CN101909860A - 用机械振动锚固销钉的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用机械振动锚固销钉的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101909860A
CN101909860A CN2008801228766A CN200880122876A CN101909860A CN 101909860 A CN101909860 A CN 101909860A CN 2008801228766 A CN2008801228766 A CN 2008801228766A CN 200880122876 A CN200880122876 A CN 200880122876A CN 101909860 A CN101909860 A CN 101909860A
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Prior art keywords
anchoring
anchoring piece
force
power
thermoplastic
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CN2008801228766A
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CN101909860B (zh
Inventor
M·莱曼
L·托里尔尼
J·迈耶
M·埃施利曼
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Woodwelding AG
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Woodwelding AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/561—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using screw-threads being integral at least to one of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
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    • B29C66/816—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8161—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps said pressing elements being supported or backed-up by springs or by resilient material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
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Abstract

本发明提供一种将锚固件(1)锚固在结构物体(11)中的锚固方法，其中该物体的表面具有表面中的孔、表面中的结构(例如底切突脊布置结构)、能实现表面被可能处于压力的液体穿透并由此在表面下方被液体填充的非均质特征、和腔中的至少一种。

Description

用机械振动锚固销钉的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明属于结构领域，尤其是建筑业、木材结构、家俱业和机械结构领域，并且涉及将锚固件(例如销钉)锚固在包括结构材料的结构物体中的方法。本发明还涉及相应的装置。
背景技术
借助机械振动将连接件锚固在纤维性建材或多孔建材的开口中的方法可从一些公开出版物中获知，例如WO98/00109、WO00/79137和WO2006/002569，并且例如可从国际专利申请PCT/CH2007/000460中获知。根据这些方法，连接件放置在物体的预制开口中或者通过定向力被紧压在物体表面上，这接下来又产生开口。当力在开口的轴向上作用于连接件时，连接件被施以机械振动。连接件至少在一个表面上具有热塑性材料，其在这个工序中与物体材料相接触。机械振动能量被设置成通过机械振动使预定锚固点区域内的热塑性材料液化，并且通过在开口的壁部和连接件之间的锚固点建立的压力将其压入物体的孔或表面结构中，因此形成最有效的宏观锚固。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供将锚固件锚固的改进方法。本文所使用的术语“锚固件”是指适合被锚固并且在锚固后形成锚固体或成为锚固体的一部分的任何构件。这样的锚固体包括但不局限于连接件如销钉、铆钉、钉子等，或任何其它被直接锚固在物体中的构件。在这个意义上，锚固体适合将其它构件连接到结构物体上，或者它们自身具有功能如用于装饰。
本发明的进一步的目的是提供适合自动化的锚固方法，其中可能的工作参数(例如力或能量等)可以预先限定。
本发明的更进一步的目的是提供改进的锚固装置。
作为第一选择，锚固件被锚固在其中的结构物体可以具有多孔表面或结构化表面或可由处于静液压下的液体形成孔的表面。而该物体可以是木材、复合木材(例如刨花板、碎料板、定向结构板等)、卡纸板、混凝土、砖、灰泥、石头(例如砂石)或液化材料可在压力下渗入到其中的工业硬泡沫材料、或者任何上述材料的任意结合的复合物。作为第二选择，物体可以具有腔，液化材料可以在锚固过程中进入这些腔并因而将锚固件锚固。根据第二选择，结构物体的材料可以是针对第一选择所提到的任一种材料，或者任何其它结构材料/工程材料，包括但不限于金属如钢、铝等。该物体可对应于第一选择和第二选择。
因此，根据本发明，提供一种将锚固件锚固在结构物体中的锚固方法，该物体的表面具有以下特征中的至少一个特征：
-表面中的孔，
-表面中的结构(例如带有底切突脊布置结构)，
-非均质特征，其中使表面被处于压力的液体渗入成为可能，因此产生在表面下被液体填充的孔(在硬质材料如木材中的孔的产生通过例如木纤维之间的连接的局部破坏所导致，而在软材料如芯材(隔离材料等)中的孔的产生可能由软材料的局部位移和/或压缩所导致)；和
-腔；
该方法包括如下步骤：
-提供第一构件和第二构件，该第一构件包括热塑性材料；
