CN101760266A - 用于燃料油的添加剂 - Google Patents
用于燃料油的添加剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101760266A CN101760266A CN200910261074A CN200910261074A CN101760266A CN 101760266 A CN101760266 A CN 101760266A CN 200910261074 A CN200910261074 A CN 200910261074A CN 200910261074 A CN200910261074 A CN 200910261074A CN 101760266 A CN101760266 A CN 101760266A
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- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- oil
- oil composition
- fuel oil
- amine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
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- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- -1 glycidyl ester Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
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- AFEQENGXSMURHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxiran-2-ylmethanamine Chemical compound NCC1CO1 AFEQENGXSMURHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 69
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
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- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- NSOXQYCFHDMMGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine Chemical compound CC(O)CN(CC(C)O)CCN(CC(C)O)CC(C)O NSOXQYCFHDMMGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YVNRUPSDZZZUQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].NC1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [O].NC1=CC=CC=C1 YVNRUPSDZZZUQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoethylpiperazine Chemical compound NCCN1CCNCC1 IMUDHTPIFIBORV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009666 routine test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种燃料油组合物,包括主要含量的燃料油和次要含量的一种化合物,所述化合物是(i)伯或仲烃基取代胺或其混合物和(ii)包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质之间的反应产物,所述包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质是:缩水甘油醚(a)或(b)、缩水甘油胺(c)、缩水甘油酯(d)或聚环氧烷烃(e)。
Description
