CN101684404B - 用于烃类油井的水泥灌浆操作的纳米添加剂 - Google Patents

用于烃类油井的水泥灌浆操作的纳米添加剂 Download PDF

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CN101684404B
CN101684404B CN2008101757899A CN200810175789A CN101684404B CN 101684404 B CN101684404 B CN 101684404B CN 2008101757899 A CN2008101757899 A CN 2008101757899A CN 200810175789 A CN200810175789 A CN 200810175789A CN 101684404 B CN101684404 B CN 101684404B
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Y·A·P·麦卡多
J·C·C·拉米雷斯
A·C·H·阿斯维多
S·I·M·曼德兹
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
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    • C09K8/467Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement containing additives for specific purposes
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Abstract

一种用于烃类油井的水泥灌浆操作的纳米添加剂,即水泥添加剂,包含有纳米结构的或没有纳米结构的SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒以及至少一种选自下组物质的纳米级颗粒的添加剂:SiO2、2CaO.SiO2、3CaO.SiO2、Al2O3、P-Ca和/或它们的组合。

Description

用于烃类油井的水泥灌浆操作的纳米添加剂
技术领域
本发明涉及一种烃类油井水泥灌浆操作,更具体地,涉及用于改进产生的水泥结构的特性的添加剂。 
背景技术
采用现有的用于烃类油井的水泥体系来完成油井并使地面与油井的特别需要区之间的连通稳定。这种水泥体系中存在问题,例如,当水泥体系具有低的机械性能时,周围的形成物具有低的机械性能时,存在气体和液体迁移的问题时,以及体系受到酸性气体的侵蚀时存在的问题。因此需要改进的水泥体系来解决这些不同类型的状况。 
发明内容
根据本发明,满足了前述的需求。 
根据本发明,提供一种水泥(cement)添加剂,该添加剂包含SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和至少一种选自下组物质的纳米级颗粒的添加剂:SiO2、2CaO.SiO2、3CaO.SiO2,Al2O3、P-Ca以及它们的组合。 
还根据本发明,提供一种水泥产品,该产品包含水泥颗粒和SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒以及至少一种选自下组物质的纳米级颗粒的添加剂:SiO2、2CaO.SiO2、3CaO.SiO2、Al2O3、P-Ca以及它们的组合。 
还提供制造水泥添加剂的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:分开合成SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒中的每一种,或SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒的前体;对前体进行热处理,获得SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒;将SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒在控制的温度和pH条件下混合,形成含SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒的连续的表面活性剂体系;将SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒在常用溶剂(common solvent)中混合,形成SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和纳米级颗粒的基本均匀的混合物。
附图说明
下面,参照附图详细描述优选实施方式,附图中: 
图1示出本发明的纳米添加剂体系; 
图2a和2b(FESEM照片)示出纳米-C2S(2CaO.SiO2)的微球和完全分布,图2c是该体系中较小纳米颗粒的HR-TEM照片; 
图2d和2e(FESEM照片)示出纳米-C3S(3CaO.SiO2)的微球和完全分布,图2f是该体系中较小纳米颗粒的HR-TEM照片; 
图2g(FESEM照片)示出纳米-SiO2的微球和完全分布,图2h是该体系中较小纳米颗粒的HR-TEM照片; 
图2i和2j示出根据本发明对C2S和C3S分别产生的水合作用的FESEM分析; 
图2k(HR-TEM照片)示出变成根据本发明SiO2-CaO-Al2O3的有纳米结构的颗粒的纳米相分布。 
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种纳米添加剂,该添加剂特别用于水泥混合物,尤其是用于对烃类油井进行完成工作和其他操作的水泥混合物。 
该添加剂可用于各种类型的水泥,用来填充缝隙区域和水泥中的高结构孔隙率的其他区域,因而在完成水泥灌浆时降低水泥的渗透性并提高水泥的强度和其他所需性质。在最终的水泥结构中,添加剂的纳米颗粒分布在整个SiO2-CaO-Al2O3的有纳米结构的颗粒中,有助于在水泥结构中产生所需的特性。 