-分别将该第一构件放置在所述表面附近和/或所述腔附近，将第二构件放置成与该第一构件接触；
-在对该第一构件施加力时，使第三构件振动，从而施加机械振动给该第一构件，同时通过该第二构件对该第一构件加载反力；
-通过所述机械振动和所述力的联合施加，在至少一个界面使至少部分热塑性材料液化，其中所述至少一个界面是该第一构件与该第三构件之间的界面、该第一构件和该第二构件之间的界面和第一构件的部分之间的界面中的至少一个；
-通过由第二构件和第三构件联合施加所述机械振动和所述力，使该第一构件被压缩并由此使液化材料流入孔和/或结构和/或腔中；和
-让液化材料重新固化，从而第一构件被锚固在物体中。
该第一构件包括热塑性材料并且在锚固过程中在至少部分热塑性材料液化时被压缩。通常，通过力与反力之间的压缩，使液化材料相对于由力限定的轴线侧向流动，即至少部分地流到侧向上。例如，可以使液化材料在所有侧向上流动，从而基本形成围绕锚固件的初始位置的环。
在本发明方法中的第一构件压缩因热塑性材料的液化而成为可能，并且压缩导致液化材料避入(通常是向旁侧)结构/孔/腔中。处于其固态的第一构件无需是沿由孔或开口方向限定的轴线是可压缩的(优选是不可压缩的)。这与国际专利申请PCT/CH2007/000460的教导相反，在该申请中，液化基于与材料表面的接触，该接触是由固态下的压缩所导致，该压缩造成最外表面与轴线之间的侧向距离增大。优选的是，在“常规”状况下(即当在大气环境下锚固过程所用的一定大小的力冲击时)，锚固件在其固态下不呈现任何明显的压缩。这例如意味着小的残余压缩(任何元件都有一定弹性，理论上可压缩非常小的程度)基本上是保角的(锚固件以保角方式变形)，角度变形例如不超过3°，在常规状况下的压缩不超过3％。
第一构件在本文中也被称为锚固件。这并不暗示锚固体必然仅由锚固件构成，锚固体可以包括其它构件，任选地包含第三构件和/或第二构件。
第二构件可以是适合施加反力到第一构件的尺寸稳定的任何构件。它可以是单件的或其可以包括在锚固过程中彼此连接或彼此贴靠的多个部分。第二构件可以由不可被机械振动液化的材料如金属、热硬化性塑料或具有显著高于第一构件的热塑性材料的玻璃化转变温度的热塑性材料构成。或者，第二构件可以包括可液化材料(然而在大多数情况下，这些材料的液化仅通过第一构件的热或振动传递而间接发生，除了经过第一构件的路径外，第二构件优选与第三构件振动隔离开)。
尽管在最优选的实施例中，第二构件将被保持静止(并且仅通过第一构件被弱振动耦合到第三构件上而振动)，但这种情况下不是必需的。相反，第二构件还可以被主动引起振动，该振动不同于第三构件的振动(并且例如与其反相或不同相和/或不同频率等)。
第三构件整体上适合将机械振动从机械振动发生装置(其可能包括压电换能器；更多常规的机械振动发生装置在现有技术中是已知的，因此将不会在此做任何更多的详述)传递到与第一构件相接的接触面。为此，第三构件优选如此设计，即它在该振动频率下如此振荡，从而振动在此被耦合输入第一构件的界面应处于具有最大振幅的点或该点附近。如果例如第三构件是单件材料并具有基本一致的横截面，则振动是纵向振动，并且振动频率的振动波长为λ，第三构件长度优选为约n*λ/2，其中n是任意自然数。
第三构件可以是单件构件或包括彼此刚性固定在一起(例如通过直接配合连接如螺纹连接、熔接或胶粘)的多个部分。
第三构件中的振动可以是纵向振动、横向振动、扭振、其它类型的振动或不同振动模式的组合(叠加)。
与WO98/00109、WO00/79137和WO2006/002569以及国际专利申请PCT/CH2007/000460所述的方法不同，本发明的方法依据借助在第一、第二和/或第三构件(或其各部分)之间的至少一个界面处和/或在第一构件中的至少一个界面处的(内或外)摩擦力所导致的热塑性材料液化。这与现有技术中的通过锚固件和物体表面之间的摩擦来液化热塑性材料的思想背道而驰。相反，材料在最初分离的(或仅弱连接的)构件之间的界面处或在构件自身中被液化。换句话说，本方法所涉及的构件如此布置，即热塑性材料甚至会在不存在锚固件要锚固到其中的物体的情况下被熔化，这仅需要通过第二和第三构件施加到第一构件的力和机械振动的联合作用。这使得以预定形式施加所需要的力成为可能。因此，过程自动化更容易做到，例如通过在荷载架中施加必要的力而没有外力施加在该荷载架上。
然后，使熔化的热塑性材料流入孔/结构和/或至少一个腔中。这可能使产生液静压成为必需的(由于锚固件的压缩作用)。然而，在物体已经是多孔的或其(局部)由薄弱材料构成的情况下，几乎不需要或仅需很小的液静压。结果，恰好在物体可很容易地被施加于其上的力的冲击损坏的情况下，有可能仅作用于材料的冲击就是非常小的液静压。
对于有恒定横截面(与沿轴线的位置相关)的锚固件，与振动的第三构件相邻的界面自动是用于开始液化的默认位置，这在本发明的多个实施例中是理想的。然而，锚固件也可以(不同于恒定横截面)包括一个导能器(能量集中器)或者多个导能器，以确保液化发生在期望的位置。
这样的导能器可以是结构化的导能器，例如以下中的至少一种：
-横截面与沿轴线的位置相关地朝向期望发生液化的界面减小；
-在宽广的直径范围内的至少一个凸起，凸起位于期待液化的界面处。
然而，除此之外或作为替代，导能器也可能归结于材料性能。它们因而可以包括：
-在锚固件(和/或第二和/或第三构件)上的非均质材料分布，从而邻近期望发生液化的界面的材料具有比邻近其它界面(例如相对的界面)的材料更高的机械振动能吸收能力。例如，锚固件可以包括彼此粘附的两个部分，邻近第三构件的部分比邻近与第二构件相接的界面的部分更软(或反之)。作为另一个例子，锚固件可以包括软化剂，该软化剂在锚固件整个长度等上具有浓度梯度。
锚固件例如可以包括第一耦合面和不同于第一耦合面的第二耦合面，其中通过第三构件抵靠第一耦合面，使力施加在锚固件上，并且通过将第二构件压靠在第二耦合面上，使反力施加在锚固件上。
这些耦合面例如可以在锚固件的相对两侧。它们可以基本垂直于由力的方向限定的轴线或与该轴线成角度。它们可选地可以基本上彼此平行。
力和反力优选大小相等但反向相反。但是此条件只是在适当时候才需要被满足，因为锚固件例如可以在锚固过程中接触物体侧壁，由此吸收用于补偿力与反力的大小和/或方向的略微不对等的其它力。
然而，力和反力可以是这样的，即在锚固过程中，包括孔/结构/非均质特征/腔的表面无需机械加载。导致热塑性材料至少部分液化且导致液化材料压出(而后这将会导致液化的材料流入细孔或结构或腔)的所有过程与锚固件锚固在其中的物体是独立的。如上所述，热塑性材料的液化在缺少物体的情况下(甚至在真空或水下)也可实现。
根据本发明，尽管与同结构物体的接触无关的液化是占主导地位的液化机理，但这并未排除通过锚固件和物体之间的摩擦导致的其它熔化。
