CN101896559B - 多功能光催化涂层及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
多功能涂料基于由至少两种组分反应生成的高度多孔的无机物质。TiO2纳米颗粒附于该物质的表面。第一组分是水不溶性钙化合物,第二组分是水溶性硫酸盐。将所述多功能涂料施用于表面的方法是将含有水不溶性钙化合物悬浮液的第一组分施用于处理过的表面,随后将悬浮在第二组分水溶液中的TiO2纳米颗粒混合物施用于第一层上。另一种方法是将也含有TiO2纳米颗粒的第一组分悬浮液施用于处理过的表面上,随后在涂层上沉积所述第二组分的水溶液。所有组分的混合物也可一次性用于处理过的表面。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有光催化和卫生效果的基于TiO2纳米颗粒的多功能涂料,以及该涂料施用在墙壁、涂漆面和建筑材料上的方法。该多功能涂料具有覆盖、清洁、卫生、抗菌、防霉、光催化以及其他功能。
背景技术
在建筑物中使用现代塑料和空气循环系统要求消除相应的副作用。即减缓释放不受欢迎的醛和大概200种其它有机物;减缓了传染病通过HVAC系统传播进入整个建筑。
传统的涂料和颜料的基本功能总是在于色彩和覆盖力。然而,有越来越多的尝试用于增加涂料的其它功能。从历史观点出发,第一种这样的涂料是石灰,它作为一种全新的形式,不仅是一种白色颜料而且也是一种卫生涂料。在过去的十年中,TiO2纳米颗粒基本的光催化效果的应用非常受欢迎。尽管TiO2的光催化效果被证明非常好,然而TiO2在光敏涂料中应用的所有问题都还没有圆满解决。
如果把TiO2纳米颗粒混入无机硅酸盐涂料中,纳米颗粒表面典型地被二氧化硅(SiO2)包覆,所希望的光催化作用受到阻断。采用SiO2对TiO2颜料颗粒进行表面改性以降低防止涂料粉化的光催化活性,这种表面修饰方法在颜料工业中应用了几乎一个世纪。这种基于二氧化硅的产品光催化效果最好情况是残余的,总计仅仅是纯TiO2表面光催化活性的百分之几或几十。在这些类型的组合物中,TiO2纳米颗粒通常被用于改进涂料的流动性,而不是其光催化效果。
将二氧化钛纳米颗粒结合到涂料组合物中第二种最常用方式是直接将二氧化钛纳米颗粒混入丙烯酸系涂料中。这种解决方式的问题在于TiO2纳米颗粒的光催化侵蚀性,当光照时光化学分解和逐步燃烧周围的丙烯酸盐。结果导致颜料强烈的粉化和变黄。
二氧化钛纳米颗粒在有机硅系涂料中的利用还具有严重的局限性。与硅酸盐类似,有机硅有效阻挡了TiO2表面消减光催化作用。
溶胶凝胶法制备的TiO2纳米颗粒直接施用在表面上是非常昂贵和少见的。溶胶凝胶法制备的TiO2涂层厚度约为50nm,TiO2纳米颗粒通过静电粘附在墙上。这种技术的局限在于溶胶凝胶TiO2纳米晶体的低纯度和典型的溶胶凝胶前体的高酸性。另一个问题是薄涂层中的低TiO2量,其只利用最少部分的可见光。
迄今已知的,基于二氧化钛纳米颗粒光催化效果的涂料中,光催化效率降低是因为纳米颗粒被涂料组合物中包含的物质所包围,该物质通常是粘结剂。这减慢了有机物质的光催化降解,所述有机物质尤其指香烟烟雾、一些稀释剂、挥发物及涂漆表面塑料所蒸发的醛。
发明内容
本发明所述基于二氧化钛纳米颗粒的具有光催化和卫生效果的多功能涂料,为以上所述问题提供了解决方案。
根据本发明,该涂料由高度多孔无机物质组成,所述无机物质由至少两种组分的化学反应产生。二氧化钛纳米颗粒放置在多孔物质表面上。
第一组分是不溶于水的钙化合物,第二组分是水溶性硫酸盐。
不溶性钙化合物优选选自碳酸钙(如果可能粒径在纳米范围,即纳米碳酸钙)、石灰或者它们的混合物。
水溶性硫酸盐优选选自硫酸铜,硫酸锌,硫酸银或它们的混合物。
多功能涂料优选包含5-90wt%的固体形式的TiO2,制成厚度范围在0.1-100微米的光催化层。
第二组分(硫酸盐)相对于第一组分(不溶性钙化合物)的重量比为0.1∶1至10∶1。
多功能涂料中优选包含3-80wt%的固体形式的纳米碳酸钙。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,多功能涂层的施用方法是由不溶性碳酸钙的水悬浮液构成的第一组分沉积于经处理的区域上。然后,将二氧化钛纳米颗粒在第二组分(硫酸盐)水溶液中的悬浮液施用到此涂层之上。
在本发明另一实施方案中,可以将所有组分同时进行施用。
