CN101931079B - 脱氢酶电极及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种脱氢酶电极及其制备方法与应用。该脱氢酶电极,包括基底电极、涂敷于所述基底电极上的催化剂层和涂敷于所述催化剂层上的脱氢酶层;其中,所述催化剂层为聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的复合物;所述脱氢酶层包括下述a)或b)的物质:a)脱氢酶,b)经交联剂交联的脱氢酶。本发明所提供的脱氢酶电极可作为生物染料电池的阳极,该阳极在中性溶液中具有较高的电化学可逆性;同时,在pH7且有NAD+(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,氧化型)存在的缓冲溶液中,基于不同的脱氢酶可以分别实现对葡萄糖、乙醇、乳酸等物质的选择性电化学传感。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种脱氢酶电极及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
生物燃料电池是近年来科学研究的热点,因为它可在常温、温和介质条件下操作,所用生物催化剂催化底物的效率和特异性优于常规燃料电池中的铂催化剂,在微泵、起搏器、神经形态回路等生物电子设备及污水处理中具有潜在的应用价值。
然而,目前酶基生物燃料电池从科学理论向实际电子产品过渡中存在着诸多关键问题,例如寿命短,干扰物质多,功率密度低等。研究表明,解决功率密度低的方法之一是提高电池的工作电位,也即减小阴极氧还原和阳极底物氧化的过电位。以烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(氧化型)为辅酶的脱氢酶阳极的电位取决于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(还原型)的氧化电位,这是因为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(还原型)在普通电极上的氧化过电位达0.5V以上,是整个电极反应的决速步骤。文献通常选用氧化还原电位较负的染料如亚甲基绿、亚甲基蓝(Yan et al.,Carbon-Nanotube-BasedGlucose/O2 Biofuel Cells.Adv.Mater.2006,18,2639-2643)等做媒介体,在电极和辅酶之间进行电子传递,完成辅酶的氧化还原,从而使脱氢酶阳极的工作电位取决于媒介体的氧化还原电位。同时,在自然界中以烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(氧化型)为辅酶的脱氢酶达上百种之多,因此合适的媒介体对基于此类脱氢酶的生物燃料电池阳极和生物传感器有重要的意义。
聚苯胺具有特殊的共轭结构,从理论上来说这种结构有利于接受烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化时放出的电子和质子,实现对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的电化学催化氧化,因此有可能将其用作脱氢酶生物燃料电池阳极的媒介体;但是聚苯胺的电化学活性仅仅局限于pH<3的酸性溶液中,如何实现它在中性溶液中的电化学活性以拓展其在生物领域的应用是当前聚苯胺研究的热点和难点。聚苯胺之所以会在中性溶液中失去电化学活性,是因为质子化的聚苯胺才能发生氧化还原反应,而没有酸掺杂的聚苯胺在质子浓度较低的中性溶液中无法实现聚苯胺链的质子化,故而没有电化学活性。目前,人们主要采用以下几种方式来实现聚苯胺在pH7溶液中的电化学活性:(1)聚苯胺链上引入羧基或磺酸基等基团对聚苯胺进行自掺杂;(2)苯胺单体和丙烯酸、苯磺酸等分别共聚形成共聚物,或者苯胺单体分别在聚丙烯酸或聚苯磺酸等聚合物存在的溶液中聚合形成共聚物(Willner et al.Integration ofPolyaniline/Poly(acrylic acid)Films and Redox Enzymes on Electrode Supports:An inSitu Electrochemical/Surface Plasmon Resonance Study of the BioelectrocatalyzedOxidation of Glucose or Lactate in the Integrated Bioelectrocatalytic Systems.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2002,124,6487-6496);(3)聚苯胺中掺杂带羧基的金纳米颗粒(Knoll et al.Polyaniline/Gold Nanoparticle Multilayer Films:Assembly,Properties,and BiologicalApplications.Chem.Mater.2004,16,4103-4108)等等。但上述方法在实现聚苯胺在中性溶液中电化学活性的同时,或多或少存在着制备过程复杂、电化学反应可逆性较差、电子导电性差、难以实现工业化等缺点。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种可作为生物燃料电池阳极的脱氢酶电极及其制备方法。
本发明所提供的脱氢酶电极,包括基底电极、涂敷于所述基底电极上的催化剂层和涂敷于所述催化剂层上的脱氢酶层;其中,所述催化剂层为聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的复合物;所述脱氢酶层包括下述a)或b)的物质:a)脱氢酶,b)经交联剂交联的脱氢酶。所述聚苯胺的数均分子量为15000-100000。
在所述催化剂层中,每平方厘米基底电极上聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的复合物含量为20~200μg,所述复合物中聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的质量比为(10~1)∶2;所述碳纳米材料可为碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和碳纳米球中的一种。