本发明方法具有如下主要优点：
-适用于自动化：因为由第一、第二、第三构件组成的特定组件的必要参数是已知的，所需的力可被自动施加，甚至可以使用其无法获得关于阻力等的反馈的装置。结构物体的几何形状细节是无关联的。只是就用于使液化材料流入孔的液静压可能取决于材料性能而言，结构物体的材料性能是相关的。这可通过提供施加与材料相关的力(这可很容易从中选择)的可能性或通过确保力和反力在任何情况下仍足以允许相对硬的结构的相互渗透被顾及到。
-与结构物体的几何形状无关：参数(要施加的力、振动能等)仅取决于所用的构件，而不取决于结构物体。
-与结构材料品质无关：因为在待熔化的热塑性材料和锚固件锚固到其中的物体之间不需要摩擦，所以锚固还可能发生在强度很弱和/或易碎的材料中，例如非常多孔的材料(石膏板、纸板、低密度复合木、稀泡沫材料等)。
-与材料相关的新的自由度：由于有本发明的方法，所以不再需要通过热塑性材料从耦合输入面将振动能送到热塑性材料和其锚固于其中的物体相接触的位置。相反，液化可直接发生在第一和第三构件之间的界面、第一构件中(由于内摩擦)或其它界面。因此，热塑性材料的振动能输送能力不像现有技术的方法中那么重要，因此，如果面临具体任务，本领域技术人员能在更多材料中做选择。
自动化锚固例如在家俱或预制建筑构件或其它物体的生产线中是有用的。其还可被用在手持装置中，例如被用在建筑领域中的专业的或自己动手(DIY)的手持装置中。根据实施情况，自动化装置不再需要压靠物体，而是所有的力在自动化装置的荷载架中产生。因此如果安装许多锚固体，则该过程将会让使用者不那么疲劳。还有，锚固的成功与使用者对该物体的了解和使用者的技能无关。
因此，本文所述的实施例中的任一实施例的优选变型方案的特点是在锚固过程中通过弹簧件、液压件或气动件或其它合适机构自动施加作用于锚固件的力的步骤。例如，弹簧件/液压件/气动件可以如此布置，在振动发生装置的非振动部分(并因而间接地通过第三构件)和反向件之间施加明确限定的力。
优选地，锚固件被锚固在预制开口(盲孔或通孔)中。因此，液化材料流向侧向可导致液化材料渗入孔和/或开口侧壁的结构中。除此之外或作为替代，锚固通过在预制孔后面(在其后侧)的腔进行。这样的腔可以具有沿垂直于轴线测量的不受限的宽度或比预制孔更大的直径。
“预制”不暗示孔必须仅为锚固的目的而制成，而是还指任何现有的开口或空间也可被用于锚固。
在本文中，构件的方位有时参照轴线来描述，该轴线(锚固轴线)由锚固过程中施力的方向限定。在锚固件被锚固在预制孔的实施例中，该轴线通常与孔的轴线同轴。通常，实施本发明方法的人或设备不得不或需要仅从一侧(通常例如如果锚固件用作“销钉”或紧固钉或紧固螺钉)接近待锚固的构件和工具。实施该方法的人或设备由此接近工具的那侧(“前方”侧)被称为“前”侧，而该构件的相对侧(最深入物体中或到达其后侧的那一侧)在本文中被称作“后”侧。与驱动构件进入结构物体相关的“向前”方向是指远离使用者或设备的方向(例如用于使钉子或销钉进入物体中的“常规”方向)，而“向后”是指与之相反的、朝向使用者的方向。
根据特定优选的原理，力作为拉力(张力)被耦合入第三构件(可以是声振头)。根据本发明的这个特别优选的实施例，机械振动可以从后侧耦合入第一构件(锚固件)。这意味着第三构件(其例如可以是振动发生装置的声振头)穿过第一构件并从后面接近第一构件，从而第一构件的第一耦合面与第三构件的耦合部相接触。
这个特别有利的原理与现有技术相比有显著的优点。在根据现有技术的例如WO98/00109所公开的锚固方法中，用于熔化热塑性材料机械振动能从力侧施加并且不得不通过锚固件传递向后侧，其中材料要在与结构材料接触的情况下熔化并锚固在其中。这可能导致与将声振头耦合到锚固件有关的问题，因为锚固件前端被操纵并且机械振动能在前端被吸收，而不是被传递到后端(锚固件的头部熔化)。这种影响的消除尤其需要在声振头和锚固件之间的力比较大，从而它们之间连接牢固。而相比之下，根据本发明的特别实施例的方法通过不可液化的第三构件(声振头/工具)将机械振动能传递到锚固件后端(其中锚固件将被熔化)，并且可以利用“头部熔化”效应。还有，热塑性材料熔化发生在期待位置上，无须施加很强的力。
为了能够从后侧接近锚固件，声振头通常足够细长以穿过锚固件(或在其侧面)到达其后端。锚固件最好是空心的(因而例如是管形或套形)，声振头的杆经轴线穿过锚固件的孔。锚固件可以是单体件或者包括多个部分，每个部分具有穿过开口的轴线。
如果锚固件(由单件或多部分构成)具有穿过开口(声振头的杆从开口中穿过)的轴线，则声振头(或者连接到其上机械振动传动部件)不得不具有后加宽部，从而形成朝外的耦合输出面，该耦合输出面与锚固件的第一耦合面接触。但在锚固以后，这样的后加宽部因为有锚固件而无法再从前侧移除。因此，可以有如下的基本可行处理方式：
-后加宽部连同杆在锚固后留在原位并形成锚固体的一部分。例如，后加宽部和杆可以是单件的(例如是金属的)并且一起形成声振头。如果杆被用于连接另一构件，则这种可行方式极其有利。为此，杆可选地包括例如螺纹结构或者任何其它类型的装配件。
-后加宽部和杆可以在锚固后彼此分开。在此情况下，后加宽部由基部构件形成，优选由与杆不同的材料构成。例如，后加宽部可由装配到杆后端的热塑性材料制成，该杆例如可以是金属的。热塑性材料可以与锚固件材料相同，或者可以是不同的。由于热塑性材料在锚固过程之中或之后软化或熔化，所以杆可回撤。根据第二种可能性，基部构件可以在锚固过程中熔接到锚固件上并在锚固后形成锚固体的一部分。作为替代，杆和基部构件都可以由在锚固状态下不会熔化的材料制成(例如两者由相同的材料制成)并且可通过机械锁合机构(例如螺纹连接或卡口安装)相互连接，机械锁合机构可以在锚固后被解除。
-声振头可朝向后侧被移除。但因实际缘故，大多数情况下不这样做。
在根据特别优选的原理的实施例中，可以有不同的可行方式在两个耦合面之间压缩锚固件。如果锚固件包括在其相对两侧的两个耦合面，则最概括的描述是第二和第三构件彼此相对移动，从而锚固件在耦合面之间被压缩(耦合面彼此靠近)。
根据第一变型，第二构件(在本文中常称为“反向件”)相对结构物体保持静止。第二构件例如包括贴靠结构物体正面的表面部。然后第三构件(声振头，可能包括连接到声振头的构件)可被拉向前方，以压缩锚固件。
根据第二变型，振动的第三构件保持在固定不动的位置并且第二构件被推向后侧以压缩锚固件。第二变型在结构物体的开口深度有限的情况下是特别有利的。例如，锚固件的长度最初可以比开口的深度大。
将构件保持在固定位置的力在物理意义不做任何功。因此它无需是任何主动的力，但可以由各构件(其仅被不可相对物体移动的尺寸稳定的物件支撑)或者连接到其上的部件产生，例如是物体本身的正面。当然，在第二变型的情况下，不是第三构件被不可移动的物件支撑，而是振动发生装置的不振动壳体或连接到振动发生装置的非振动部件。
