(troglitazone);α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(alpha-glucosidaseinhibitors)例如米格列醇(miglitol)或阿卡波糖(acarbose);类多肽(peptide analogs),例如艾塞那肽(exenatide)、利拉鲁肽(liraglutide)、他司鲁肽(taspoglutide)、维格列汀(vildagliptin)、佳糖维(sitagliptin)或普兰林肽(pramlintide);和荷尔蒙,例如胰岛素、表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)和固醇类,例如黄体素、雌激素、肾上腺皮质类固醇和雄性激素。依据本发明一实施方式,纳米球中所包含的药物量约在0.01%至80%(重量%)之间,例如约0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2、5、8、10、12、15、18、20、22、25、28、30、32、35、38、40、42、45、48、50、52、55、58、60、62、65、68、70、72、75、78或80%。任何医药领域中具通常技艺的人应可在不需过度实验下,为使用本发明纳米组件的磁场诱导药物释出配方,选择适当的药物组合。在一实施例中,此药物为诸如乙琥胺之类的抗癫痫药剂。在另一实施方式中,此药物为诸如喜树碱(CPT-11)之类的抗癌药剂。
在一实施方式中,所制成的纳米球平均直径约为10nm至100nm间,例如约10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90或100nm;且它的非晶形外壳和单晶核心也暗示成核时,氧化铁前驱物会围绕着PVP核心而自我组装成氧化铁外壳。
制造纳米装置
本发明公开的内容之一是有关在一种用来制造可传送药物的纳米装置的方法。所公开的方法特征为含有以下步骤:
(a)提供第一溶液,它是将纳米球分散在含有锌盐的第一溶剂中,且该锌盐与该纳米球在该第一溶剂中的浓度分别为约1-40毫克/毫升和0.02-0.2毫摩尔/毫升;
(b)提供第二溶液,它是将至少两种量子点前驱物在第二溶剂中混合,其中每一种量子点前驱物在该第二溶剂中的浓度约为0.003-0.03毫摩尔/毫升;
(c)在惰性气体与约10℃~300℃的温度下,将该第一溶液与该第二溶液混合,以在该纳米球表面上形成一量子点。
在步骤(a)中,第一溶液是利用在锌盐存在下,将纳米球分散在第一溶剂中而形成。纳米球可由上述方法来制造,且纳米球可包含或不包含治疗性药剂或药物在其核心相中。在一实例中,可依据上述揭示的方法将药物加载至核心相中。在另一实例中,可将纳米球当作显影剂使用,因此不需包埋药物在其核心相中。
第一溶剂通常是由两种选自下列的溶剂组成,包括三辛基膦(trioctylphosphine,TOP)、四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)、C6-18烃类和二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulfoxid,DMSO)。在一实例中,第一溶剂是由TOP和己烷所组成。可用于本发明的适当的锌盐包括,但不限于,二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸锌盐。分散在第一溶液中的纳米球浓度约在1-40毫克/毫升间,例如约1、5、10、12、15、18、20、22、25、28、30、32、35、38或40毫克/毫升。分散在第一溶液中的锌盐浓度则约在0.02-0.2毫摩尔/毫升间,例如约0.02、0.03、0.05、0.06、0.07、0.08、0.1、0.11、0.12、0.13、0.14、0.15、0.16、0.17、0.18、0.19或0.2毫摩尔/毫升。