在所述脱氢酶层中,所述脱氢酶可为乙醇脱氢酶、葡萄糖脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶中的一种,脱氢酶相对于每平方厘米基底电极的含量为50~300U。为了增加酶层的稳定性还可选用交联剂进行酶之间的固定,所述的交联剂具体可为戊二醛、己二胺、顺丁烯二酸酐或双偶氮苯,优选为戊二醛。以戊二醛为例,每平方厘米基底电极上使用质量分数为1-10%的戊二醛溶液0.5-4μl。
本发明对纳米材料的尺寸无特别要求,一般来说,所述碳纳米管(深圳纳米港有限公司,直径<2nm或<10nm或10-30nm或40-60nm或60-100nm)和碳纳米纤维(深圳市纳米港有限公司,直径1~100nm)的直径可为1~100nm,优选为1~50nm,平均长度可为0.5~100μm,优选为0.5~20μm;所述碳纳米球(Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 207(18):1633-1639)的直径为50~500nm。
本发明所提供的制备上述脱氢酶电极的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将碳纳米材料和聚苯胺分散于有机溶剂中进行超声处理,得到碳纳米材料和聚苯胺的复合物悬浊液,将所述复合物悬浊液涂覆于基底电极上,干燥,形成催化剂层;
2)将含有下述a)或b)物质的溶液涂敷于催化剂层上,干燥后在催化剂层上形成酶层,即得到所述的脱氢酶电极;所述a)为脱氢酶,所述b)为脱氢酶和交联剂。
其中,所述碳纳米材料可为碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和碳纳米球中的一种。所述脱氢酶可为乙醇脱氢酶、葡萄糖脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶中的一种。
所述步骤1)的有机溶剂具体可为丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇或N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,优选为二甲基甲酰胺。所述复合物悬浊液中碳纳米材料和聚苯胺的复合物的浓度为每毫升1-5mg。所述超声处理的时间可为0.1-2小时。
本发明中,当所用的碳纳米材料为碳纳米纤维和碳纳米管时,在使用之前需对碳纳米纤维和碳纳米管进行纯化以除去制备时的金属催化剂。当所用碳纳米材料为碳纳米球时,可不经特殊处理直接使用。
具体的纯化方法如下:纯化时所用的酸为1~5M的硝酸或盐酸,温度为10~120℃,纯化时间1~10小时。
本发明中所使用的聚苯胺可以通过商业途径获得也可按照现有技术的方法进行制备。
本发明通过碳纳米材料的掺杂较好地实现了聚苯胺在中性溶液中的电化学活性,且该聚苯胺/碳纳米材料复合物可以高效催化氧化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸。
本发明以在中性溶液中具有较好的电化学活性的聚苯胺/碳纳米材料复合物作为催化剂层制备脱氢酶电极。本发明的脱氢酶电极在中性溶液中具有较高的电化学可逆性,在pH7且有NAD+(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,氧化型)存在的缓冲溶液中,通过相应的脱氢酶分别实现了对葡萄糖、乙醇、乳酸等物质的催化。本发明脱氢酶电极的制备方法简易、原料来源广泛,所制备的脱氢酶电极可作为生物燃料电池中的阳极或测定相应底物的生物传感器工作电极。
附图说明
图1为脱氢酶电极的结构示意图,其中,1表示聚苯胺/碳纳米纤维或碳纳米管复合物, 2表示聚苯胺/碳纳米球复合物,3表示脱氢酶,4表示基底电极。
图2为实施例3中聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物催化氧化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(还原型)的循环伏安图。pH 7.0缓冲溶液,4mM NADH,扫描速度20mV/s。
图3为葡萄糖脱氢酶电极电化学催化氧化葡萄糖的循环伏安图。pH 7.0缓冲溶液,10mM NAD+,40mM葡萄糖,扫描速度10mV/s。
具体实施方式
实施例1、聚苯胺的制备
将186mg苯胺单体和456mg过二硫酸钾溶解于10mL 0.5M盐酸溶液中,在0~5℃冰浴中反应5小时,过滤沉淀,用盐酸、二次蒸馏水分别清洗,真空干燥即得绿色聚苯胺(数均分子量75400)。
实施例2、聚苯胺的制备
将294mg苯胺单体和348mg二氧化锰加入到20mL 1M盐酸溶液中,在0~10℃冰浴中反应10小时,过滤沉淀,用盐酸、二次蒸馏水分别清洗,真空干燥即得绿色聚苯胺(数均分子量32100)。
实施例3、聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物电极
1.5mg实施例1制备的聚苯胺(数均分子量75400)和3mg碳纳米管(深圳纳米港有限公司,直径<2nm,长度<50μm)分散于1mL丙酮中,连续超声(超声强度约为1w/cm2,超声频率为40kHz)1小时,形成二者的复合物悬浊液,取6μL涂敷于0.07平方厘米的玻碳基底电极上,室温干燥30分钟,即得聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物电极。
同时测试了该电极对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH,还原型)的催化作用,其中测试所用溶液为磷酸缓冲溶液pH=7,结果见图2。图2中虚线、实线分别为不含、含有4mM烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH,还原型)时聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物电极的循环伏安曲线,电势扫描速度均为20mVs-1。由图可知,碳纳米管的掺杂较好地实现了聚苯胺在中性溶液中的电化学活性,且该聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物可以高效催化氧化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH,还原型),对生物燃料电池阳极或基于脱氢酶体系的生物传感的构建有一定的指导意义。