本发明涉及用于有效改善燃料油组合物的低温性能的化合物,以及改善的燃料油组合物,更具体地涉及易于在低温下形成蜡的燃料油组合物。本发明还涉及进一步包括清净添加剂的易于在低温下形成蜡的燃料油组合物。
无论是来源于石油或植物来源的燃料油都包含例如正烷烃或正链烷酸甲酯的组分,其在低温下易于以大的片状蜡晶体或球晶形式沉淀,以致于形成导致所述燃料失去其流动能力的凝胶结构。燃料能够保持流动的最低温度被称作倾点。
当燃料的温度降低并接近倾点时,通过管线和泵运输该燃料就会出现困难。另外,所述蜡晶体在倾点以上的温度下易于堵塞燃料管线、筛网(screens)及过滤器。这些问题是本领域所公认的,并且已经提出用于降低燃料油的倾点的各种添加剂,其中的许多正在商业性使用。类似地,已经提出并商业性使用用于减小所形成蜡晶体的大小和改变其形状的其它添加剂。由于其不易阻塞过滤器,较小的晶体是可取的。柴油中的蜡主要是烷烃蜡,其结晶为片状。某些添加剂抑制了这种现象,并使得所述蜡形成针状结晶,所产生的针状物比片状物更易通过过滤器,或者在过滤器上形成多孔晶体层。其它添加剂还可以具有保持所述蜡晶体在燃料中的悬浮状态的作用,其减轻了沉淀并因此也在防止堵塞上有所帮助。这些类型的添加剂通常被定义为‘防蜡沉淀添加剂’(WASA)。
历年来已经记载了许多用于提高发动机清洁度的添加剂,例如用于减少或去除火花点火式发动机的进气系统(如化油器、进气歧管、进气阀)或燃烧室表面的沉积物,或用于减少或防止压燃式发动机的喷油嘴产生污垢。
例如,英国专利说明书第960,493号记载了向内燃机的基础燃料中掺入四亚乙基五胺的聚烯烃取代琥珀酰亚胺形式的无金属清净剂。这种无金属清净剂现在广为使用。最常用的是聚异丁烯取代琥珀酰亚胺,其是聚异丁烯取代酰化剂如琥珀酸或酸酐与多胺的反应产物。这些材料及其生产方法为本领域技术人员所公知。
现代柴油发动机技术的趋势是通过增加喷射压力和减少喷油嘴直径来提高功率输出和效率。在这些情况下更易形成喷油嘴沉积物,且发生的沉积更为严重。这就促使燃料制造者生产通常作为‘优质’级别销售并宣传为特别有效提高发动机清洁度的新型燃料。为了满足这个性能要求,这种优质燃料通常比非优质燃料包含明显更高含量的清净剂。
尽管在发动机清洁度方面非常有效,但是在燃料油中使用高含量的清净剂已经被证实具有缺陷。具体而言,已观察到当优质燃料也含有防蜡沉淀添加剂时,高含量的多胺清净剂类在所述燃料中的存在会影响所述防蜡沉淀添加剂的冷流性能。因此,尽管所述燃料可能在发动机清洁度方面令人满意,但是其在防蜡沉淀和冷滤堵塞点(cold filter plugging point,CFPP)方面的低温性能则并不理想。
美国专利US 4,322,220公开了一种用于烃燃料和润滑油的添加剂,其是下式所示缩水甘油醚化合物和伯或仲一元胺或多胺的反应产物。
其中R6是包含至少8个碳原子的脂肪烃基团,且m是1-3。所述化合物为化油器引入系统(carburetor induction system)和燃烧室提供了清洁度及防锈作用。
本发明基于在燃料油中作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的一组化合物的发现。除了为燃料油提供改善的低温性能以外,本发明的化合物还具有更多的优点,即它们的效力更少地受到常规燃料油清净剂的存在的影响。
因此根据第一方面,本发明提供了一种燃料油组合物,其包括主要含量的燃料油和次要含量的化合物,所述化合物是(i)伯或仲烃基取代胺或其混合物与(ii)包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质之间的反应产物,所述包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质是:
(a)通式I所示的缩水甘油醚:
其中A表示式II的部分:
其中X表示R或OR;其中R表示直链或支化烷基链、优选具有1至12个碳原子或数均分子量在200至1000之间的聚亚烷基二醇链段;且n是0至20;或
(b)通式III所示的缩水甘油醚:
CB2DD’ (III)
其中B是式II的部分,其中X是OR且n至少是1,并且其中D和D’或者分别与B相同,是取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基,或者是氢;或
(c)通式IV所示的缩水甘油胺:
ANR3R4 (IV)
其中A是上式(II)的部分,并且R3和R4可以相同或不同,且分别选自氢、取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基、取代或未取代的环状脂肪或芳香基团、或式(II)的部分、前提是R3或R4的至少一个是式(II)的部分;或
(d)通式(V)所示的缩水甘油酯:
其中E是取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基、取代或未取代的环状脂肪或芳香基团、氮或叔胺或叔多胺(tertiary polyamine)基团,R5是式(VI)的部分:
且m是2至10的整数,优选2至5;或
(e)聚环氧烷烃。
优选地,至少10mol%,更优选至少20mol%,例如至少30mol%的反应物(i)由仲烃基取代胺构成。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明的化合物是(i)仲烃基取代胺或其与伯烃基取代胺的混合物与(ii)包含两个环氧基团的物质之间的反应产物,其中所述混合物的至少10mol%由仲烃基取代胺构成。
在物质(ii)包含三个或更多个环氧基团的情况下,优选最小化伯胺在反应物(i)中的含量。更优选地,在物质(ii)包含三个或更多个环氧基团的情况下,反应物(i)主要包括、即包括多于50%、优选多于75%的仲烃基取代胺,或基本由仲烃基取代胺组成。
尽管本领域技术人员能够理解这些含量可以视需要而变化,所述反应混合物方便地为每摩尔环氧基团提供了一摩尔胺。所述反应是容易完成的,并可以通过简单加热所述反应物混合物一定时间来实现。已经发现在80至160℃之间的温度,例如140℃是适宜的。
几小时的反应时间通常是足够的。通常不需要溶剂,然而如果需要的话,所述反应当然可以在溶剂中进行。甲苯或二甲苯是合适的溶剂。
根据第二方面,本发明提供了根据第一方面所述的化合物在改善燃料油组合物的低温性能方面的用途。
现在将详细论述本发明可适于在所有方面应用的各种特点。
(i)烃基取代胺
所述胺优选为式NHR1R2所示的胺,其中R1独立地表示烃基,例如烷基,其包含8至40个碳原子,而R2独立地表示氢或烃基,例如烷基,其包含最多40个碳原子。
伯胺的例子包括癸胺、十二胺、十四胺、十六胺和十八胺。仲胺的例子包括双十八胺和甲基-二十二胺。例如那些衍生自天然原料的胺混合物是合适的。仲氢化牛脂胺是优选的胺,其中R1和R2是衍生自由大约4%的C14、31%的C16和59%的C18组成的氢化牛脂的烷基。椰油胺也是一种优选的胺。
(ii)包含一个或多个环氧基团的物质
缩水甘油醚(a)和(b)的非限定性的例子包括:1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、聚亚烷基二醇二缩水甘油醚如聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚和聚丙二醇二缩水甘油醚,其中所述聚亚烷基二醇链段的数均分子量为200至1,000之间、直链或支化烷基缩水甘油醚如丙三醇三缩水甘油醚、丙三醇丙氧基三缩水甘油醚和三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚。
缩水甘油胺(c)的非限定性的例子包括:N,N-二缩水甘油基苯胺和N,N-二缩水甘油基-4-缩水甘油氧苯胺。
缩水甘油酯(d)的非限定性的例子包括:环己烷-1,4-二羧酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、己二酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、间苯二甲酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、琥珀酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、壬二酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、对苯二甲酸双(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、苯三羧酸三(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、苯柠檬酸三(2,3-环氧丙基)酯、三(2,3-环氧丙基)苯次氮基三乙酸酯、苯四羧酸四(2,3-环氧丙基)酯和四(2,3-环氧丙基)苯乙二胺四羧酸酯。
适合的聚环氧烷烃(e)是二环氧烷烃和三环氧烷烃,例如1,2,7,8-二环氧辛烷。
如以上所讨论的,本发明的化合物具有其它优点,即当其与常规燃料油清净剂联用时不会失去其效力。因此在优选的实施方案中,所述燃料油组合物进一步包括燃料油清净剂。