在步骤(b)中,第二溶液是通过在第二溶剂中混合至少两种量子点前驱物所制备而成的。在一实例中,第二溶剂则是烷胺类,例如,油基胺(oleylamine)或十六烷胺(hexadecylamine)。但是,也可使用其它类型的溶剂,只要该溶剂可将量子点前驱物溶解即可。依据所欲沉积在纳米球外壳表面的量子点种类来选择适当的量子点前驱物,而适合用在本发明中的量子点包括,但不限于,CuInZn、CuInS2、CdS、ZnS或CdTe。如果所要的量子点是CdS,则可选择氯化镉(II)和硫粉当作量子点前驱物。在一实例中,所要的量子点是CuInZn,因此所选的量子点前驱物包括氯化亚铜(I)、三氯化铟(III)、碘化铟(III)和硬脂酸锌。当所要求的量子点是CuInS2时,则可选择氯化亚铜(I)、三氯化铟(III)、碘化铟(III)和硫粉作为量子点前驱物。在另一实例中,是使用硬脂酸锌和硫粉作为前驱物来沉积ZnS量子点,并使用氯化镉和Te粉来沉积CdTe量子点。每一量子点前驱物在第二溶液中的浓度约在0.003-0.03毫摩尔/毫升间,例如约为0.003、0.005、0.007、0.009、0.01、0.012、0.014、0.016、0.018、0.02、0.022、0.024、0.026、0.028和0.03毫摩尔/毫升。
最后,在步骤(c)中,是在诸如氮、氦、氖、氩或它们的组合的惰性气体环境以及介于约10℃至300℃的温度下,将第一溶液与第二溶液彼此混合,以在纳米球表面形成量子点。在一实例中,操作温度是设在约140℃。
依据上述方式所制造成的纳米装置可作为一种药物载体,用来传送药物到一受测个体体内的任一标的位置处,例如人体的脑部或任何其它器官;或是可将所制造成的纳米装置当作一种工具来造影并追踪受测个体内标的位置处的药物的药物动力学。
活体内造影及磁性诱发药物释放
本发明公开的更进一步方面在于提供一种活体内造影及磁性诱发药物自依前述方式制成的纳米装置中释出的方法。所公开的方法包含以下步骤:(a)施用足够量的本发明的纳米装置到受测个体的身体部位;及(b)在该身体部位施加一介于约0.05kA/m至2.5kA/m的磁场一段约10至180秒的时间,来磁性诱发该纳米装置,使包埋在该纳米装置中的药物可被释放至该受测个体的身体部位中。所公开的方法更包括以下步骤:在不使用额外添加的显影剂情况下,以选自下列的造影方法来追踪该受测个体的身体部位,包括电子自旋共振(electronspin resonance,ESR)造影、X-光造影、计算机断层(computedtomography,CT)造影和核磁共振(MRI)造影。
本文所指的受测个体是人类或非人类的动物。非人类的动物实例包括所有的脊椎类动物,例如哺乳类,如灵长类、狗、啮齿类(如,小鼠与大鼠)、猫、羊、马或猪;和非哺乳类,如鸟类、两栖类、爬虫类等。在一实例中,此受测个体是人类。本发明公开的纳米装置可利用吸入或注射方式而系统性地施用到受测个体体内;或利用静脉注射或表面涂抹而施用至局部区域,例如施用到肠胃道、肝或肾脏系统,或是到如腹部、腰部脊柱、手臂或腿的区域)或同样利用静脉注射或表面涂抹而施用至受测个体体内或体表的特定治疗部位。这些和其它可能的施用方法、途径已是本领域技术人员所能了解并轻易掌握的技术,因此也应涵盖在本发明公开的范畴中。适合进行注射的身体部位可依据以下条件来选择,例如所欲释出的活性药剂种类、个体个人身体状况包括性别、年龄、体重、和/或目前及过去的病史。有经验的医师可在不需过度实验的情况下来决定适合进行注射的身体部位。在一实例中,此身体部位是人类的上臂部位。在另一实例中,此身体部位是人类的脑部。依据本发明公开的更进一步的实施方式,所述的纳米装置不会对即将吸入或注射此纳米装置的人体健康有任何安全性上的威胁,亦即,此纳米装置没有毒性。
依据本发明公开的实施例,可利用注射、口服、灌注或类似方式,将此装载有药物的纳米装置引入到受测个体的一身体部位内,让此纳米装置在有兴趣的身体部位内的器官或区域处,也就是希望药物被释出的部位(例如脑部),具有较高浓度。在此纳米装置本身保持几乎完整的情况下,可利用电子自旋共振(electron spin resonance,ESR)造影技术来追踪此纳米装置在体内该身体部位中的浓度与分布。ESR是一种核磁共振造影技术,通过通常发生在顺磁材料中的动态核极化所强化的磁共振来产生影像。通常是以显影剂的电子过渡频率照射该特定身体部位来进行追踪,在本发明公开的内容中,显影剂即为纳米装置的氧化铁外壳。或者,也可合并使用本发明公开的纳米装置与其它本领域公知的显影剂,一起来提供高质量的影像。适当的显影剂包括,但不限于,硫酸钡、碘系显影剂、铟、钆、氧化铁及锰螯合剂。