根据本发明,首先将不溶性钙化合物水悬浮液构成的组分的涂层与悬浮的TiO2纳米颗粒施用经处理的表面上,这种施用方法也是实用的。随后步骤中,再将第二组分(硫酸盐)水溶液沉积到第一层上。
如果该多功能涂料被用来覆盖富含不溶性钙化合物的区域,即粉刷表面或混凝土,可以仅用二氧化钛纳米颗粒在第二组分(硫酸盐)水溶液中中的水悬浮液对该表面进行处理。第二组分与不溶性钙化合物反应在表面上形成多孔无机物质。TiO2纳米颗粒被置于所形成的多孔物质的表面上。
该涂料可以方便地生产并可室温下应用,典型地为10-50℃。
该多功能涂料优选施用于天花板上,因为天花板处空气循环最有效。为了增加光催化去除气味的效率(尤其是从吸烟和烹饪中),可以在天花板上安装风扇并用紫外灯照射该天花板来增加空气湍流。
用强紫外光源偶尔照射涂覆的区域,实现了涂料涂层的清洁及其功能的更新。
根据本发明,在涂覆过程中,产生了用作粘结剂的多孔无机物质。该多孔物质(粘结剂)没有阻断二氧化钛纳米颗粒的光催化活性。在粘结性无机结构之后,反应过程中同时产生了其它活性物质。这些物质以无机纳米颗粒的形式存在,根据对反应试剂的选择能够实现涂料的特殊功能。
涂料可以在使用反应混合物的一个步骤中施用到表面上,其中所有组分都存在于悬浊液中。
该涂料也可以在两个或者三个步骤中施用,其中在初始步骤中,反应混合物的第一组分沉积在经处理过的表面上,二氧化钛和其它组分再施用到其上。
还可以初始沉积二氧化钛与第一反应组分在表面上,然后在其上喷淋或涂覆其它的反应组分。
用碳酸钙纳米颗粒-CaCO3作为第一组分是非常方便的(图1B)。碳酸钙纳米颗粒在一定范围内可以用粗CaCO3来替代,石灰-CaO或者更好用Ca(OH)2来替代。
水溶性硫酸盐被用作第二组分,主要有CuSO4、AgSO4和ZnSO4,在与纳米碳酸钙化学反应过程中生成多孔、针状、纤维状或者层状结构,该 结构由石膏(CaSO4.2H2O)和新生成具有高度多孔表面和非常强抗菌性能的金属氧化物及水合金属氧化物的活性纳米颗粒构成。
图2A、B和C显示了由硫酸盐和纳米碳酸钙反应生成材料的形貌图。尽管采用这种方法生成的涂料的化学组成没有被精确定义,但它们的制备始终如一地可被重复。而且通过测试,每种组分的功能也是明显的。
基于材料的抗菌和光催化测试,可以设想由纳米碳酸钙和硫酸锌反应产生的纳米颗粒具有产生强的抗菌环境的能力,例如还有阻止坏疽和酵母生长和散布的作用。材料表面功能在光的照射下效果更强。这种不对称性可能是由于ZnO的光催化性能引起的。
通过不溶性钙化合物和硫酸盐反应产生多孔物质,在其表面固定的TiO2纳米颗粒产生光催化效果,引起了TiO2表面有机物质的分解,使涂料具有抗菌性能和去除气味作用。
该多功能性纳米颗粒通过硫酸铜和纳米碳酸钙反应产生,具有阻止霉菌扩散和抗菌的作用。需要防止霉菌产生的地方,有必要在涂料中加入铜基纳米颗粒。
通过硫酸银和纳米碳酸钙反应产生的多功能性纳米颗粒,也具有抗菌的作用。当光催化TiO2的抗菌活性不足的时候,包含这些纳米颗粒的涂料可以方便的应用于光线较弱的地方或者夜间。
根据本发明,可以通过改变组成或者组分浓度比例在一定程度上修正涂料性能。无论涂料是在几步中“原位”生成,还是通过在表面上施用所有组分之前将它们混合,都不会影响上述性能。
为了确保实现上述功能,生成部分由石膏构成的多孔结构是基本的。所述石膏是硫酸盐和纳米碳酸钙反应的副产物。石膏晶体将涂料粘接到一起,而他们不包覆TiO2纳米颗粒簇和其它活性物质。
图2D显示由大石膏晶体构成的结构,其上结合有基于锌的纳米颗粒簇和二氧化钛。此结构通过各组分在水的沸点下进行反应形成。制造这些涂料的温度具有重要作用。大体上说,温度范围在10℃到50℃最适合涂料的制备和应用。在较低的温度下,虽然产生微细结构,但是组分反应速度会变慢。
最有利的涂料组合物包含足够数量的反应物质,第一保证实现所需功能,第二产生基于多孔石膏的粘接结构。然后产生基于多孔石膏的粘结结构。涂料中纳米碳酸钙(潜在的可以被氢氧化钙替代)的含量应大于固体的3重量%且小于80重量%。纳米碳酸钙在涂料中最适宜的比例是固体的20%-50重量%。
基于硫酸盐的化合物(第二组分)相对于第一组分(纳米碳酸钙)的比例应该在0.1∶1到10∶1之间,其取决于被处理表面的性质。
为妥善去除气味和光降解有机物,在涂料中二氧化钛量应为固体的10-90重量%,优选为50-80重量%之间。
