CN101747120B - Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof - Google Patents
Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101747120B CN101747120B CN2008102297500A CN200810229750A CN101747120B CN 101747120 B CN101747120 B CN 101747120B CN 2008102297500 A CN2008102297500 A CN 2008102297500A CN 200810229750 A CN200810229750 A CN 200810229750A CN 101747120 B CN101747120 B CN 101747120B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fertilizer
- organic
- corn
- weight
- fermentation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Abstract
The invention relates to a corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and the preparation and application thereof; the corn special fertilizer comprises the following ingredients by weight parts: 200-300 parts of organic matter, 20-40 parts of porous inorganic substances, 30-60 parts of clay, 100-150 parts of strong acid, 160-300 parts of compound fertilizer, 40-70 parts of clay, and 0.03-0.1 part of compost leavening agent. The corn special fertilizer has the soil improvement function and is suitable for the corn fertilizer requirements.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to corn fertilizing, specifically a kind of corn fertilizer and preparation and application that possesses soil improvement action.
Background technology
The dry farmland rational application of fertilizer can improve fertilizer and water use efficiency, by improving root growth and vigor, promote crop absorbing moisture, nutrient, make a series of physiological and biochemical procedures such as the flow of water in the object, nutrient distribution and osmotic adjustment ability by optimization and improve crop anti-adversity, guarantee that crop yield forms.Corn is lower Base of Liaohe Plain and even the main cultivation of Northeast plain agricultural crop, main fertilising and the soil mineralization of relying on of needed N element in breeding time, and corn yield often significantly improves along with rational fertilising.Simultaneously, along with enriching of chemical fertilizer, fertilizer utilization efficiency but descends to some extent, and superfluous nutrient flows into environment, causes environmental pollution, and is especially all the more so under irrational fertilizer application condition.And long-term single and irrational chemical fertilizer application not only has a strong impact on crop yield, causes simultaneously soil organic matter content to fall sharply, and soil physical property worsens, the especially decline of coacervate quality and quantity, and the soil aeration situation is degenerated.There are some researches prove the physical behavior of soil to the quality and yield important of crop, wherein especially with the balance between aeration status and the water regime, controlled most of quality key element.Therefore, the rational application of fertilizer improves fertilizer utilization efficiency, improves soil physico-chemical property, reduces nutrient loss, is one of major issue that needs to be resolved hurrily at present.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is exactly the fact that descends for present arable soil structure degradation, soil fertility, enters soil biochemical reaction afterwards according to fertilizer, and a kind of corn fertilizer and preparation and application that possesses soil improvement action and adapt to the corn regulation of fertilizer requirement is provided.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention:
A kind of corn fertilizer that possesses soil improvement action, count by weight, it is by organic 200-300 part, porous, inorganic thing 20-40 part, clay 30-60 part, strong acid 100-150 part, composite fertilizer 160-300 part, organic materials starter 0.03-0.1 part, and at normal temperatures fermentation forms.
Described organic matter is that humic acid forms by weight ratio at normal temperatures heap fermentation, the pulverizing after mixing for 0.2-0.3 with organic materials; The porous, inorganic thing is one or more in perlite, sepiolite, medical stone, the zeolite; Clay be wilkinite, opoka, kaolin, diatomite, polynite wherein one or more; Strong acid is nitric acid or hydrochloric acid, and concentration is 0.001-0.1mol/L; The organic materials starter is organic fertilizer fermentation agent or short rotten agent etc. (as: can select commercially available Gymboree board etc. or self-control to contain the starter of the chemical ingredientss such as saltpetre, lime nitrogen).Described humic acid is the peat composed of rotten mosses and/or brown coal; Organic materials is wooden chaff, peanut cake and/or soya-bean cake.
The effective ingredient of described composite fertilizer mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, consists of N in its weight of effective content: P: K: Zn=1: 0.35～0.50: 0.35～0.55: 0.10～0.15; The fertilizer that described N selects is urea or sulphur ammonium, P
2O
5The fertilizer of selecting is two ammoniums or crosses stone, K
2The fertilizer that O selects is vitriolate of tartar or Repone K, and Zn is zinc sulfate; Parts by weight proportioning between them is: N:120-180kg, P
2O
5: 96-200kg, K
2O:50-120kg, Zn:12-27kg; Wherein also be added with hydrogen a kind of jade or the Dyhard RU 100 of purity nitrogen weight 2.0～3.0%.