待测量过最初的影像之后,利用磁场诱发使纳米装置的金属氧化物外壳完全或部分崩解,而将包埋在纳米装置核心相中的药物释放到标的位置。详言之,以磁场照射该身体部位一段时间,例如约10秒至180秒,以释出所包埋的药物到该身体部位中,而产生特定的治疗效果,例如转录基因或治疗癌症。磁场(magnetic field,MF)的强度从约0.05kA/m至约2.5kA/m,例如约0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8、1.9、2.0、2.1、2.2、2.3、2.4或2.5kA/m。施加MF的期间从约10秒到约180秒,例如约10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、110、120、130、140、150、160、170或180秒。一旦经过磁性刺激后,沉积在外壳层表面上的量子点会吸收磁性能量,使纳米装置的金属氧化物外壳变形,进而使包埋在核心相中的药物可被释放出来到标的位置。在最极端的情况下,整个金属氧化物外壳在磁场刺激后会完全崩解,使得药物被迅速释出。因此,可透过控制所施加磁场的强度与时间,来控制被释出的药物量多寡。换言之,可透过适当的调整施加到身体特定部位处的磁场强度和/或时间,来控制性地释出包埋在本发明公开的纳米装置中的药物量。
一旦包埋在核心相中的药物被释出后,即可利用MRI技术进行后续测量,以绘出该药物的药动学关系,因此,可利用MRI中的NMR讯号来监控/测量所释出药物的浓度和/或分布。举例来说,利用NMR讯号来监控所释放药物的动力学或产生可显示显影剂(即,本发明公开的纳米装置)分布的三维影像,并用以推测所关连药物的相符的药动性质。
依据本发明公开的另一实施例,可使用本发明公开的一空的纳米装置作为显影剂来追踪或造影另一活性药物(例如,安非他命),此活性药物可在施用过本发明公开的纳米装置后,再被注射或聚集到个体的一标的处。
以下,将通过特定实施例及附图,进一步阐述本发明内容。需知,除非另做说明,否则图标中相同组件符号代表相同组件。
实施例
以下实施例是为了阐述本发明特定方面而提供,本发明范畴并不局限于此。
实施例1制造及分析包埋有模型药物的纳米装置
1.1制造PVP-Fe3O4核-壳纳米球
将聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)溶在蒸馏水中,使浓度为4%(重量%),接着将此PVP溶液加热至80℃。在此PVP溶液中,加入0.01毫克的绿色荧光物质-异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate,TITC),搅拌混合约6小时。溶液中的PVP会自动组装成纳米球并将FITC包埋在其中而形成载有FITC的PVP纳米颗粒。在充氮下,将FeCl3·6H2O和FeCl2·4H2O(其中FeCl2/FeCl3的摩尔比约为2∶1)溶在水中并与上述载有FITC的PVP纳米颗粒在80℃下剧烈搅拌。4小时后,再缓慢地加入2毫升的氨水(NH4OH,33%),使氧化铁外壳可沉积在PVP纳米球的表面。接着,将溶液在6000rpm下离心,移除上清液并收集沉淀。以蒸馏水清洗沉淀4次。利用离心分离出PVP-Fe3O4核壳纳米球。
图2(a)显示出依据本实施例步骤用来形成可传送药物的纳米装置的操作图。图2(b)及图2(c)分别为依据本实施例所制成的纳米球的穿透式电子显微镜(TEM)照片和高分辨率穿透式电子显微镜(HRTEM)照片。从图2(b)及图2(c)的结果可确认每一纳米球为直径在10-15nm间的球体,且具有一非晶型核心和一单晶壳层结构,显示氧化铁前驱物在成核后可围绕着此PVP核心自我组装成一外壳。
1.2在实施例1.1的纳米球表面上沉积Zn-Cu-In-S(ZCIS)量子点