第一和第二变型的结合也是可行的，即第二和第三构件两者都相对结构物体移动的方法是可行的。
根据作为“张力”或“向后”原理的替代，在本发明的不同实施例中，按常规从前侧施加机械振动，而反力通过第二构件从后侧施加。第二构件于是可以是这样的，即它到达物体正面并被保持在那里(通过支撑在物体正面上或被实施该方法的人或设备保持)。在下述情况下优选这种做法，即结构物体中的孔是通孔，或者在孔底部的结构材料是相对薄弱或易碎的。
作为强度较低的结构物体的替代，“向前”锚固原理的其它实施例的特点可以是反向件在锚固过程中贴靠孔的底部。
反向件例如可以是由套筒形成的容座，其具有容座嘴部和多个孔，第一构件放置在容座中。在液化过程中，液化材料被压迫经过开口并进入结构物体的孔、结构和／或腔中。反向件可以包括在嘴部区域侧突出的凸缘，从而反向件可以支撑在结构物体的稳定的正面上。或者，套筒能以沉头方式被锚固，在锚固过程中套筒贴靠结构物体中的孔的底部。
反向件是有多个孔的套筒的实施例具有附加的(有时是有利的)特征，即液化材料的流动在空间上受限。这仅发生在特有流出(开口)位置，该位置还可在锚固过程中留在固定的位置上。
在本文中，“热塑性材料”被用于描述包括因外和／或内摩擦能通过机械振动被液化的至少一种热塑性成分的材料。热塑性材料构成锚固件的至少一部分，其可以形成整个锚固件。除热塑性物质之外，热塑性材料还可以包括非热塑性成分，例如加强纤维、加强薄片、填料等。非热塑性成分可以均匀分布在热塑性材料中或以不同浓度存在。锚固件还可包括无热塑性材料区域。这样的区域可以由金属、玻璃、陶瓷材料或非热塑性材料或与主要热塑性材料相比在高许多的温度下才会液化的热塑性材料构成。
机械振动频率(其适用于本文所述的本发明所有方案)通常介于2kHz至200kHz之间，其振幅可以为约20μm，例如在约1μm至100μm之间，对于特殊应用，也可以更高或更低。如果热塑性材料要承担承受加载供能并且仅在所谓的接触区液化，则其应该有大于0.5GPa、优选是1GPa或更高的弹性系数。然而，如在本文别处提到的，新级别的热塑性材料(包括具有相对低的弹性模量的热塑性材料，在特殊应用中甚至小于1GPa或小于0.5GPa)被用于锚固对本发明来说也是可能的。
可采用建筑所用的任何热塑性材料或热塑性材料组合。热塑性材料的例子包括各种各样的较硬和较软的聚合物材料，包括其共聚物和掺合物。事实上，可以使用几乎所有的可注塑成型的聚合物。合适材料的列表例如可以从2003年由慕尼黑的Hanser出版社出版的GrewellD.A.，Benatar A.和Park J.B(eds.)等人的“塑料和复合材料熔接手册”的第176-179页找到。
本发明还涉及用于在结构材料物体中制造锚固体的装置。该装置优选设计成用于实施上述方法并且包括针对该方法所描述的构件。该装置例如可以包括：
-包括热塑性材料且具有第一耦合面和第二耦合面的锚固件；
-反向件，其包括反向件耦合面：
-第三构件，该第三构件适合于耦合到机械振动发生装置并将机械振动传递到第三构件的耦合输出面，
该锚固件、反向件和第三构件适合如此组装：
-该第三构件的耦合输出面邻接该第一耦合面；
-该反向件耦合面邻接该第二耦合面，
-通过对第三构件和反向件分别施加大小相等但方向相反的力和反力，对该锚固件施加压缩力；
-其中该力和反力的方向是这样的，相对于由力和反力限定的轴线，在与第三构件相接的界面附近的锚固件的侧向最外表面由热塑性材料形成。
附图说明
以下，结合附图来描述本发明的实施例，附图是示意性的并且未按比例绘制。在附图中，相同的附图标记被用于相同或等同的元件，其中：
图1a和图1b示出了根据本发明的装置和方法的第一实施例；
图2示出了图1a和图1b的装置的变型；
图3示出了根据本发明的方法和装置的另一原理；
图4示出了包括本发明装置的组件，用于实施本发明方法的一个实施例；
图5a至图5e示出了本发明方法的实施例的方法步骤；
图6a和图6b示出了本发明方法和装置的另一实施例；
图7a和图7b示出了本发明方法和装置的又一实施例；
图8a和图8b示出了本发明的方法和装置的再一实施例；
图9a至图9e示出了根据本发明的方法的另一实施例的方法步骤；
图10a和图10b示出了用于锚固在空心芯板中本发明方法和装置的实施例；
图11a和图11b示出了用于锚固在空心墙中的本发明方法和装置的实施例；
图12a和图12b示出了用于锚固在开有竖孔的砖中的本发明方法和装置的实施例；
图13a至图13c以截面图示出了锚固件和声振头杆的变型；
图14示出了适用于传递拉力的接合；
图15示出了根据本发明的方法和装置的另一实施例；
图16和图17示出了本发明几个实施例的变型的声振头的俯视图；
图18以剖视图形式示出了用于“向前”锚固的锚固件和反向件的另一布置构造；
图19a和图19b示出了根据本发明的方法和装置的实施例；
图20a和图20b示出了根据本发明的方法和装置的另一实施例；
图21示出了用于本发明不同实施例的布置构造的变型。
具体实施方式
图1a的第一构件(锚固件)由具有套筒轴线7的热塑性材料套筒构成。锚固件1的端面限定出第一耦合面1.11和第二耦合面1.12。
在所示构造中的锚固件位于结构物体11的孔中。就轴向而言，锚固件被夹在第二构件(反向件2)和第三构件(工具3)的耦合输出面3.1之间。为此，工具3包括工具杆3.4和在示出方案中为盘状的后加宽部3.2，该后加宽部限定出向前的耦合输出面3.1。
拉力在锚固过程中被施加在工具3上，同时，同样大小但方向相反的反力施加在反向件上，从而锚固件1在工具和反向件之间被压缩。在所示的构造中，反向件压靠物体11的正面11.1，因而外加于反向件2的力无需精确限定，而是可以大于拉力，因为物体11作用于反向件2的法向力补偿可能有的多余外力，在此情况下自动调节反力的大小等于拉力。
在图1和以下的图中，施加到振动件(和由振动件作用在锚固件上)的力基本上用箭头4表示，而通过反向件施加的反力用带点箭头6表示，不管相应的力是否是保持力(即该力所作用的构件仍被其保持静止)或者它是否实际上移动构件以压缩锚固件。实际上如下所述，施加于工具的力或施加于反向件的力或施加于工具的力和施加于反向件的力两者可以使相应构件移动，因而压缩位于工具和反向件之间的锚固件。
当拉力作用于工具3时，机械振动(例如超声振动，振动频率例如处于2kHz和200kHz之间)作用于工具。因而，在第一耦合面1.11上，热塑性材料开始熔化。锚固件1朝其后部地包括用作导能器的渐缩部1.21。