Humic acid contains abundant organic carbon, is natural organic matter, uses in a large number for a long time and can obviously improve soil organic matter content, improves Soil structure, improves Water and fertilizer retention ability of soil; In addition, humic acid has the caustic solubility characteristics, and contained various insoluble organic acid can be activated dissolving under saline and alkaline condition, can reduce soil pH on the one hand, reduce the generation of salt damage, the humate that generates on the other hand can accelerate crop metabolism, the conditioning plant-growth.
Simultaneously, fertilizer of the present invention changes the traditional unbalanced present situation of corn fertilizing of Base of Liaohe Plain, increases the input of K fertilizer, both can improve output, also can improve quality, can also improve the degeneration-resistant row of corn simultaneously, prevents lodging and chilling injury.The present invention also adopts biochemical restrainer, and namely HQ (hydrogen a kind of jade) is urease inhibitors, the hydrolysis of control urea, and DCD (dicyandiamide) is nitrification inhibitor, the control nitrification.In addition, add a certain amount of Zn fertilizer in the composite fertilizer, both be conducive to the growth of seed, be conducive to again the raising of quality, affect simultaneously the synthetic of plant tumor growth element, the chlorophyllous photochemical reaction of catalysis, the photorespiration of promotion corn.
The present invention is in step 1) add inorganic nitrogen in the fertilizer making processes, to regulate C/N in the organic materials, be conducive to the quick decomposition of organic materials, inorganic nitrogen is converted into organonitrogen; The porous, inorganic thing is regulated its pH value after acid treatment be little acid or neutrality, makes it have the effect that the improvement Soil structure also has the improvement saline-alkali soil simultaneously.
Biodegradable, the renewable organic matter of raw material choose cheapness of the present invention, special-purpose ratio composite fertilizer, clay and porous, inorganic thing etc., through mix, fermentation, can obviously improve the physicochemical character of soil, promote soil agreegate to form; Improve soil ph, improve soil CEC, increase soil fertility and fertilizer utilization efficiency, promote plant growth, have good ecological benefits and economic benefit.
Concrete preparation process is as follows:
Corn fertilizer weight consists of, and organic 200-300 part, porous, inorganic thing 20-40 part, clay 30-60 part, strong acid 100-150 part, composite fertilizer 160-300 part, organic materials starter 0.03-0.1 part is characterized in that:
1) wooden chaff, peanut cake and/or soya-bean cake in the peat composed of rotten mosses in the humic acid and/or brown coal and the organic materials are pulverized respectively, cross the 80-120 mesh sieve, the weight concentration that adds starter and mixture weight 1-3% after mixing is that the 8-12% urea soln carries out mix, mix rear normal temperature and stacked fermentation 10-15 days or adopted fermentation equipment fermentation 24-72 hour, afterwards, three days systems of airing are done or are done with dry mechanism, get organic ripe fertilizer, through separating twice, cross the 80-120 mesh sieve again, get organic for subsequent use;
2) in required ratio porous, inorganic thing and clay are mixed the rear strong acid solution that adds, stirred 10-50 minute, soaked 3-40 hour, filter, it is 4-8.5 that adding alkali is adjusted pH;
3) porous, inorganic thing and the clay with organic matter, composite fertilizer, processing mixes, adjust moisture to 30-45%, drying, pulverizing are then carried out in room temperature fermentation 3-5 days, make the corn fertilizer with vesicular structure of granular, spherical or column with granulating method or extrusion process;
Wherein composite fertilizer's effective ingredient mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and they consist of N in its weight of effective content: P: K: Zn=1: 0.35～0.50: 0.35～0.55: 0.10～0.15; Hydrogen a kind of jade and Dyhard RU 100 are 2.0～3.0% of the fertile consumption of N.
It can be applied in the corn field on the lower Soil of Liaohe Plain, makees base manure and once apply when sowing the seed in spring, and the unit surface consumption is 1800-2100kg hm
-2
Corn fertilizer of the present invention is the ordinary maize composite fertilizer advantage while before inheriting, in composite fertilizer, add through become thoroughly decomposed and pulverize after organic materials, wherein contain a large amount of organic matters, humic acid etc., but Effective Raise soil quality, improve soil aggregate and characterization of adsorption, improved the soil fertilizer ability, thereby improved fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop yield, this special fertilizer also can improve soil ph simultaneously, prevents that soil quality from descending.In addition, the present invention utilizes cheap biodegradable, renewable resources, and environmental stress is little, has good environmental benefit and economic benefit.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is for using corn fertilizer of the present invention to topsoil (0-20cm) organic carbon content impact figure.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
With 5 kilograms of wooden chaffs, 50 kilograms in peanut cake, 15 kilograms in brown coal, 0.025 kilogram of compost fermentation agent, the urea soln (the urea soln weight concentration is 10%) that adds about 1.5 kilograms dilution after pulverizing carries out mix, mix rear normal temperature stacking two weeks of fermentation and (or adopt fermentation equipment to ferment, ask during fermentation and can shorten to 24-72 hour), afterwards, three days systems of airing are done (or dried with dry mechanism), become about about 50 kilograms dry product (organic 〉=70%), and carry out separating twice, with 79 kilograms of left and right sides composite fertilizers (23.5 kilograms in urea, 36 kilograms of two ammoniums, 15.5 kilograms of vitriolate of tartar, 0.4 kilogram of 4 kilograms in zinc sulfate and Dyhard RU 100) mix, cross 100 mesh sieves.