为了在纳米球表面上成长ZCIS量子点,将实施例1.1的纳米球重新悬浮在含有0.1-1毫摩尔二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌盐([(C2H5)2NCSS]2Zn)的三辛基膦(TOP,90%,技术级)中。进一步以十八烯(ODE,90%,技术级)来稀释上述溶液以形成第一溶液。接着,在50℃下将CuCl与InCl3溶在油基胺中以形成第二溶液。接着,在氮气下将两种溶液混合并加热到140,以使量子点沉积在实施例1.1的纳米球表面上。
图2(d)是掺杂有ZCIS的纳米球的HRTEM照片,其中在纳米球的环形壳上沉积有ZCIS量子点的固体颗粒,且此悬浮液在UV光下会产生荧光(参见图2(d)中的插图),表示本实施例的纳米装置不只能作为传送药物的载体,还可作为造影用的纳米碳针。能量分散X-光光谱仪(energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer,EDS)分析确认此环状区域主要是由Fe组成且该固体颗粒主要是由Cu和S组成(并未示出数据)。
进一步以超导量子干涉装置(super quantum interference device,SQUID)(MPMS-XL7)在298K且磁场强度在-10000至+10000G之间的条件下,来分析实施例1.2的纳米装置和实施例1.1的纳米球(亦即,纳米球的外壳上没有量子点沉积)的磁性。结果显示于图3。实施例1.2的纳米装置和实施例1.1的纳米球两者都表现出超磁行为,且因为稀释效应,使得实施例1.2的纳米装置,相较于实施例1.1的纳米球来说,具有较小的饱和磁化强度(Ms)。
1.3从实施例1.2的纳米装置中控制释放其中所包埋的模型药物
将上述实施例所制成的纳米装置放在强度在50~100kHz间的高频磁场(HFMF),使得所包埋的模型药物(亦即,绿荧光物,FITC)能从纳米装置中释出。利用电力、功能产生器、放大器和冷却水来创造出此HFMF。类似的设备公开在PNAS的文章中(vol 103,3540-3545(2006))。磁场强度端视所用线圈而定。在此实例中,此线圈包括8个循环。将频率设在50kHz且磁场强度(H)大约为2.5kA/m。以循环水将HFMF产生器的温度控制在25℃。在20毫升磷酸缓冲液(pH7.4)中测量从0.05%(重量%)的磁性纳米装置中释出药物的模式。以PL光谱仪(PL荧光光谱仪F-4500,日立,日本)来测量施加50kHz高频磁场(HFMF)后,染料分子的释出模式与纳米装置的荧光强度。以0.05%(重量%)的浓度,将实施例1的纳米装置分散在水中一段不同时间,X-光光电光谱(XPS)是在阳极配备有1253.6电子伏特的MgK的ESCALAB 250(Thermo VGScientific,West Sussex,UK)中执行。相对于284.6 eV、C1秒的波峰来标准化XPS波峰的化学位移。结果示于图4中。
在施加磁场之前,当载有FITC的纳米球被储存在室温下24小时,并未发现有任何药物释出,此观察结果又经以PL光谱仪进行监控及观察后确认,表示染料可被包埋在核心相中一段长时间而不会渗漏出来。但是如图4(a)所示,一旦施加HFME不同时间之后,自纳米球中释出的模型药物所发射出来的绿荧光强度在517nm下,会随着所施加磁场强度的增加而提高,相反的,量子点的红荧光强度则会随着所施加磁场时间的增加而减少。同时还测试不同程度的HFME对药物从实施例1的纳米装置中释出的影响,结果示于图4(b)中。对所施加的3种不同强度的HFME而言,荧光强度与所施加HFME的时间长短具有线性关系,此代表可透过施加预定强度的HFME一段预定的时间,而以控制释放的方式将所包埋的模型药物释出,且可利用纳米装置的ZCIS量子点,来监控模型药物被释出的情况。
1.4活体外监控自实施例1的纳米装置中释出模型药物
将人类子宫颈癌细胞株(Hela细胞)维持在添加有10%胎牛血清、100单位/毫升的盘尼西林和100g/ml的链霉素(streptomycin)的DMEM培养基中。然后将细胞放在37℃下含有5%CO2的环境下进行培育。在培养基中加入实施例1的纳米装置,与细胞一起培育12小时。接着,以HFMF处理细胞0、90和180秒,以PL显微镜(Nikon TE-2000U,日本)来观察细胞。以数字分析软件(Nikon,日本)来分析模型药物和纳米装置的荧光强度,且每一种颜色通道的曝光条件都相同。Nikon C1软件来进行分析,其将荧光强度分成1至255。荧光强度的范围如下:蓝色信道(60-255)、绿色通道(40-255)、红色通道(30-255)。结果示于图5及图6。