为获得必须的多功能性,多功能涂料涂层的厚度应该在0.1-100微米之间。为了确保涂料的光催化功能,涂层厚度应在1-10微米之间,最佳范围是2-5微米。
本发明描述了多功能涂料的外观和组成。本发明也解决了多功能清洁卫生涂料在表面上沉积的问题。这些涂料是基于TiO2纳米颗粒和反应组分的结合,其混合在一起以后提供了高度多孔的无机物质,TiO2纳米颗粒涂在其表面上并且没有阻碍它们的光催化反应。另外,在反应过程中,这些反应组分产生了其它的活性化合物。这些新生成的化合物赋予了涂料其他令人满意的性能,也就是抗病毒和抗菌的作用以及光催化能力,从而分解了有机物、净化空气,最终防止霉菌和坏疽的传播。
通过增加空气循环和光强度可以提高涂层好几倍的效率。例如,这可以通过在天花板上安装风扇和“黑光”荧光灯实现。清洁和恢复涂料可以通过用强紫外光照射喷涂区域来实现。
附图说明
图1显示扫描电子显微镜(SEM)微观图片:
A)TiO2纳米颗粒-涂料的不反应组分确保了光催化功能
B)CaCO3纳米颗粒-涂料的反应组分
图2是扫描电镜图片:
A)基于铜的活性组分的纳米颗粒,是由纳米碳酸钙和硫酸铜(CaCO3和CuSO4)反应产生;
B):基于银的活性组分的纳米颗粒,是由纳米碳酸钙和硫酸银(CaCO3和AgSO4)反应产生;
C):基于锌的活性组分的纳米颗粒,是由纳米碳酸钙和硫酸锌(CaCO3和ZnSO4)反应产生;
D):二氧化钛纳米颗粒和基于锌的活性组分的混合物,通过与纳米碳酸钙的反应进入到石膏的多孔结构中,所述多孔结构也是由纳米碳酸钙和硫酸锌在100℃的高温下反应产生。
图3是多功能涂料的SEM微观照片,所述涂料包含的二氧化钛纳米颗粒进入到通过纳米碳酸钙和2.5重量%的ZnSO4水溶液反应产生的多孔结构中。
实施例
以下实施例用于说明但不限制本发明。
实施例1
作为第一步,先将重量比9∶1的纳米碳酸钙CaCO3和氢氧化钙Ca(OH)2混合物的悬浮液施用于墙壁上,该墙壁预先涂有丙烯酸涂料。所述悬浮液含有20wt%的两种组分。该层为所述复合多功能涂料的第二组分提供了活性基础。在第一层干燥以后,将2.5wt%ZnSO4溶液中含有7wt%TiO2纳米颗粒的悬浮液喷到处理后的表面上作为第二步。几乎惰性的二氧化钛不参加任何反应,因此它是装在由纳米碳酸钙和氢氧化钙混合物与硫酸锌反应产生的纤维结构上。所产生的涂料层如图3所示。尽管不完全知道得到的涂料层的准确成分,但可假设涂料由TiO2纳米颗粒簇构成,该TiO2纳米颗粒簇是机械地装到由氧化锌、水合氧化锌、碳酸锌、部分未反应的CaCO3和CaO以及石膏CaSO4.2H2O的纳米颗粒构成的结构上。
在日光中,这5微米厚的涂料层净化由一个香烟的烟雾污染的空气,与参照室相比显示了快4倍的空气净化速度。在涂有所述多功能涂料的房间中,20分钟以后香烟味完全消失了,与参照室不同,完全没有残留的臭味。这种涂料层的抗菌功能可以即时消灭所有细菌污染,与用以参考的丙烯酸涂料相反,该丙烯酸涂料中的细菌E.Coli即便在4个小时以后也没有完全死去。
实施例2
作为第一步,先将重量比1∶1的CaCO3和TiO2纳米颗粒的悬浮液施用于灰泥表面。所述悬浮液含有10wt%的两种组分。在该层干燥以后,它为所述复合多功能涂料的第二组分提供了活性基础。第二步,将5wt%ZnSO4溶液喷到表面上。与第一实施例相同,在涂料干燥以后,将惰性的二氧化钛装在由纳米碳酸钙与硫酸锌反应产生的多孔纤维结构上。在日光中,所述涂料层表现出与实施例1中相同的去除气味的能力。
实施例3
将十升含有0.9kg硫酸锌和5克硫酸银的溶液加入到10升含有1kg纳米碳酸钙和1kg的TiO2纳米颗粒的冷水悬浮液中,并充分混合。几个小时以后,将该缓慢反应混合物用辊子施用于墙壁上,该墙壁先前涂有丙烯酸涂料。在涂料层完全干燥后,形成约10微米厚的多孔光催化层。它甚至在没有光的条件下也具有强大的抗菌功能。
实施例4
首先制备一升含有0.07kg纳米碳酸钙和0.1kg的TiO2纳米颗粒的冷水悬浮液。在单独的容器中,由0.1kg CuSO4和5克AgNO3与0.2kg纳米碳酸钙反应在一升的水悬浮液中制备活性组分。将两种悬浮液混合在一起。此后,一升含有0.1kg硫酸锌的水溶液也混合其中。得到的混合物用水稍加稀释并用刷子刷于表面。在涂料完全干燥后,得到约50微米厚的多功能涂料的多孔层。
实施例5