15 kilograms of perlites, 20 kilograms of wilkinites are used weight concentration 10% salt acid soak 24 hours, filter, add sodium hydroxide solution in the solid materials, regulate pH to 5.5, filter, 120 ℃ dry to constant weight, and pulverize rear and organic compost mixing.Regulate mixture moisture to 32%, fully stir with spiral stirrer, then piled under the room temperature condition rotten 3 days, stir 1-2 every day.Become thoroughly decomposed by the lower oven dry of natural air drying or 40-60 ℃, pulverize, in granulating disc, carry out granulation, dry pack.
Embodiment 2
With wooden chaff 100 grams, soya-bean cake 1500 grams, the peat composed of rotten mosses 360 grams, compost fermentation agent 0.8 gram, adding 50 gram total amount concentration after pulverizing and be 10% urea soln stirs, mixing rear normal temperature stacked for two weeks and (or adopts the fermentation equipment fermentation, fermentation time can shorten to 24-48 hour), three days systems of then airing are done (or dried with dry mechanism), become the dry product that has approximately about 1400 grams, carry out separating twice, with 2400 gram left and right sides composite fertilizer (urea 750 grams, two ammoniums, 1200 grams, vitriolate of tartar 450 grams and zinc sulfate 130 grams and Dyhard RU 100 13 grams) mix, cross 100 mesh sieves.
Be 10% salt acid soak 24 hours with 400 gram sepiolites and zeolite mixtures, 500 gram kaolin weight concentrations, filter, add sodium hydroxide solution in the solid materials, regulate pH to 7, filter, 120 ℃ dry to constant weight, and pulverize rear and organic compost mixing.Regulate mixture moisture to 38%, fully stir with spiral stirrer, then piled under the room temperature condition rotten 5 days, stir 1-2 every day.Become thoroughly decomposed by the lower oven dry of natural air drying or 40-60 ℃, pulverize, in granulating disc, carry out granulation, dry pack.
Embodiment 3
With 40 kilograms of wooden chaffs, 590 kilograms of soya-bean cakes, 140 kilograms in brown coal, 0.3 kilogram of compost fermentation agent, adding 8 kilograms of total amount concentration after pulverizing and be 10% urea soln stirs, mixing rear normal temperature stacked for two weeks and (or adopts the fermentation equipment fermentation, ask during fermentation and can shorten to 24-48 hour), three days systems of then airing are done (or dried with dry mechanism), become the dry product that has approximately about 620 kilograms, carry out separating twice, with 915 kilograms of left and right sides composite fertilizers (212 kilograms in urea, 326 kilograms of two ammoniums, 139 kilograms of vitriolate of tartar, 3 kilograms of 38 kilograms in zinc sulfate and Dyhard RU 100s) mixed 100 mesh sieves.
Be 10% salt acid soak 24 hours with 180 kilograms of medical stones, 220 kilograms of opoka weight concentrations, filter, add sodium hydroxide solution in the solid materials, regulate pH to 8.5, filter, 120 ℃ dry to constant weight, after pulverizing and the organic compost mixing.Regulate mixture moisture to 45%, fully stir with spiral stirrer, then piled under the room temperature condition rotten 4 days, stir 1-2 every day.Become thoroughly decomposed by the lower oven dry of natural air drying or 40-60 ℃, pulverize, in granulating disc, carry out granulation, dry pack.
Embodiment 3 described fertilizer can be used for 1 hectare of corn farmland, application process: make base manure and once apply when sowing the seed in spring.