由于有拉力，所以使液化热塑性材料向侧旁流入结构物体的孔或预先存在的结构中或渗入结构物体材料的非均质部(由此在其中产生孔并填充该孔)。这由图1b示出。将液化材料部分压入预先存在的孔或非均质部中的压力受到工具形状的影响。例如，如果后加宽部3.2能覆盖孔的整个宽度，则液体材料不会向后流动，因而压力可以比液体材料会漏到后侧时的压力高。
如果结构物体材料相对软或易碎和/或具有大量的非均质部的话，则被压入孔中的液化材料部分1.22在重新固化之后限定出形状配合连接，这是因为其深深锚固在结构物体中而也是坚固的。
在所示的构造中，工具3在锚固过程之后再也不能移除。然而工具可以用作锚固件的功能部，并且例如可被用于连接另一构件到其上。其例如可以包括螺纹(未示出)或其它能实现连接的结构，或者其它构件可被胶粘、焊接或熔接等到其上。此外，作为上述实施例的替代，工具的后加宽部可以使其没有占据孔的整个宽度，从而一些液化材料仍可流到加宽部之后，结果在锚固之后在工具3和锚固件1之间也有形状配合连接。
在替代方案中，孔可以是通孔，工具可以向背面被移除。具有可从前面移除的工具的可能性在下文进一步描述。
图2的实施例与图1a和图1b中的实施例的区别之处在于套筒状锚固件1具有较薄的壁，但不具有任何导能器。
图3示出了在通孔中的锚固件。所示的配置与图1a和图2的配置的区别之处还在于工具3(声振头)在锚固过程中不是受拉，而是被压。在所示的方案中，声振头呈管形。另一方面，反向件具有穿过锚固件的杆2.4，还具有用于被压靠锚固件的第二耦合面1.12上的后加宽部。反向件在锚固后留在原位，或者它可从背面被移除(如果这样的移除可行的话)。
在图3中也示出本发明的具体实施例的另一个特征。根据锚固件的形状，也可以使锚固件1在与反向件2相邻的界面处开始熔化，或者甚至仅在该界面处熔化(而不在与声振头相邻的界面处)。在图3中，锚固件包括朝向声振头的第一渐缩部、和朝向反向件的更明显的第二渐缩部。取决于渐缩部(或其存在与否)、选定的热塑性材料的弹性模量和锚固件1中的机械振动波长，可以使热塑性材料在与声振头或反向件相邻的界面或甚至这两个界面处开始液化。在图3所示的配置中，热塑性材料可以在两个界面处开始液化。这样的构造(既是“向前”类型，也是“向后”类型)可被用于确保受控的双位锚固。在结构物体的单个开口中时可以是这种情况，用于加强稳定性。作为替代，甚至可以在两个不同结构物体中出现这种情况(因此后侧锚固位置在一个物体中，而前侧锚固位置在另一个物体中，这种锚固将两个物体彼此紧固在一起)。
然而，根据本发明的方法的特别优点在于，其尤其适合锚固件在与声振头(或其它振动件)相邻的界面处开始融化的情况。因此，在所有的附图中(除了图3和明确提到按照其它方式的情况)，所示出的情况是液化(最初)发生在与振动件相邻的界面处。但本领域技术人员将会明白，基于图3的教导也可修改其它附图的构造以使最初熔化也可发生在其它位置。
图4示出了基部构件31的原理，该基部构件用于施加振动并允许在锚固件锚固之后移除声振头。该基部构件在锚固之前联接到声振头3。这例如可以通过声振头3和基部构件31的螺纹来实现或者通过具有合适结构(比如如图4所示的肋/槽3.11、表面粗糙等)的声振头并使基部构件的热塑性材料在组装步骤中局部液化以流入这些结构来实现。
更概括地说，锚固过程所需的构件的组装包括如下步骤：
-牢固地将声振头3联接到振动发生装置32。相应的联接机构33如图4示意所示；
-将反向件2和套筒状锚固件1推压到声振头3上；和
-将基部构件31联接到声振头3的后端(末端)。如果这通过使基部构件31的材料局部或全部熔化来实现，则基部构件31(或基部构件材料)可在熔化过程中被合适的机构保持。这样的机构甚至可以制成用于基部构件的模子的形式，从而基部构件无需预制，而是可在模子中浇铸液体热塑性材料而制成。作为替代，基部构件可以是预制的，并且声振头在振动时可以被压入其中。
随后(如果在基部构件冷却后有必要)，该组件可以被放置在结构物体中的合适的预制开口中。该开口(孔)被制成具有比基部构件和锚固件的外径略大的直径。该开口可以是通孔或盲孔，在后者情况下其可以比锚固件长度略深。
这样，声振头连同基部构件和锚固件被插入开口，被置于理想位置。
在图5a至图5e中示出锚固过程本身。图5a示出了将声振头连同锚固件和基部构件插入开口的步骤。当锚固件已到达其位置时(图5b)，反向件压靠物体正面11.1(箭头6)，并且开始机械振动(箭头5)。然后，当机械振动和反力持续起作用时，声振头被拉力抽回，使材料在拉力和机械振动的联合作用下液化，从而渗入结构物体的孔壁中(图5c)。在该过程中，包围声振头的热塑性材料也被软化，并且在经过一段时间后，声振头可以如图5d所示地回撤。在声振头3回撤且反向件2移除以后，锚固件和基部构件一起保持锚固在物体11中。因为热塑性材料在界面处熔化，所以锚固件1和基部构件31将会相互熔接并在重新固化后一起形成例如可作为销钉用于连接另一物体的锚固体41(图5e)。
这种“销钉”应用(即按照本发明方法的其它实施例制成的锚固体可被用作销钉)特别适合连接螺钉到强度弱或局部强度弱的结构物体中，例如多孔混凝土(如图所示)、或其它强度弱的、软的或易碎的材料。
在图6a和图6b中示出了其它原理。这些原理无需如图所示地结合起来，而可以独立地应用，并且在相容情况下可以与其它图中涉及的原理相结合，例如与图1至图3的声振头布置相结合：
-锚固件包括两个最初分离的锚固件部1.1和1.2，它们均可以由同种热塑性材料制成或由不同材料制成。例如，第二锚固件部1.2(其不与振动件直接接触)可以由具有比第一锚固件部1.1更高的玻璃化转变温度的热塑性材料制成或者由非热塑性材料制成。在锚固过程中，第一锚固件部1.1从第一接触面1.11(与振动件相接的接触面)开始熔化至这样的程度，即与第二锚固件部1.2接触的热塑性材料也被熔化并且两个锚固件部熔接。
-反向件不是如之前图所示地为有中心通孔的盘状或板状，而是包括法兰状箍套，其能突入开口中并因此能使锚固件不与物体正面平齐而是形成沉孔。反向件的其它形状(限定不同的锚固件位置，包括锚固件从结构物体正面突出的位置)也是可能的。
在所示的配置中，如参考图4和图5a-图5e所述的锚固件的热塑性基部构件在锚固过程中也与锚固件熔接并因此被看作锚固体41的另一部分(在所示实施例中的第三部分)。
在移除声振头3之后，锚固体作为用于螺钉22的销钉，该螺钉在重新固化步骤之后可被拧入热塑性材料中。螺钉例如用于将另一构件23(在图中仅非常示意性地示出)连接到物体11。
进一步的变型包括：
-第二构件(反向件)2无需由金属制成，而可以由塑料制成，例如由玻璃化转变温度远高于锚固件1的玻璃化转变温度的热塑性材料制成，或者由热固化材料制成；
-在第二构件和人或设备施加反力的位置之间，可以布置另一构件。实际上，可以有任何数目的构件(包括垫圈、套、套管等)。