根据第三方面,本发明提供了燃料油清净剂与作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的化合物的组合用于改善燃料油组合物的清洁性和低温性能的用途,其中所述燃料油组合物的低温性能与包括作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的化合物而不含燃料油清净剂的燃料油组合物的低温特性至少实质上相似,所述用途包括使用根据第一方面的化合物作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂。
在第三方面的文中所用术语‘至少实质上相似’应当理解为意味着与不含清净剂的情况相比,所述清净剂的存在对于包含本发明的化合物的燃料油的低温特性(例如CFPP或防蜡沉淀)中的至少一个并没有显著影响。并不需要绝对意义上地提高所述低温特性,而仅仅是在实际水平上对其不产生不良影响。当然,绝对意义上的提高也属于本发明的范围内。
优选地,所述燃料油清净剂包括多胺清净剂。优选那些通过将具有至少10个碳原子的烃基取代基的酰化剂与以具有至少一个-NH-基团为特征的氮化合物反应而制成的多胺清净剂物质。典型地,所述酰化剂为一元或多元羧酸(或其反应性等效物)如取代琥珀酸或丙酸,而所述氨基化合物为多胺或多胺混合物,最典型的为亚乙基多胺混合物。所述胺也可以是羟烷基取代多胺。所述酰化剂中的烃基取代基优选具有平均至少约30或50个和最多约200个碳原子。
包含至少10个碳原子的烃基取代基团的例子为正癸基、正十二烷基、四丙烯基、正十八烷基、十八烯基、氯代十八烷基、三十烷基等。通常地,所述烃基取代基由具有2至10个碳原子的单烯烃和二烯烃的均聚物或互聚物(例如共聚物、三元共聚物)制成,所述单烯烃和二烯烃例如乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、异丁烯、丁二烯、异戊二烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯等。典型地,这些烯烃为1-单烯烃。这种取代基也可以衍生自这些均聚物或互聚物的卤代(例如氯代或溴代)类似物。
所述烃基取代基主要是饱和的。所述烃基取代基也实质上主要是脂肪族的,也就是说,其在所述取代基的每10个碳原子中包含不超过一个具有6个或更少碳原子的非脂肪族部分(环烷基、环烯基或芳香)的基团。然而通常地,所述取代基的每50个碳原子中包含不超过一个所述非脂肪族基团,并在许多情况下,其完全不包含所述非脂肪族基团;也就是说,典型的取代基是纯脂肪族的。典型地,这些纯脂肪族的取代基为烷基或烯基基团。
所述取代基的一个优选来源是聚异丁烯,其是通过将具有35至75重量%的丁烯含量和30至60重量%异丁烯含量的C4精制料流(refinerystream)在路易斯酸催化剂如三氯化铝或三氟化硼的催化作用下进行聚合而得到的。这些聚丁烯主要包含结构为-C(CH3)2CH2-的单体重复单元。
所述烃基取代基与所述琥珀酸部分或其衍生物通过常规方法结合,例如在如EP-B-0 451 380中所述的通过马来酸酐与不饱和取代基前体如聚烯烃之间的反应。
一种用于制备所述取代琥珀酸酰化剂的过程,包括首先将聚烯烃进行氯化直到每分子聚烯烃具有平均至少约一个氯基团。氯化包括仅仅将聚烯烃与氯气接触直到将所需量的氯结合入到氯化聚烯烃中。氯化通常在约75℃至约125℃的温度下进行。如果需要,在氯化过程中可以使用稀释剂。用于该目的的适合的稀释剂包括多-和全氯化和/或氟化的烷烃类和苯类。
所述过程的第二步是将所述氯化聚烯烃与马来酸反应物在通常约100℃至约200℃范围内的温度下进行反应。所述氯化聚烯烃与马来酸反应物的摩尔比通常约为1∶1。但是,可以使用化学计量过剩的马来酸反应物,例如摩尔比为1∶2。如果在氯化步骤期间向每分子聚烯烃引入平均多于约一个氯基团,那么多于一摩尔的马来酸反应物可以与每分子氯化聚烯烃反应。通常期待提供过量的马来酸反应物;例如过量约5重量%至约50重量%,例如25重量%。可以将未反应的过量马来酸反应物从所述反应产物中分离出来,该分离通常在真空条件下进行。
另一种用于制备取代琥珀酸酰化剂的过程使用美国专利第3,912,764号和英国专利第1,440,219号中记载的方法。根据该方法,在直接烷基化步骤中,首先通过将聚烯烃与马来酸反应物一同加热使其发生反应。当完成所述直接烷基化步骤时,将氯引入所述反应混合物以促进剩余未反应的马来酸反应物的反应。根据所述专利,在反应中对于每摩尔聚烯烃使用0.3至2摩尔或更多的马来酸酐。所述直接烷基化步骤在180℃至250℃的温度下进行。在引入氯的阶段,所使用的温度是160℃至225℃。
或者,在不使用氯的情况下,可通过热驱动‘烯’反应来实现所述烃基取代基与琥珀酸部分的结合。使用这种作为酰化剂的原料会产生具有特殊优点的产物;例如具有优秀清洁性和润滑性能的无氯产物。在这种产物中,所述反应物优选由聚烯烃形成,所述聚烯烃具有至少30%,优选50%或更多的例如75%的以末端形式存在的残留不饱和基团,例如亚乙烯基、双键。