如图5所示,施加磁场时间从0秒增加到180秒可使模型药物或荧光物质(绿色通道)快速地从细胞中释出,而同时间可侦测ZCIS量子点的荧光强度(红色通道)则跟着下降。以数字分析软件(Nikon,日本)来分析模型药物和ZCIS量子点的荧光强度。Bsum、Gsum和Rsum分别代表影像中蓝色、绿色和红色通道中的总荧光强度。蓝荧光是肇因于以DAPI染色的细胞核,且预期每一细胞中此荧光强度应该相去不远。因此,在每一张影像中均以蓝色信道的强度当作标准。Gsum和Rsum则是分别代表来自释出药物与量子点的总荧光强度。Gsum/Bsum代表绿色信道的荧光强度与蓝色通道的荧光强度的比值,也代表每一细胞中纳米装置的相对强度。结果示于图6中。Gsum/Bsum和Rsum/Rsum与细胞中磁场强度的长短分别产生两条曲线。这些曲线显示细胞中相对的药物浓度(以Gsum/Bsum表示)会随着刺激期间的增加而增加,相反的,同一时间内,纳米装置的荧光强度(亦即,来自ZCIS量子点的荧光强度,以Rsum/Rsum表示)则成比例地下降。
实施例2以包埋有抗癌药剂的纳米装置进行活体外治疗
2.1让细胞吸入实施例1的纳米装置
在执行体外治疗之前,依据以下所述步骤以共轭焦显微镜来评估细胞吸入实施例1的纳米装置的能力。
简言之,将人类肺腺癌A549细胞株养在内含10%胎牛血清、1%盘尼西林/链霉素的DMEM培养基中。然后将细胞放在37℃下含有5% CO2的环境下进行培育。A549细胞株是养在6孔盘内,在其培养基中加入实施例1的载有FITC模型药物的纳米装置,与细胞一起培育不同时间,接着以磷酸缓冲液(PBS,pH7.4)清洗3次,以移除未被吸入细胞中的过量纳米装置。以3%甲醛将细胞固定后以DAPI和若丹明溶液染色,然后放在共轭焦显微镜下进行观察。
可发现加入纳米装置培育2小时后,这些纳米装置已聚集在细胞中(参见图7),证明细胞可迅速、有效地自行吸入这些纳米装置。
2.2纳米装置在细胞内的毒性分析与其对细胞存活率的影响
以MTT试验来分析实施例1.1的纳米颗粒与实施例1.2的纳米装置在A549细胞中的活体外毒性试验。简言之,先将A549细胞培养在96孔培养盘中(104细胞/盘),然后在37℃下,将细胞暴露在一系列不同浓度的实施例1.1的纳米颗粒或实施例1.2的纳米装置下。结束后,在培养基中加入20μl的MTT溶液并继续培育4小时。接着,以200μl的DMSO来取代培养基并以Sunrise吸收盘读值器在570nm和650nm下来监控吸光值。
图8显示实施例1.1的纳米颗粒与实施例1.2的纳米装置对A549细胞的细胞毒性影响,图9则显示出细胞存活的结果。实验发现,无论是以浓度高达200微克/毫升的纳米颗粒或纳米装置来处理细胞48小时,都不会对细胞造成任何毒杀的作用(图8)。细胞的存活率达85%(图9)。这些结果显示实施例1的纳米颗粒或纳米装置与活细胞间具有生物可兼容性。
2.3以包埋有抗癌药剂的纳米球或纳米装置进行活体外治疗
除了以喜树碱(CPT)来取代绿荧光物质-FITC之外,大致依照实施例1所述方式来制备出包埋有抗癌药剂的纳米装置。以MTT试验来评估载有CPT的纳米装置对癌细胞的抗癌效果。简言之,以载有CPT的纳米装置来处A549细胞约6小时,接着以不同强度的HFMF来刺激细胞一段时间,以便将CPT从纳米装置的核心相中释放至细胞中。接着继续培育细胞约18小时,然后以MTT试验来决定细胞的存活率。
图10显示出以载有CPT的纳米装置处A549细胞并磁性诱发释出CPT后,细胞的存活率。经载有CPT的纳米装置处理过的癌细胞,其存活率大幅下降,一般认为这是因为受到热与药物两者影响所产生的结果。
本实施例的结果证明以本发明所述方式制成的载有CPT的纳米装置乃是一种绝佳的药物传送系统,其具有良好的生物可兼容性、高细胞吸收率、磁敏特性且可在HFMF下进行药物的控制释放。
实施例3以包埋有抗癫痫药剂的纳米装置进行活体治疗
3.1制造内含乙琥胺(ESM)的纳米装置
除了以抗癫痫药剂-乙琥胺(ESM)来取代绿荧光物质-FITC之外,大致依照实施例1所述方式来制备出包埋有乙琥胺的纳米装置,并以此纳米装置来实施活体治疗。