-锚固件或其最前面的锚固件部(最接近实施该方法的使用者或设备)可以包括用于直接连接另一构件到结构物体上的锚固件头，作为“销钉”功能的替代或补充。
-被液化的热塑性材料扩流入例如砖如带有竖孔的砖的孔洞中，或流入在面板状或木板状结构物体后的腔中。
参考图1至图2和图4至图6所述的实施例都是基于这样的原理(其在许多情况下是有利的)，即根据该原理，振动从后侧被耦合入锚固件并且所需的力作为张力(拉力)被耦合入声振头。甚至在该原理的应用中，可以选择声振头或反向件或是它们两者移动来压缩部分液化的锚固件。这在图7a、图7b、图8a和图8b中被示出。
图7a示出了锚固过程开始时的结构，为了说明目的，所示出的结构物体具有通孔(参照该图的设想同样适用于盲孔)，声振头如图所示地属于在锚固后仍留在原位并作为锚固体的一部分的类型。类似于参照图5a至图5e所描述的过程，锚固过程的特征在于声振头3被拉动。在附图中还示出了用于连接声振头到振动发生装置的声振头结构3.11。图7b示出了锚固后的锚固体，其由锚固件1和留在原位的声振头3构成。如图所示，在该实施例中，锚固件的正面1.12不受锚固过程影响地留在原位。
在图8a和图8b中示出了另一种基本可行方式，示出了在锚固过程开始时的锚固布置结构和锚固过程之后的锚固体。在所示的例子中，开口是盲孔，但同样的过程也能够应用于通孔。在锚固过程中，作用于锚固件1的拉力4用于保持锚固件静止不动，而反向件2被推向锚固件的后端。该原理基本上与图7a和图7b所示的一样，但“推压反向件”的变型方案特别适合深度有限的盲孔。
如上所述，本发明方法的另一优点为自动化锚固的适用在例如家俱或预制建筑构件或其它物体的生产线上，或者适合由手持装置使用。相应方法的特征在于自动施力于声振头上和反向件上(或在声振头或与之连接的物件和反向件之间)的步骤。例如，弹簧件可以存在于声振头与反向件之间。在图9a至图9e中示出了相应的方法。尽管在图示中的布置构造是参照图4和图5a-图5e所描述的类型，但所描述的原理也适用于其它布置构造，例如具有如图1所示的带后加宽部3.2的声振头的布置构造。
图9示出了将声振头连同锚固件和基部构件插入开口中的步骤。除了参见图5a所描述的构件外，该布置构造还包括在声振头(或更确切说，在连接到声振头但与其振动隔离的壳体或类似物，例如振动发生装置的壳体32或在这些图中的框架33或连接到其上的其它物体)与反向件2之间的张紧的弹簧件34。在该组件定位之后，可以释放弹簧力。如图9b中的双箭头35所示，施加在声振头3上的力和施加在反向件2上的反力两者于是都可由弹簧件施加。因为在锚固过程中振动发生装置32的位置至少几乎不变，所以弹簧力将使反向件2在锚固过程中前移，如图9c所示。因为液化主要发生在基部构件31和锚固件1之间界面处或该界面处附近，所以在锚固件1和反向件2之间的界面处将不会有任何液化热塑性材料，并且如同之前的实施例，在锚固之后反向件可以与声振头一起被移除(图9d)。图9e显示了该过程之后的锚固体。
在所示的构造中，弹簧件如图所示抵接独立的套筒形或环形反向件。者不是必须的。相反，弹簧件自身的(例如环形)抵接面可以用于代替反向件。作为在荷载架中的弹簧件(其在附图中为示意的目的已经绘出)的替代，也可以使用其它施力机构，例如液压件、气动件等。
根据本发明的方法尤其适合将锚固体连接到强度弱或易碎的多孔材料中。此外，其适合锚固在薄而硬的壁部后面没有材料或仅有很薄弱的材料的物体中。这样的物体例如可以是空心壁或空心芯板等。
图10a和图10b示出了在结构物体11中的锚固，在此，结构物体是空心芯板11。在所示的实施例中，空心芯板包括两层相对薄而硬的面板51和其间的软填料52。填料例如可以是芯材或隔离材料，例如聚苯乙烯泡沫材料或玻璃棉等。
通过例如如图1和图2所述的方法(有或没有如图9所示的自动施力)来实现锚固。锚固尤其是抵抗拉力的固定的发生与填料性能无关，甚至在没有任何填料的情况下仍能进行。然而，如果填料52具有一定的刚性或多孔性，则锚固甚至会比完全空心的填充空间时更有效。
在空心墙中的锚固如图11a和图11b所示。物体11是板材(或者由多块板材或其它平面物体构成的墙)，其借助隔圈连接到由非常硬的材料如硬混凝土制成的墙61的正面。锚固方法可以是上述任意一种方法。液化热塑性材料扩流入木板后的腔中(如图11b所示)并且尤其是抵抗拉力地可靠固定锚固体(包括锚固件以及声振头3)。
图11a和图11b还示出了借助于在此包括通过合适的引导机构38被引导的两个弹簧的弹簧件在声振头和反向件之间施力。在本例子中，与图9的例子相反，弹簧使声振头3回撤，而反向件2压靠结构物体正面。如果图11a和图11b所示的方法通过手持工具来实施，则该工具可以包括振动发生装置32在其中平移的壳体，从而壳体在此过程中被使用者保持其位置，而振动发生装置缩回壳体内。壳体例如可以连接到反向件2。
图12a和图12b示出了在竖直开孔的砖11中的锚固，其中液化聚合材料(图12b)的扩流发生在砖的腔11.3中。在这种情况下，该孔与竖直开孔成直角或一定角度，并且通向竖直开孔。
除了图3实施例外的上述所有实施例是基于这样的原理(其在许多情况下是有利的)，根据该原理，振动从后面被耦合入锚固件，所必需的力作为拉力被耦合入声振头，即“向后”锚固。在这些实施例中，声振头的杆3.4有时不得不穿过锚固件。迄今描述的优选实施例是形成管形或套筒形锚固件且声振头的杆穿过锚固件的中心孔。声振头的杆3.4的外径总是小于锚固件1的内径。这种优选构造在图13a中示出，其示出了声振头杆和锚固件的剖面。然而，这样的对称构造不是必须的。相反，其它的构造例如图13b所示的偏心构造或者其它构造(外轮廓圆形对称或不对称)也是可行的。图13c示出又一构造，其中锚固件包括布置在声振头3的不同侧的两个独立的锚固件部1.1和1.2。这使得T杆型声振头杆也是可行的，其优点在于受力稳定性。图13c也示出反向件2所处的位置。
在图13a至图13c以及图16至图18中，轴线7垂直于图面。
在基于“向后锚固”原理的实施例中，要被耦合入锚固件的力4作为张力作用于声振头3。这需要在振动发生装置上的合适的连接机构，其不仅需要适用于拉伸载荷，也应适合在拉伸载荷下的机械振动传递。这样的连接机构对于本领域技术人员是已知的。它们通常是基于形状配合(螺纹连接、按扣紧固、卡口连接等)或可能依据材料结合(胶粘、熔接或焊接)或摩擦配合(夹紧连接)。这些广为人知的连接机构在此不再描述。形状配合连接机构的原理在图14中示出。可以采用如图所示的连接形式或替代形式。振动发生装置包括突入在工具3近端处的间隙中且朝其远端变宽的扩展部，从而它可以传递张力。为将工具3联接到振动发生装置，它们垂直于图14的平面地被相对移动。可以考虑燕尾型连接或类似变型。