适合的多胺是那些包括通过亚烷基桥联的氨氮,所述氨氮可以主要是伯胺、仲胺和/或叔胺。所述多胺可以是直链的,其中所有氨基基团为伯或仲基团,或者也可以包含环状或支化区域或者其组合,在这种情况下也可以存在叔胺基团。所述亚烷基基团优选亚乙基或亚丙基基团,优选亚乙基。这种材料可以通过低级亚烷基二胺如乙二胺的聚合而制备,得到多胺混合物,或者通过二氯乙烷和氨之间的反应而制备。
所述聚亚烷基多胺(1)的具体实例为乙二胺、四亚乙基五胺、三(三亚甲基)四胺、和1,2-丙二胺。所述羟烷基取代多胺的具体实例包括N-(2-羟乙基)乙二胺、N,N1-双(2-羟乙基)乙二胺、N-(3-羟丁基)四甲撑二胺等。所述杂环取代多胺(2)的具体实例为N-2-氨基乙基哌嗪、N-2和N-3氨基丙基吗啉、N-3-(二甲氨基丙基)哌嗪、2-庚基-3-(2-氨基丙基)咪唑啉、1,4-双(2-氨基乙基)哌嗪、1-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪和2-十七烷基-1-(2-羟乙基)-咪唑啉等。所述芳香胺(3)的具体实例为各种苯二胺异构体、各种萘二胺异构体等。
许多专利已经记载了适合的多胺清净剂,包括美国专利3172892;3219666;3272746;3310492;3341542;3444170;3455831;3455832;3576743;3630904;3632511;3804763和4234435,还包括欧洲专利申请EP 0336664和EP 0263703。该物质中的一种典型的优选化合物是通过聚异丁烯取代琥珀酸酐酰化剂(例如酸酐、酸、酯等)与亚乙基多胺混合物之间的反应而制备的,其中所述聚异丁烯取代基具有约50至约200个碳原子,所述亚乙基多胺混合物的每个亚乙基多胺具有3至约10个氨氮原子和约1至约6个亚乙基基团。
可以通过每分子所述组分中氮原子的平均数定义所述多胺成分,所述氮原子的平均数优选在每分子4至8.5的范围内,更优选在6.8至8的范围内,特别是6.8至7.5个氮。
由包括多胺的胺混合物制成的材料也是适合的,所述每分子多胺具有七个和八个,可选九个氮原子(所谓‘重’多胺)。
优选地,以多胺的总重量为基础,所述多胺混合物包括至少45重量%,优选50重量%的每分子具有七个氮原子的多胺。除多胺混合物以外,也可以使用单种物质,例如TEPA和TETA。
一种优选的多胺清净剂包括聚异丁烯取代琥珀酸酐酰化剂与上述多胺或多胺混合物之间的反应产物。优选地,所述聚异丁烯的数均分子量(Mn)为约400-2500,优选400-1300,例如约950。
燃料油
所述燃料油可以是例如石油基燃料油,特别是中间馏出物燃料油。这种馏出物燃料油通常在110℃至500℃的范围内,例如150℃至400℃沸腾。
本发明适用于所有类型的中间馏出物燃料油,包括宽沸程馏出物,即那些按照ASTM D-86标准测量的、90%-20%沸点差异在50℃或更高的馏出物。
所述燃料油可以包括常压馏出物或减压馏出物、裂化瓦斯油、或以任何比例的直馏和热和/或催化裂化馏出物的混合物。最常见的石油馏出物燃料为煤油、喷气燃料、柴油、取暖用油和重燃料油。所述取暖用油可以是直馏常压馏出物,或者也可以包含减压瓦斯油或裂化瓦斯油或者其组合。所述燃料可以包含主要含量或次要含量的由Fischer-Tropsch方法得到的成分。Fischer-Tropsch燃料也被称为FT燃料,包括那些被描述为气-液燃料、煤和/或生物质转化燃料的燃料。为了制备这种燃料,首先产生合成气(CO+H2),然后通过Fischer-Tropsch方法将其转化成普通链烷烃和烯烃。然后可以通过例如催化裂化/重整或异构化、加氢裂化和加氢异构化方法将所述普通链烷烃进行改性得到各种烃,例如异链烷烃、环烷烃和芳香化合物。所得的FT燃料可以就这样使用,或者与其它燃料成分和例如那些在本说明书中所提及的燃料类型联用。柴油和取暖用油最常发生上述低温流动性的问题。本发明也适用于包含脂肪酸甲酯的燃料油,所述脂肪酸甲酯衍生自植物油,例如菜籽油甲酯、大豆油甲酯、棕榈油甲酯等等,其可以单独使用,也可以与石油馏出物油混合使用。
在本发明所有方面的实施方案中,所述燃料油包括至少2重量%,优选至少5重量%的衍生自植物油的脂肪酸甲酯。
所述燃料油优选为低含硫量燃料油。典型地,所述燃料油的含硫量少于500ppm(重量份每百万份)。优选地,所述燃料的含硫量少于100ppm,例如少于50ppm。具有更低含硫量的燃料油也是适宜的,例如少于20ppm或少于10ppm的含硫量。
处理率
所述燃料油中的每种成分的含量由所用物质的性质、所述燃料油的性质及所需低温性能决定。