3.2活体内治疗癫痫
在本试验中使用Long-Evans和Wistar雄鼠,所有的小鼠均饲养在室温、隔音且白天-黑夜各12小时(照光时间从早上7点到晚上7点)且可自由使用食物与水的环境中。整个实验流程是经过动物照护与使用委员会的认可后实施。简言之,以巴比妥酸盐(60毫克/毫升,注射)将动物麻醉后,植入记录电极。接着,将小鼠放在标准的立体定位仪(stereotaxic)中。在从头骨内双向覆盖皮质层的额骨(相对于前囱,A+2.0,L 2.0)和枕骨区域(A-6.0,L 2.0)总计锁进6根不锈钢螺丝以记录皮质的场电位。在从尾部到第11节(lambda)间约2mm处植入接地电极。以牙科用接合剂将插座固定在头骨表面。接着以手术线缝合,给予动物抗生素(氯四环霉素)并单独饲养在笼中,待其复原。
在本实验中使用Long-Evans小鼠的原因是这类小鼠经常表现出自发性的突波放电(spike-wave discharge,SWDs),依据许多方面的证据,已知这种SWDs与癫痫有关。为了确认SWDs是经由皮质控制,使用了另一种药学上的癫痫鼠模型,亦即在Wistar小鼠上注射低剂量戊烯四唑(20毫克/公斤,静脉注射)。在此初步的动物试验中,比较了生理盐水、乙琥胺(ESM)、内含ESM的纳米球(纳米球-ESM)、和内含ESM的纳米装置(纳米装置-ESM)对Long-Evans小鼠的自发性SWDs的效果。制备出大小为5毫米×5毫米×0.02毫米的芯片,然后将其植入小鼠的腹腔中,其它剂量则经由静脉注射来施予。结果示于图11与图12中。
图11显示出对实验动物施用生理盐水、乙琥胺(ESM)、内含ESM的纳米球(纳米球-ESM)、和内含ESM的纳米装置(纳米装置-ESM,device-ESM)后对SWDs的影响。SWDs并无明显变化。在此实验中,分别记录了处理前1小时(基础线)与处理后30分钟后的脑波活动。将两次1小时的基础线平均作为指数。在施用纳米球-ESM与纳米装置-ESM时,小鼠是被固定在一塑料箱中并放到线圈中心,然后以磁场刺激(2.5kA/m)使ESM能够从所制备的纳米球或纳米装置中释放出来。虽然很难量化释出到小鼠体内的ESM含量,但可以确定的是,相较于单独使用ESM(图11(b))来说,无论是从纳米球-ESM(图11(c))或是从纳米装置-ESM(图11(d))释出到小鼠体内的ESM量,明显可减少出现自发性SWDs的数目与其持续期间。
图12绘出在施用生理盐水、ESM、纳米球-ESM和纳米装置-ESM之前或之后,小鼠体内SWDs数目与其总持续期间。结果显示不同形式的ESM可以明显的减少自发性SWDs出现的数目与其总持续期间。
这些体内数据,尽管仍属非常初步的结果,显示具有ESM的纳米颗粒与芯片可透过外加磁场刺激成功地使药物释出,一如体外试验中所观察到的一般。同时,被释出的ESM具有明显可抑制SWDs的治疗性效果。
实施例4以核磁共振造影(MRI)在活体内追踪纳米装置
4.1活体外MRI
除了以0.5%PVP作为聚合性材料且最终的铁浓度设定在不超过150克铁/毫升之外,大致依据实施例1所述步骤制备纳米装置样品。为了进行MRI造影,分别以0.47T核磁共振来测量R1(自旋晶格放松速率)与R2(自旋-自旋放松速率)。纳米装置的R1与R2分别为63.2mM-1sec-1和372.8mM-1sec-1,且均高于大部分的商业产品。
4.2活体内MRI
本实验中使用了5只Wistar雄鼠(国家动物中心,台湾),体重都在250~300公克左右。先以3%的异氟烷(isoflurane)将动物麻醉。接着从左股静脉插入一根PE-50导管,以便后续施用α-氯醛糖(α-chloralose)麻醉剂(70毫克/公斤体重)。将麻醉的小鼠固定,以循环的温水系统维持其体温。以两个耳柱和门牙固定器(incisor fixer)来固定小鼠的头部,并以胶带固定其身体。