在声振头在锚固后留在原位并形成锚固体的一部分的实施例中，也可以使用同样的连接机构将其它构件连接到锚固体(当然，在这些实施例中将声振头连接到振动发生装置的实质上不可逆转的联接是不太合适的，例如胶粘、熔接、焊接或类似方式)。
图15示出了本发明的方法和装置的另一实施例。此实施例基于如图1和图2所示的构想，但显著区别在于锚固件被构造成使热塑性材料的液化在锚固件1和反向件2之间界面处开始，不是在如图1和图2的实施例所述的锚固件1和声振头3之间界面处开始。为此，锚固件包括与反向件的界面相接触的导能器。在所示的实施例中，导能器由朝向锚固件前侧的渐缩部构成。反向件稍微突入结构物体的开口中，从而在液化后向旁侧流动的热塑性材料不会渗出开口，而是进入结构材料的孔/结构中。
该实施例特别适合于这种情况，即希望锚固在开口中的预定位置和/或接近结构物体11的正面处。
图16示出了声振头性能的变型方式，其可被用于根据本发明教导的“向后”类型的布置构造/方法。图16的声振头包括多个导液通道3.21，其例如以在后加宽部的向正面上的沟槽(图16示出了在面朝应用本方法的使用者/设备的表面上的视图)形式设置。锚固件的材料将会在与后加宽部3.2的最前面接触中液化，然后会进入通道并从那里流向横向两侧。该实施例特别适合按照特定的方位角聚集液化材料。
在图17的实施例中，后加宽部包括允许液化材料经过的开口或缺口3.22。由于这个构想，使声振头部分移动穿过锚固件材料并在声振头后侧留下这种材料垫，而不是使锚固件在锚固过程中因受限于声振头的后加宽部与反向件之间而变短。这个实施例尤其适合这样的情况，即锚固还要承受轴向向后载荷的情况，因为垫可以吸收这样的力，尤其是如果其填充后加宽部与结构物体中开口的底面之间的空隙。
作为所示径向向外的缺口的替代，也可以有其它形式的开口/缺口。例如后加宽部可包括有相同或不同尺寸的多个洞。例如，这样的开口呈径向放射状布置并具有随与杆3.4之间距离的增大而增大的尺寸。
“向前”类型的装置和方法的其它例子将参考图18至图21来描述。
图18示出了锚固件1和反向件2的布置构造的剖视图。与图3所示的实施例相比，穿过锚固件1的反向件部分布置在锚固件的周边处。在所示的构造中，其包括沿锚固件的长度被侧向引导的两个杆2.4。这种构造(和反向件被保持远离外周边而不是保持远离锚固件芯部的其它构造)与图3的实施例相比，在操作反向件和声振头/振动发生装置方面具有优势。
图19a和图19b示出了一种装置和方法的第一示例，其中反向件2呈容座如套筒形式。图19a示出了在锚固过程开始时的布置构造，而图19b示出了接近锚固过程结束的布置构造。
容座包括单个向外嘴部2.2和在侧表面上(在侧向)的以及可能还在朝内表面中(未示出)的多个开口2.1。锚固过程之前，锚固件1可以布置在容座中并且例如固定在其中。作为替代，锚固件可以最初与容座分开并且在锚固之前插入其中。
锚固过程中，声振头3从前侧压靠锚固件，同时它振动(机械振动5)。反向件包括凸缘2.3，该凸缘位于结构物体的开口附近的外表面上并因而产生作为作用在凸缘2.3上的法向力的反力6。由于施加到锚固件的机械振动和压力的作用，锚固件开始熔化，而后被压穿过开口2.1并进入周围材料52的孔中，这些材料52的机械稳定性显著小于产生法向力的前面板(图19b)。为了使热塑性材料在孔附近开始熔化，容座2或锚固件1或它们两者包括相应的能量导向结构，例如缩窄部、边缘、末端等。在所示的配置中，锚固件包括在开口2.1附近的朝内的凸起2.4。
图19a和图19b的实施例例如可以用于锚固件材料比其它实施例的锚固件材料更软的场合，从而熔化这些材料的热量还可以(主要或大部分地)由内摩擦力产生，而不是主要通过在界面处吸收的机械能。
例如锚固在相对软和/或易碎的材料中的套筒状容座例如可用作销钉。其甚至可包括预制结构(如螺纹)以将其它构件如螺钉连接于其上。这样的其它构件可以支承在套筒自身上和/或套筒内的剩余热塑性材料上。
除此之外或作为替代，凸缘2.3(类似于螺钉头)可被用于将在锚固前放置的其它构件连接到正面上。
在所示的配置中，通过凸缘以法向力形式产生反力。然而，套筒状反向件2同样可以被其它机构很好地保持，例如被实施该方法的使用者/设备主动保持。
甚至在所示的构造中，反力以法向力形式来产生，因而最终锚固所必需的力作用在物体上，这比现有技术中的方法例如WO98/00109所述的方法有显著的优点：包括用于液化热塑性材料最终渗入其中的结构/孔和/或腔的表面不承受机械载荷。产生法向力的位置(在图示构造中是前面板)与锚固件最终锚固的位置不同。这个优点在这样的配置中是有利的，即结构物体中的材料的机械强度不够高，而锚固件不得不锚固在机械稳定性较弱的材料中-例如所示的包括硬薄板和在其下的软材料的结构物体，即夹层材料或隔离材料。
图20a和图20b示出了一种装置/方法的又一实施例，其中，反向件呈套筒状容座形式。然而，在该实施例中，反力6由在结构构件11中的盲孔的底部的法向力产生，即通过反向件压靠盲孔底部产生。该实施例适用于比较坚硬且受力稳定的结构物体，例如木材或复合木材或(多孔的)混凝土或致密金属泡沫材料等构成的结构物体。
图20a和图20b的实施例在多种情况下尤其适合形成用于其它构件22的销钉，其中与其它构件的连接不得不承受高载荷和/或长时间承载。基于聚合物材料的现有技术的销钉具有这样的问题，即聚合物材料在长时间后流动。这个问题由于其它构件所连接到的例如金属的套筒2的作用而显著减轻。例如，如表示锚固过程后的锚固件的图20b所示，声振头可被选择成使几乎所有聚合物材料移动经过套筒深度的绝大部分，从而其它构件22(如图所示为螺钉)直接固定到套筒2上。
图21所示装置的变型与之前所示的实施例的区别在于其还在(或仅在)套筒底部包括开口2.1。保证在底部的热塑性材料熔化的导能器由在套筒底部的朝后凸起2.11形成。此变型方案还可设有类似于图19a的实施例中的凸缘特征。
可以想到许多其它实施例而不背离本发明的范围和思想。

Claims (25)

1.一种将构件锚固在结构物体中的方法，该结构物体的表面具有孔或结构和/或在该表面总能通过处于液静压的液体产生孔和/或在该结构物体中限定出腔，该方法包括如下步骤：
-提供第一构件和第二构件，该第一构件包括热塑性材料；
-分别将该第一构件放置在所述表面附近和/或所述腔附近，将该第二构件安置成与该第一构件接触；
-在对该第一构件施加力时，使第三构件振动，从而施加机械振动到该第一构件，同时通过该第二构件对该第一构件加载反力；
-通过联合施加该机械振动和该力，使至少部分热塑性材料液化，从而产生液化材料；