1. test is processed
I. N, P, K fertilizer are only executed in contrast, and fertilizer amount is that N is 150.0kg hm
-2, P
2O
5Be 222kg hm
-2, K
2O is 150kg hm
-2
II. N, P in the special fertilizer, the fertile consumption of K are the same.
2. effect of fertilizer
Table 12007, effect of fertilizer in 2008 compare (kg/hm
2)
From rate schedule, can find out, use the corn fertilizer yield of kernels of the present invention and increase by 19.8%, stalk output volume increase 16.4% in 2007; Yield of kernels amount of increase in production was less than 2007 in 2008, and 2 years amounts of increase in production of stalk are close, illustrate that this special fertilizer is obvious for improving the effect of the corn yield of kernels, simultaneously, because Liaoning Area rainwater distribution in 2008 is reasonable and sufficient, and had obvious spring drought in 2007, and therefore seed amount of increase in production in 2008 was less than 2007, and this special fertilizer is described, and corn yield has more significant effect under the adverse environmental factor for improving.
Fig. 1 uses corn fertilizer of the present invention to be affected topsoil (0-20cm) organic carbon content
Find by test in 2 years, use corn fertilizer field of the present invention, its topsoil (0-20cm) organic carbon content on average improves 15.4%, and its soil organic carbon of processing of only using chemical fertilizer on average reduces 0.7g/kg, the present invention is described to improving soil organic carbon, improving soil quality has obvious effect.
Claims (5)
1. corn fertilizer that possesses soil improvement action, it is characterized in that: count by weight, it is fermented at normal temperatures and is formed by organic 200-300 part, porous, inorganic thing 20-40 part, clay 30-60 part, strong acid 100-150 part, composite fertilizer 160-300 part, organic materials starter 0.03-0.1 part;
Described organic matter is that humic acid forms by weight ratio at normal temperatures heap fermentation, the pulverizing after mixing for 0.2-0.3 with organic materials; Humic acid is the peat composed of rotten mosses and/or brown coal, and organic materials is wooden chaff and/or peanut cake and/or soya-bean cake;
The effective ingredient of described composite fertilizer mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, consists of N in its weight of effective content: P: K: Zn=1: 0.35～0.50: 0.35～0.55: 0.10～0.15.
2. according to the described corn fertilizer of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described porous, inorganic thing is one or more in perlite, sepiolite, medical stone, the zeolite; Clay be wilkinite, opoka, kaolin, diatomite, polynite wherein one or more; Strong acid is nitric acid or hydrochloric acid soln, and concentration is 0.001-0.1mol/L; The organic materials starter is organic fertilizer fermentation agent or short rotten agent.
3. according to the described corn fertilizer of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the fertilizer that described N selects is urea or sulphur ammonium, and the fertilizer that P selects is that stone is crossed in diammonium phosphate or ammonification, and the fertilizer that K selects is vitriolate of tartar or Repone K, and Zn is zinc sulfate; Wherein also be added with quinhydrones or the Dyhard RU 100 of purity nitrogen weight consumption 2.0～3.0%.
4. described corn fertilizer preparation method of claim 1, corn fertilizer weight consists of, organic 200-300 part, porous, inorganic thing 20-40 part, clay 30-60 part, strong acid 100-150 part, composite fertilizer 160-300 part, organic materials starter 0.03-0.1 part is characterized in that:
1) the wooden chaff in the peat composed of rotten mosses in the humic acid and/or brown coal and the organic materials and/or peanut cake and/or soya-bean cake are pulverized respectively, cross the 80-120 mesh sieve, the weight concentration that adds starter and mixture weight 1-3% after mixing is that the 8-12% urea soln carries out mix, mix rear normal temperature and stacked fermentation 10-15 days or adopted fermentation equipment fermentation 24-72 hour, afterwards, three days systems of airing are done or are done with dry mechanism, get organic ripe fertilizer, through separating twice, cross the 80-120 mesh sieve again, get organic for subsequent use;
2) in required ratio porous, inorganic thing and clay are mixed the rear strong acid solution that adds, stirred 10-50 minute, soaked 3-40 hour, filter, it is 4-8.5 that adding alkali is adjusted pH;
3) porous, inorganic thing and the clay with organic matter, composite fertilizer, processing mixes, adjust moisture to 30-45%, drying, pulverizing are then carried out in room temperature fermentation 3-5 days, make the corn fertilizer with vesicular structure of granular, spherical or column with granulating method or extrusion process;
Wherein composite fertilizer's effective ingredient mainly comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and they consist of N in its weight of effective content: P: K: Zn=1: 0.35～0.50: 0.35～0.55: 0.10～0.15; Quinhydrones and Dyhard RU 100 are 2.0～3.0% of the fertile consumption of N.