以所述燃料油的重量为基础,本发明所用化合物的含量典型地在10-500重量ppm范围内,优选为10-200重量ppm。
当含有燃料油清净剂时,以所述燃料油的重量为基础,所述燃料油清净剂在所述燃料油组合物中的典型含量为多于50重量ppm,例如多于75重量ppm或100重量ppm。一些优质柴油可以包含最高500重量ppm的多胺清净剂。这可以与非优质柴油的约10-75ppm的处理率相比较。
其它添加剂
将作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的化合物与其它附加冷流改进添加剂结合使用在本领域是常见的。本领域技术人员所公知的适合的材料包括例如乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物如乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、梳状聚合物如富马酸酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、烃聚合物如氢化聚丁二烯聚合物、乙烯/1-烯烃共聚物和类似聚合物。
例如欧洲专利EP 0857776B1所记载的烷基酚甲醛缩合物或欧洲专利EP-A-1482024所记载的羟基苯甲酸酯甲醛缩合物(hydroxy-benzoateformaldehyde condensates)的缩合物物质也是适合的。
本发明预期加入这种附加冷流改进添加剂,他们在处理率方面的应用也为本领域技术人员所公知。在本发明所有方面的实施方案中,所述燃料油进一步包括乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物、富马酸酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、烷基酚甲醛缩合物、羟基苯甲酸酯甲醛缩合物和烃聚合物的一种或多种。
低温性能评价
如本领域所公知的那样,有许多方法可以用于确定燃料油的低温性能。优选地,可以通过测量ΔCP、CFPP或二者来确定所述低温性能。优选地,本发明所改善的低温性能为ΔCP、CFPP或二者。
ΔCP是燃料油含蜡量的沉淀倾向的度量,并因此是防蜡沉淀添加剂的有效性的确定手段。测量基础燃料油的浊点(CP),以确定ΔCP。然后向所述基础燃料中加入研究中的防蜡沉淀添加剂,并将该样品冷却至低于所测CP的温度。这个温度是可变的,在德国通常使用-13℃的温度,而在韩国则可以是-15或-20℃,通常使用-18℃的温度值。当将所述燃料油样品放置一段时间使任何蜡沉淀后,测量该样品底部20体积%的CP。该测量结果与所得基础燃料的值的差为ΔCP。小的ΔCP值表示好的蜡分散性,ΔCP优选约0。
CFPP是用于评价燃料油样品在降低的温度下流过过滤器的能力的标准工业测试。该测试通过在“Jn.Of the Institute of Petroleum”,vol.52,No.510(1996),pp 173-285中详细描述的过程进行,其被设计为与汽车柴油中的中间馏出物的冷流相关。简言之,将被测试的油的样品(40cm3)在维持在约-34℃的冷浴中冷却,使其以约1℃/min线性冷却。定期地(从高于所述浊点起的每摄氏度),使用一种测试设备测试所述油在指定时间期限内流过细筛的能力,所述测试设备是一种吸管,其低端与一个放置在所测试油的表面下的倒置漏斗相连接。所述漏斗嘴上绷着一个350筛目的筛网,其面积由12mm的直径定义。通过向所述吸管上端施加真空来启动所述定期测试,其中油通过所述筛网向上抽入该吸管至表示20cm3油的标志处。在每个成功通过之后,立刻将油返回所述CFPP管。随着温度每下降一度就重复该测试,直到所述油在60秒内不能充满该吸管,而该情况发生时的温度被称为CFPP温度。
现在仅通过实施例来描述本发明。
按照下表1的详细记载制备本发明的化合物。对于每摩尔所含环氧基团,通过将1摩尔胺进行反应制备所述化合物。混合所述反应物,并在4小时加热至140℃。
表1
No. | (i)胺物质 | (ii)环氧物质 |
1 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 丙三醇丙氧基三缩水甘油醚 |
2 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚 |
3 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚 |
4 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 环己烷二羧基缩水甘油酯 |