以配备有主动遮蔽梯度系统(500微秒内,0~5.9G/cm)的BrukerBiospec BMT 47/40 4.7T系统来截取影像。以一个20公分的线圈作为RF发射器,并在头部放置一个2公分的表面线圈作为接收器。沿着正中矢状平面取得一T2-权重的影像,透过鉴别出前联体(前囱-0.8mm)来找出解剖学上的位置。图13标出以自旋回声顺序(TR=4000ms,TE=80ms,FOV=4cm,SLTH=2mm,NEX=2,且截取矩阵为256×128,且在填入0之后的矩阵为256×256)所取得的四切T2-权重的影像(分别位于前囱-0.8mm,-2.8mm,-4.8mm和-6.8mm)。图13影像显示当注射或纳米球或纳米装置于动物体内时,可使脑部的血管及组织的解析能力大大的提升。
对动态灌注影像而言,在同样位置取得120-重复四切梯度回声影像(TR=215ms,TE=20ms,翻转角度=22.5°,FOV=4cm,SLTH=2mm,NEX=1,且截取矩阵为256×64,且在填入0之后的矩阵为256×256),且每一张影像费时13秒。由于在血液中的半衰期非常长,因此注射至动物体内的纳米装置,可产生稳定且持续期相当长的MR扫描影像。在脑实体(parachymal)中可观察到MR讯号减弱约45%(图14)。
4.3以实施例1的纳米装置作为显影剂在活体内进行药学性MRI
诊断
为进行药学性MR I实验,取得40-重复四切梯度回声影像(其它的扫描影像与上述相同),且在第10次的时间处注射入IOP(30毫克/公斤体重)。循环15分钟后,取得100-重复四切梯度回声影像并在第20次时间处,注射入安非他命(2毫克/公斤体重)。
安非他命在此是当作功能性刺激剂来显露出经α-氯醛糖麻醉后不同的局部脑血液体积(regional cerebral blood volume,rCBV)与活化区域。实验发现活化区域包括纹状体、脑干和下视丘,如图15所示,且讯号差异也与先前多巴胺刺激实验相对应。此外,使用实施例1的纳米装置作为显影剂也揭示脑部在安非他命刺激后的时间模式,不只提供较佳的对比-噪声比(contrast-to-noise,CNR),同时也使有意义的神经血管反应测量变得可行。
如上所述,本发明的较佳实施例已经参照附图而详细地叙述。然而,应了解当中所表示为本发明的较佳实施例者,其中详细的叙述以及特定的实验例仅为说明的目的而已,对本发明所属技术领域中的技术人士而言,由以上详细地说明,在本发明的范畴与精神内为各式变化与修改是显而易见的。
Claims (13)
1.一种制备纳米级药物传送装置的方法,包括以下步骤:
提供一第一溶液,它是将一纳米球分散在含有锌盐的一第一溶剂中,其中该纳米球与该锌盐在该第一溶液中的浓度分别为约1-40毫克/毫升和约0.02-0.2毫摩尔/毫升;
提供一第二溶液,它是将至少两种量子点前驱物在一第二溶剂中混合,其中每一量子点前驱物在该第二溶液中的浓度约为0.003-0.03毫摩尔/毫升间;
在一惰性气体存在下,在一介于10℃至300℃的温度下,将该第一溶液与该第二溶液混合,以在该纳米球表面上形成一量子点。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该纳米球是由以下步骤所制成:
在一极性溶剂中,将1-10%(重量%)的一聚合性材料或一无机材料与约0.01-80%(重量%)的一药物彼此混合成一悬浮液,由此形成一内含药物的聚合性或无机性纳米颗粒;和
在该悬浮液中加入氧化物前驱物(其摩尔比约为2∶1至约5∶1间),并在约20℃至约120℃下剧烈搅拌约2-12小时;
其中该金属氧化物前驱物可围绕着该聚合物型或无机型纳米颗粒而自我组装成一金属氧化物外壳。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中,
该极性溶剂是水或C1-6的醇类:
该聚合性材料是选自以下任一种:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚酐、聚醚、聚缩醛、多醣或磷脂;
该无机性材料是选自以下任一种:二氧化钛、二氧化硅或由钙与磷组成的复合材料;
该金属氧化物前驱物是选自以下任一种:氯化亚铁(II)、氯化铁(III)、氯化亚钴(II)、硝酸亚铁(II)、醋酸铁(III)、醋酸钴(II)、氯化钆(III)和醋酸锰(II);且
该金属氧化物外壳是一种包含有以下任一种化合物的单晶壳层、多晶壳层或非晶壳层,包括:Fe2O3、Fe3O4、CoFe2O4、MnFe2O4或Gd2O3。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中该金属氧化物前驱物包含氯化亚铁(II)和氯化铁(III),且该金属氧化物外壳是一种利用以下步骤形成的单晶壳层:
在水中以摩尔比约2∶1的比例,混合氯化亚铁(II)和氯化铁(III);
调整pH值到7至12间;及
让所形成的氧化铁围绕着该聚合物型或无机型纳米颗粒而自我组装成该金属氧化物外壳。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该第一溶剂是由两种选自下列的溶剂组成,包括三辛基膦(trioctylphosphine,TOP)、四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)、C6-18烯烃类和二甲基亚砜(dimethylsulfoxid,DMSO);该第二溶剂是油基胺(oleylamine)或十六烷胺(hexadecylamine);该锌盐是二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸锌盐;该量子点是以下任一种:CuInZn、CuInS2、CdS、ZnS或CdTe。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中CuInS2是由至少两种选自以下的量子点前驱物所形成,包含CuCl、InCl3、InI3和硫粉;CuInZn是由至少两种选自以下的量子点前驱物所形成,包含CuCl、InCl3、InI3和醋酸锌;CdS是由至少两种选自以下的量子点前驱物所形成,包含CdCl2和硫粉;CdTe是由至少两种选自以下的量子点前驱物所形成,包含CdCl2和碲(Te)粉;ZnS是由至少两种选自以下的量子点前驱物所形成,包含醋酸锌和硫粉。
7.一种药物传送装置,它是以权利要求1所述方法制造而成的。
8.一种纳米装置,包含:
一纳米球,包含:
一核心,由一聚合性材料或一无机材料制成;和
一外壳,由一种金属氧化物制成;
一量子点,沉积在该外壳之外表面上,其中该量子点是以下任一种:CuInZn、CuInS2、CdS、ZnS或CdTe。
9.如权利要求8所述的纳米装置,其中该聚合性材料是选自以下任一种:聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚酐、聚醚、聚缩醛、多醣或磷脂;且该无机性材料是选自以下任一种:二氧化钛、二氧化硅或由钙与磷组成的复合材料;该金属氧化物外壳是一种包含有以下任一种化合物的单晶壳层、多晶壳层或非晶壳层,包括:Fe2O3、Fe3O4、CoFe2O4、MnFe2O4或Gd2O3;。
10.如权利要求8所述的纳米装置,还包含一药物,包埋在该核心中,且该药物可在以约0.05kA/m至约2.5kA/m的磁场刺激该量子点后,自该核心中释出;且该药物可以是以下任一种:抗癫痫剂、抗肿瘤剂、抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗增生剂、抗发炎剂、抗糖尿病剂或是荷尔蒙。
11.一种磁性诱发药物释出至个体的方法,包含:
(a)施用一足量的如权利要求10所述的纳米装置至该个体的一身体部位;和
(b)以一约0.05kA/m至约2.5kA/m的磁场刺激该身体部位约10秒至约180秒,使得该权利要求10所述的纳米装置释出所包埋的药物至该个体的该身体部位。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,还包含步骤(c),在不额外加入一显影剂的情况下,以一种选自以下的造影技术来追踪位于该个体的该身体部位内的该纳米装置,包括:电子自旋共振(ESR)造影、X-光摄影、计算机断层和核磁共振造影(MRI)。
13.一种在一个体中活体造影的方法,包含:
(a)施用一足量的如权利要求8所述的纳米装置至该个体的一身体部位;和
(b)在不额外加入一显影剂的情况下,以一种选自以下的造影技术来追踪位于该个体的该身体部位内的该纳米装置,包括:电子自旋共振(ESR)造影、X-光摄影、计算机断层和核磁共振造影(MRI)。
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