-通过由该第二构件和该第三构件联合施加该机械振动和该力，使该第一构件被压缩并因此使所述液化材料流入孔和/或结构和/或腔中；和
-使所述液化材料重新固化，从而该第一构件被锚固在该物体中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括通过该第一构件的所述液化材料使该第二构件被锚固的步骤。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，通过该第一构件的所述液化材料使该第二构件被锚固的步骤包括使该第二构件熔接到该第一构件上。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括通过该第一构件的所述液化材料使该第三构件被锚固的步骤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，通过该第一构件的所述液化材料使该第三构件被锚固的步骤包括使该第三构件熔接到该第一构件上。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使所述液化材料流入孔和/或结构和/或腔中的步骤包括在力和反力的联合作用下使所述液化材料处于液静压下，由此将所述液化材料压入预先存在的孔和/或结构中和/或使所述液化材料在液静压下渗入该表面的非均质部并由此产生由所述液化材料填充的孔。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述力和所述反力大小相等，但方向相反。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在该第三构件中的所述力是张力。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述力限定出轴线并且沿该轴线限定出前侧和与之相反的后侧，实施该方法的使用者或设备能从该前侧接近该第三构件，并且当将该第三构件的一个面压靠在该第一构件的后耦合面时对该第一构件加载所述力，而通过将该第二构件压靠在该第一构件的前耦合面上对该第一构件加载所述反力，
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其特征在于，该第三构件是单件的并且在锚固过程后留在原位并被锚固在该结构物体中。
11.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其特征在于，该第三构件包括由第一材料构成的杆和由不同于该第一材料的第二材料构成的基部构件，该方法包括如下步骤：在所述液化材料在该孔和/或结构和/或腔中流动时和/或在所述液化材料已流入该孔和/或结构和/或腔以后，将该杆与该基部构件分开，该基部构件在锚固过程后留在原位并被锚固在该结构物体中。
12.根据权利要求8至11中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该第一构件包括轴向通孔，该第三构件包括杆，该方法包括在使该第三构件振动的步骤之前将该杆穿过该轴向通孔的步骤。
13.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该第二构件是由套筒形成的容座，该容座有容座嘴部和多个孔，该第一构件放置在该容座中，以便可通过该容座嘴部接近的该第三构件接触第一耦合面。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，该第二构件包括在该嘴部附近形成的所述套筒的凸缘，其中施加所述反力的步骤包括使该凸缘压靠该物体的正面。
15.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使至少部分热塑性材料液化的该步骤包括在该第一构件和该第三构件之间的界面处开始液化过程。
16.根据权利要求1至15中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述力和所述反力被施加以使所述表面不承受机械载荷。
17.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述力和所述反力由自动化机构如弹簧机构、液压机构或气动机构来施加。
18.根据权利要求1至17中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使至少部分热塑性材料液化的该步骤包括在至少一个界面处液化至少部分热塑性材料，所述至少一个界面是该第一构件和该第三构件之间的界面、该第一构件和该第二构件之间的界面、和该第一构件的部分之间的界面中的至少一个。
19.根据权利要求1至18中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在使至少部分热塑性材料液化的步骤中被液化的材料在被液化之前不与该结构物体的任何表面接触。
20.一种用于在结构物体中制造锚固体的装置，其优选被设计用于实施根据权利要求1至19中任一项所述的方法，该装置包括：
-具有热塑性材料并包括第一耦合面和第二耦合面的锚固件；
-反向件，其包括反向件耦合面；
-第三构件，该第三构件适合于耦合到机械振动发生装置上并将该机械振动传递到该第三构件的耦合输出面；
该锚固件、反向件和第三构件适合如此组装：
-该第三构件的该耦合输出面抵接该第一耦合面；
-该反向件耦合面抵接该第二耦合面；
-通过对该第三构件和该反向件分别加载大小相等但方向相反的力和反力，从而施加压缩力到该锚固件；
-其中所述力和所述反力的方向是这样的，即相对于由所述力和所述反力限定的轴线，该锚固件的、在与该第三构件相邻的界面附近的横向最外表面由热塑性材料形成。
21.根据权利要求20所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括振动发生装置。
22.根据权利要求21或22所述的装置，其特征在于，所述锚固件由热塑性材料构成。
23.根据权利要求20至22中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括用于同时施加所述力和所述反力的自动化机构。
24.根据权利要求23所述的装置，其特征在于，该自动化机构包括弹簧机构。
25.根据权利要求20至24中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，该锚固件包括多个最初分开的或最初弱连接的部分。
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