5 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚 |
6 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | 聚丙二醇二缩水甘油醚 |
7 | 二氢化牛脂胺 | N,N-二缩水甘油基-4-缩水甘油氧苯胺 |
8 | 二氢化牛脂胺/二椰油胺(50∶50) | 环己烷二羧基缩水甘油酯 |
9 | 二氢化牛脂胺/十八胺(等摩尔) | 1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚 |
10 | 二氢化牛脂胺/二椰油胺/十八胺(等摩尔) | 1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚 |
下表2详细描述了关于本发明的化合物的CFPP和ΔCP的测试结果。所用燃料为含5重量%大豆油甲酯的低含硫量柴油,其CFPP为-11.0℃。所述柴油部分具有195℃的初沸点和350℃的终沸点。以所述燃料的重量为基础,本发明的每种化合物的用量为100ppm。在每种情况下还加入300ppm的常规中间馏出物流动性改进剂包,其为乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯/2-乙基己酸乙烯酯三元共聚物和丁二烯的氢化两嵌段共聚物的组合。
表2
化合物 | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP |
无 | -18.5 | 8.9 |
化合物 | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP |
1 | -27.0 | 0.1 |
2 | -23.5 | 0.6 |
3 | -23.0 | 0.0 |
4 | -20.25 | 1.9 |
5 | -20.0 | 7.7 |
6 | -19.0 | 5.4 |
7 | -18.5 | 3.0 |
在下表3的第二和第三列显示了当配入添加剂包时本发明的化合物的结果。将两重量份的本发明的化合物与一重量份的富马酸酯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物和烷基酚甲醛缩合物的每一种进行组合。该混合物在上述同一燃料中的用量为150重量ppm。每次测试也含有400重量ppm的上述常规中间馏出物流动性改进剂包。
在表3的最后两列也显示了向所述燃料中加入100重量ppm的常规柴油清净剂的效果,所述常规柴油清净剂为聚异丁烯取代琥珀酰亚胺,其中所述聚异丁烯取代基的分子量为ca.950,所述胺为每分子具有平均6-8个氮原子的聚乙烯多胺的混合物。该表也提供了“对照WASA”的结果。这不是根据本发明的通过苯二甲酸酐与二氢化牛脂胺之间的反应形成的产物。其通过如本发明的化合物的同样方式进行测试。
表3
化合物 | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP |
9 | -26.0 | 1.5 | -25.0 | 0.6 |
2 | -26.5 | 0.0 | -23.5 | -0.4 |
4 | -28.0 | 7.4 | -23.0 | 8.0 |
8 | -22.7 | 8.0 | -23.0 | 8.5 |
10 | -24.0 | 1.3 | -22.75 | -0.2 |
1 | -24.0 | 1.4 | -22.5 | 7.1 |
7 | -21.5 | 1.7 | -22.0 | 0.6 |
化合物 | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP | CFPP/℃ | ΔCP |
6 | -23.7 | 7.7 | -20.5 | 8.2 |
3 | -23.5 | 1.2 | -19.7 | 0.0 |
对照WASA | -25.25 | 0.3 | -19.5 | 8.9 |
所得数据显示本发明的化合物可以有效改善所述燃料的低温性能。得到了好的CFPP和ΔCP值,并且在任何情况下,与仅用常规中间馏出物流动性改进剂处理的燃料相比,改善了这些值的一种或二者。
在大多数情况下,加入所述常规清净剂(表3)对所述化合物的效力并无不良影响。而参照WASA则表现不佳,其在加入所述清净剂时损失了大量CFPP和ΔCP性能。
Claims (10)
1.一种燃料油组合物,其包括主要含量的燃料油和次要含量的一种化合物,所述化合物是(i)伯或仲烃基取代胺或其混合物和(ii)包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质之间的反应产物,所述包含两个或更多个环氧基团的物质是:
(a)通式I所示的缩水甘油醚:
其中A表示式II的部分:
其中X表示R或OR;其中R表示直链或支化烷基链、优选具有1至12个碳原子,或数均分子量在200至1000之间的聚亚烷基二醇链段;且n是0至20;或
(b)通式III所示的缩水甘油醚:
CB2DD’(III)
其中B是式II的部分,其中X是OR且n至少是1,并且其中D和D’或者分别与B相同,是取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基,或者是氢;或
(c)通式IV所示的缩水甘油胺:
ANR3R4 (IV)
其中A是上式(II)的部分,并且R3和R4可以相同或不同,且分别选自氢、取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基、取代或未取代的环状脂肪或芳香基团、或式(II)的部分、前提是R3或R4的至少一个是式(II)的部分;或
(d)通式(V)所示的缩水甘油酯:
其中E是取代或未取代的直链或支化烷基、取代或未取代的环状脂肪或芳香基团、氮或叔胺或多叔胺(tertiary polyamine)基团,R5是式(VI)的部分:
且m是2至10的整数,优选2至5;或
(e)聚环氧烷烃。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃料油组合物,其中所述物质(ii)是缩水甘油醚(a)或缩水甘油醚(b)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的燃料油组合物,其中所述(i)为式NHR1R2所表示,其中R1独立地表示烃基,例如烷基,其包含8至40个碳原子,而R2独立地表示氢或烃基,例如烷基,其包含最多40个碳原子。
4.根据上述任一权利要求所述的燃料油组合物,其中至少10mol%的(i)由仲烃基取代胺构成。
5.根据上述任一权利要求所述的燃料油组合物,其进一步包括乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物、富马酸酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、烷基酚甲醛缩合物、羟基苯甲酸酯甲醛缩合物和烃聚合物的一种或多种。
6.根据上述任一权利要求所述的燃料油组合物,其进一步包括燃料油清净剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的燃料油组合物,其中所述燃料油清净剂包括多胺清净剂。
8.权利要求1至4的任意一项所限定的化合物的用途,用于改善燃料油组合物的低温性能。
9.燃料油清净剂与作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的油溶性化合物的组合的用途,用于改善燃料油组合物的清洁性和低温性能,其中所述燃料油组合物的低温性能与包括所述作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的油溶性化合物而不含所述燃料油清净剂的燃料油组合物的低温性能实质上相似,所述用途包括使用权利要求1至4的任意一项的化合物作为油溶性防蜡沉淀添加剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其中所述燃料油清净剂在所述燃料油组合物中的含量为多于50重量ppm,而所述作为有效防蜡沉淀添加剂的油溶性化合物在所述燃料油组合物中的含量在10-500重量ppm范围内,所述两个含量都以所述燃料油的重量为基础。
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- 2009-11-05 EP EP09175175A patent/EP2199377A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-04 US US12/630,863 patent/US20100154294A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-21 KR KR1020090128087A patent/KR20100074031A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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