5. the application of the described corn fertilizer of claim 1 is characterized in that: it can be applied in the corn field on the lower Soil of Liaohe Plain, makees base manure and once apply when sowing the seed in spring, and consumption is 1800-2100kghm
-2
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2008102297500A CN101747120B (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2008102297500A CN101747120B (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101747120A CN101747120A (en) | 2010-06-23 |
| CN101747120B true CN101747120B (en) | 2013-01-16 |
Family
ID=42474815
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2008102297500A Expired - Fee Related CN101747120B (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2008-12-15 | Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101747120B (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102476972A (en) * | 2010-11-30 | 2012-05-30 | 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 | Corn base fertilizer for saline alkali land, preparation method and application thereof |
| CN102557791A (en) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-07-11 | 施可丰化工股份有限公司 | Special fertilizer for maize grown in black soil in cold area and application thereof |
| CN102992918B (en) * | 2012-11-26 | 2014-08-20 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for matching and applying nitrification inhibitor and biomass carbon to improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and application thereof |
| CN103539529B (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2015-05-27 | 安徽惠禾壮有机肥科技有限公司 | Special fertilizer for corns |
| CN104761374A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2015-07-08 | 安徽中农化工国际贸易有限公司 | Bio-organic fertilizer for corn and preparation method of bio-organic fertilizer |
| CN104973979A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2015-10-14 | 江苏沃绿宝有机农业开发有限公司 | Special organic-inorganic compound fertilizer for corn and preparation method thereof |
| CN106612852A (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2017-05-10 | 南丹县农业局 | Corn soil measuring formula fertilizing method |
| CN109320310A (en) * | 2018-11-21 | 2019-02-12 | 湖南图强科技开发有限公司 | A kind of corn fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
| CN109534894A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-03-29 | 吉林农业大学 | A kind of the spring maize formula fertilizer special and its method of administration of suitable West Area of Jilin Province |
| CN115448803A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-12-09 | 李东霖 | Preparation and application method of multifunctional organic fertilizer with saline-alkali soil improvement effect |
-
2008
- 2008-12-15 CN CN2008102297500A patent/CN101747120B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101747120A (en) | 2010-06-23 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN101747120B (en) | Corn special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof | |
| CN102503676B (en) | Base fertilizer type eucalyptus ecological fertilizer | |
| CN101723766B (en) | Organic compound soil modifier and preparation thereof | |
| CN101774850B (en) | Multifunctional compound fertilizer additive and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101747119B (en) | Soybean special fertilizer with soil improvement function and preparation and application thereof | |
| CN101967072B (en) | Organic-inorganic compound fertilizer | |
| CN102503639B (en) | Melt granulation humic acid functional fertilizer special for corns and preparing method thereof | |
| CN101172911A (en) | Organic and inorganic biological mineral matter mixing fertilizer and method for producing the same | |
| CN103524221B (en) | Special slow control/release compound fertilizer for eggplant and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101948349B (en) | Preparation process for organic-inorganic compound fertilizer | |
| CN102476972A (en) | Corn base fertilizer for saline alkali land, preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN103483095B (en) | Special slow/controlled release compound fertilizer for capsicum, and preparation method thereof | |
| CN102093118A (en) | Special fertilizer for corn with water holding and soil improvement effects and preparation thereof | |
| CN102503632A (en) | Selenium-rich organic/inorganic fertilizer for producing selenium-rick rice as well as application method thereof | |
| CN106916007A (en) | A kind of charcoal base corn long-acting special composite fertilizer and preparation method | |
| CN104725146A (en) | Preparation and application method of special compound fertilizer for soil hardening of saline-alkali soil | |
| CN102503641A (en) | Novel green efficient multifunctional humic acid special fertilizer for soybean and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101905999B (en) | Humic acid sustained and controlled release fertilizer and production method thereof | |
| CN107935740A (en) | A kind of large cherry dedicated biomass charcoal base manure and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101875574A (en) | Organic-inorganic compound fertilizer special for wheat and preparation method thereof | |
| CN1321096C (en) | Long-acting rice fertilizer | |
| CN106916041A (en) | A kind of corn special efficient long-acting sustained-release complex fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
| CN102603410A (en) | Nitrogen fertilizer combination containing fulvic acid | |
| CN1746138A (en) | Production of long-effective ammonium bicarbonate composite fertilizer of vegetable | |
| US7252697B2 (en) | Methods for making controlled-release ammonium phosphate fertilizer |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20130116 Termination date: 20131215 |