实施例4、葡萄糖脱氢酶电极
15mg实施例2制备的聚苯胺(数均分子量32100)和3mg碳纳米纤维(购自深圳市纳米港有限公司,直径100nm,长度80~100μm)分散于5mL二甲基甲酰胺中,连续超声2小时(超声强度约为1w/cm2,超声频率为40kHz),形成二者的复合物悬浊液,取4μL涂敷于0.07平方厘米的玻碳基底电极上,室温干燥1小时,将5μL(1000U/mL)葡萄糖脱氢酶(E.C.1.1.1.47,initial activity of 216 Umg-1,Sigma)和交联试剂戊二醛1μL(10%水溶液)混合涂敷于聚苯胺/碳纳米纤维复合物上,在室温下干燥形成酶层,得到葡萄糖脱氢酶电极。
实施例5、乙醇脱氢酶电极
6mg实施例1制备的聚苯胺(数均分子量75400)和2mg碳纳米管(深圳纳米港有限公司,直径<2nm)分散于2mL N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮中,连续超声(超声强度约为1w/cm2,超声频率为40kHz)分散50分钟,形成二者的复合物悬浊液,取10μL涂敷于0.07平方厘米的玻碳基底电极上,室温干燥2小时,将6μL(1000U/mL)乙醇脱氢酶(E.C.1.1.1.1,451U/mg,Sigma)和交联试剂己二胺2μL(5%水溶液)混合涂敷于聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物上,在室温下干燥形成酶层,得到乙醇脱氢酶电极。
实施例6、乳酸脱氢酶电极
1mg实施例2制备的聚苯胺(数均分子量32100)和2mg碳纳米球(直径100nm)分散于1mL乙醇中,连续超声(超声强度约为1w/cm2,超声频率为40kHz)分散20分钟,形成二者的复合物悬浊液,取20μL涂敷于0.07平方厘米玻碳基底电极上,室温下干燥20分钟,将8μL(1000U/mL)乳酸脱氢酶(Rabbit muscle E.C.232.617.8,726U/mg)和交联试剂戊二醛4μL(1%水溶液)混合涂敷于聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物上,在室温下干燥形成酶层,得到乳酸脱氢酶电极。
Claims (11)
1.一种脱氢酶电极,包括基底电极、涂敷于所述基底电极上的催化剂层和涂敷于所述催化剂层上的脱氢酶层;其中,所述催化剂层为聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的复合物;所述脱氢酶层包括下述a)或b)的物质:a)脱氢酶,b)经交联剂交联的脱氢酶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的脱氢酶电极,其特征在于:所述碳纳米材料为碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维和碳纳米球中的一种;所述聚苯胺的数均分子量15000-100000;所述脱氢酶为乙醇脱氢酶、葡萄糖脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的脱氢酶电极,其特征在于:所述催化剂层中,每平方厘米基底电极上聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的复合物的含量为20~200μg,所述复合物中聚苯胺和碳纳米材料的质量比为(10~1)∶2。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的脱氢酶电极,其特征在于:所述交联剂为戊二醛、己二胺、顺丁烯二酸酐或双偶氮苯。
5.根据权利要求2所述的脱氢酶电极,其特征在于:所述碳纳米管和碳纳米纤维的直径为1~100nm,平均长度为0.5~100μm;所述碳纳米球的直径为50~500nm。
6.根据权利要求5所述的脱氢酶电极,其特征在于:所述碳纳米管和碳纳米纤维的直径为1~50nm,平均长度为0.5~20μm。
7.制备权利要求1-6中任一所述脱氢酶电极的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将权利要求1-6中所述的脱氢酶电极中所述的碳纳米材料和聚苯胺分散于有机溶剂中进行超声处理,得到碳纳米材料和聚苯胺复合物的悬浊液,将所述复合物悬浊液涂覆于基底电极上,干燥,形成催化剂层;
2)将含有下述a)或b)物质的溶液涂敷于催化剂层上,干燥后在催化剂层上形成酶层,即得到所述的酶电极;所述a)为权利要求1-6中所述脱氢酶电极中所述的脱氢酶,所述b)为权利要求1-6中所述脱氢酶电极中所述的脱氢酶和交联剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于:所述碳纳米材料为碳纳米纤维和碳纳米管,所述步骤1)中的碳纳米材料经过纯化。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)的有机溶剂为丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇或N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮。
10.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法,其特征在于:所述碳纳米材料和聚苯胺的复合物悬浊液中所述碳纳米材料和聚苯胺的复合物的含量为每毫升1-5mg。
11.权利要求1-6中任一所述的脱氢酶电极在下述中的应用:
1)在生物燃料电池阳极中的应用;
2)在葡萄糖传感器中的应用;
3)在乳酸传感器中的应用;
4)在乙醇传感器中的应用。
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