在10wt%ZnSO4水溶液中含有7wt%TiO2纳米颗粒的悬浮液喷于混凝土表面。干燥以后得到带有TiO2纳米颗粒的涂料层结合到由混凝土的钙组分与硫酸锌的反应生成的多孔纤维结构上。生成的涂层显示了非常良好的光催化活性,它破坏苔藓,藻类等微生物,这些微生物会造成混凝土的侵蚀。所述涂层可维持混凝土表面至少一年没有这些微生物。
工业应用
所述多功能涂层可用于医院、生物实验室、办公室以及住宅楼宇(即易过敏的房间)的卫生涂层。它们可去除房间和工作场所(例如餐馆)中的恶臭。这些涂漆的表面还适用于汽车排放物的空气卫生,例如,建筑物的外墙,混凝土隔音屏障等。他们可方便适用于畜牧业生产以降低特定的传染性疾病的危险。
Claims (9)
1.一种具有光催化和卫生效果的基于TiO2纳米颗粒的多功能涂料,其特征在于,TiO2纳米颗粒放置在由至少两种组分在10-50℃的温度下进行化学反应生成的高度多孔的无机物质上,在所述反应过程中存在惰性的TiO2纳米颗粒,其中第一组分是水不溶性钙化合物,第二组分是水溶性金属硫酸盐,该水溶性金属硫酸盐选自硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸银或它们的混合物,其中TiO2含量为5至90重量%,而且光催化涂层的厚度为0.1至100微米。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多功能涂料,其特征在于,所述水不溶性钙化合物选自纳米碳酸钙、石灰、氢氧化钙和它们的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的多功能涂料,其特征在于,所述第二组分对所述第一组分的重量比为0.1:1至10:1。
4.将权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料施用到表面的方法,其特征在于,沉积所述第一组分的水悬浮液到处理过的区域上;随后将悬浮在所述第二组分的水溶液中TiO2纳米颗粒施用于第一层上。
5.将权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料在一个步骤中施用到表面的方法,其特征在于,含有不溶性钙化合物水悬浮液的组分、第二组分的混合物与悬浮的TiO2纳米颗粒一起施用于表面上。
6.将权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料在两个步骤中施用到表面的方法,其特征在于,含有不溶性钙化合物水悬浮液和悬浮的TiO2纳米颗粒的组分施用于处理过的区域上,随后将所述第二组分的水溶液施用于第一层上。
7.用于制备用于富含不溶性钙化合物表面的权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料的涂料组合物,其特征在于,TiO2纳米颗粒悬浮在第二组分的水溶液中。
8.清洁覆盖有权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料的表面的方法,其特征在于,所述涂料的清洁及其功能的恢复通过用强UV光源偶尔照射所涂的区域来实现。
9.在没有足够通风的房间内去除气味的方法,其特征在于,将权利要求1至3之一所述的多功能涂料施用于房间天花板上,在天花板处制造出强制的空气湍流,并用UV光照射所涂覆的区域。
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CZ2011397A3 (cs) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-08-15 | Advanced Materials-Jtj, S.R.O. | Prostredek pro úpravu povrchu s vysoce fotokatalytickým a sanitárním efektem |
CN102614543B (zh) * | 2012-04-12 | 2014-04-30 | 河南舒莱卫生用品有限公司 | 一种卫生巾用抗菌材料及含有抗菌材料卫生巾的制备方法 |
WO2016081509A1 (en) * | 2014-11-17 | 2016-05-26 | Portland State University | Compositions comprising diatom frustules and applications thereof |
CN106833237A (zh) * | 2017-03-29 | 2017-06-13 | 广西宏业能源科技有限公司 | 一种光催化建筑内墙涂料及其制备方法 |
CN107158850A (zh) * | 2017-05-03 | 2017-09-15 | 安徽省伟业净化设备有限公司 | C级无尘洁净室专用洁净剂及其制备方法 |
CN111234575A (zh) * | 2019-07-11 | 2020-06-05 | 惠州市维尔康王漆化工有限公司 | 无机外墙涂料及其制备方法 |
CN110590264A (zh) * | 2019-08-30 | 2019-12-20 | 重庆中科建设(集团)有限公司 | 一种光催化改性自清洁装饰砂浆及其制备方法 |
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US2549261A (en) | 1948-02-21 | 1951-04-17 | Du Pont | Calcium sulfate-extended titanium dioxide pigments |
JP2001181016A (ja) * | 1999-12-22 | 2001-07-03 | Aoki Kenzai Kogyo Kk | 二酸化チタンの固定方法 |
CN1239635C (zh) * | 2002-11-06 | 2006-02-01 | 中山大学 | 纳米CaCO3/TiO2复合粒子及其制备方法 |
DE20306431U1 (de) * | 2003-04-25 | 2004-09-02 | Maxit Deutschland Gmbh | Photokatalysatorhaltige Beschichtungsmassen, damit erhältliche Oberflächenbeschichtungen und Kits |
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CY1119270T1 (el) | 2018-02-14 |
US20100254851A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
WO2009074120A3 (en) | 2009-08-06 |
CZ2007865A3 (cs) | 2009-07-29 |
EP2235118A2 (en) | 2010-10-06 |
EP2235118B1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
SK500242010A3 (sk) | 2010-11-08 |
PT2235118T (pt) | 2017-06-12 |
HUE033953T2 (en) | 2018-01-29 |
DK2235118T3 (en) | 2017-06-19 |
CZ300735B6 (cs) | 2009-07-29 |
CN101896559A (zh) | 2010-11-24 |
SK288295B6 (sk) | 2015-08-04 |
SI2235118T1 (sl) | 2017-10-30 |
JP5618207B2 (ja) | 2014-11-05 |
WO2009074120A2 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
ZA201004416B (en) | 2011-03-30 |
CA2707319C (en) | 2013-09-24 |
HRP20171009T1 (hr) | 2017-09-22 |
LT2235118T (lt) | 2017-08-10 |
PL2235118T3 (pl) | 2017-08-31 |
JP2011506647A (ja) | 2011-03-03 |
US8647565B2 (en) | 2014-02-11 |
CA2707319A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
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