本发明的添加剂包括SiO2-CaO-Al2O3的三元体系的颗粒。本文中,经常将这些材料中的SiO2缩写为S,CaO缩写为C,Al2O3缩写为A。因此,C2S表示硅酸二钙或2CaO.SiO2,类似地,C3S表示硅酸三钙或3CaO.SiO2。与该三元体系混合的是纳米级颗粒,其选自下组:纳米-SiO2、纳米-C2S、纳米-C3S、纳米-Al2O3和纳米-磷/钙。较佳地,本发明的添加剂包括与三元体系混合的这些组分中的每一种。此外,该三元体系本身的颗粒也优选为纳米级颗粒,并可以有纳米结构或没有纳米结构。 
如本文所用,认为纳米级颗粒是粒度(size)小于或等于999纳米的任何颗粒。此外,这些颗粒中特别优选的粒度如下。添加剂即SiO2、2CaO.SiO2、3CaO.SiO2、Al2O3和P-Ca的颗粒的粒度优选小于100纳米。SiO2-CaO-Al2O3三元体系的颗粒优选小于900nm。较佳地,添加剂颗粒的粒度小于三元体系颗粒的粒度。
图1示出本发明的添加剂体系,具有三元体系(图1中示为S-C-A)的颗粒,以及纳米-SiO2、纳米-C2S、纳米-C3S、纳米-Al2O3和纳米-磷/钙的纳米级颗粒。如图1所示的添加剂显示优良的表面能,因此生长为聚集体,该聚集体含纳米颗粒作为核。这种类型的聚集有助于添加剂向产生的水泥灌浆基质提供有益的特性。此外,在水泥灌浆操作中,添加剂有助于水泥在水合期间形成所希望的凝胶体C-S-H状态。纳米级S-C-A材料的水合产生凝胶体C-S-H以及一定量的氢氧化钙Ca(OH)2,氢氧化钙与纳米-SiO2直接反应,产生另外的C-S-H凝胶体。纳米-C2S和纳米-C3S的水合产生另外的C-S-H凝胶体。当上述反应与纳米-SiO2颗粒一起进行时,纳米-Al2O3还可以与氢氧化钙Ca(OH)2反应,产生C-A-H凝胶体和C-A-S-H凝胶体。此外,纳米-磷/钙和其化学反应将在该基质水泥灌浆体系中提供高的耐化学性。在所有纳米组分之间同时发生的化学相互作用导致最终固态主体的机械、热和化学性质直接提高。 
如上所述,机械、热和化学性质方面的提高特别可用于解决油井和天然气井的低机械性能的水泥体系,具有气体和液体迁移的问题的体系,受到酸性气体侵蚀的体系等中的问题。 
用于形成水泥体系时,水泥添加剂与水泥混合,可发生以下化学反应。 
水泥质纳米材料的反应: 
S-C-A+H2O→C-S-H(凝胶)+Ca(OH)2
C3S+H2O→C-S-H(凝胶)+Ca(OH)2
C2S+H2O→C-S-H(凝胶)+Ca(OH)2
Ca/P+H2O→C-P-OH 
火山灰纳米材料的反应: 
2SiO2+3Ca(OH)2→C-S-H(凝胶)
Al2O3+3Ca(OH)2+H2O→C-A-H(水合物)
2SiO2+Al2O3+3Ca(OH)2+H2O→S-C-A(水合物)
除上述反应外,在纳米-磷/钙和纳米-SiO2,纳米-Al2O3和/或Ca(OH)2之间还可能发生化学反应,这些化学反应还可以提高产生的结构体的机械性能和化学性质。因此,本发明的纳米添加剂产生受控制的同时反应的动力学,界面反应,原位相变和形成微结构,这些是达到本发明的目的的关键。
添加剂的纳米颗粒可以是球形,椭圆体或片形,或者可以是不规则形状,并且还可以包含分散在其中的陶瓷纳米颗粒。如上所述,这些纳米颗粒优选的粒度为约1-100纳米。 
根据本发明,可以采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米添加剂。纳米添加剂可用于产生,优选分开产生不同的所需纳米颗粒。该制备方法从控制前体,例如Ca(NO3)2.4H2O和正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)的混合开始。该混合过程在控制的参数如温度和pH条件下进行。较好地,将温度和pH限制为80℃和pH为1-7。对不同组分的比例进行选择,以产生所需的组分,例如C2S、C3S等。 
采用限定的纳米-限制的表面活性剂体系获得纳米颗粒,该体系是在每种特定的表面活性剂体系达到其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,然后在要求的温度对该体系进行热处理产生所需的晶相而获得的。然后,所述晶相与任何需要的水泥均质混合,并在水合期间和水泥质结构的最终固化时提供上述的益处。具体地,纳米颗粒将填充缝隙空间和水泥中高孔隙率的其它区域,并产生渗透性很小的结构。 
如上所述,优选纳米添加剂的各组分分开合成。合成各组分后,将它们加入常用溶剂中,例如水性体系中,该水性体系较好与水泥质体系相容。纳米添加剂各组分之间的化学计量关系可以根据最终体系的需要进行计算。在该过程之后,可分开制备添加剂的组分,将这些组分混合在常用溶剂中,需要时与最终水泥质体系的水泥混合。该添加之后,还可以加入水泥体系的任何其他组分。 
纳米添加剂的用量取决于固化条件(温度,压力等)以及与水泥质体系中的其他组分的相互作用,所述其他组分因要控制的其他条件而存在。例如,如果水泥灌浆体系含有大于50%的水泥,可能希望使用本发明的纳米添加剂,其用量为水泥重量的约0.1-5%。另一方面,如果最终水泥体系是类似于混凝土配制物的水泥体系,则纳米添加剂的用量优选为该水泥体系重量的约1-20%。 
以下的实例说明本发明添加剂的各组分的合成。实例1-制备高反应性的纳米-C3S和纳米-C2S相。 
采用表面活性剂改性的溶胶-凝胶法,制备样品。该过程之后,对纯前体进行充分且有控制的混合。在此实例中这些前体是Ca(NO3)2.4H2O和正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)。在控制的室温和pH为3-6的条件下混合这些组分。起始混合物中CaO:SiO2的摩尔比对一个样品设定为2:1,另一个样品设定为3:1,以分别获得C2S和C3S。使用混合的表面活性剂体系获得纳米颗粒,分别在900℃和1400℃进行热处理后,获得纳米-C3S和纳米-C2S最终晶相。
该产物显示如图2a、2b和2c所示的纳米-C2S微球和完全分布,以及图2d、2e和2f所示的纳米-C3S微球和完全分布。这些颗粒的粒度为10-200纳米,可以和类似过程合成的如图2g,2h所示的纳米-SiO2相比较。这些颗粒的粒度小于100纳米。 
按照上述合成的颗粒进行x-射线辐射(XRD),使用铜Kα(λ等于15,418 )和石墨单色滤光片来鉴别微结构。使用JEOL JSM-7401F设备进行场发射扫描电子显微术(Field Emissions Scanning Electron Microscopy)(FESEM),还使用JEOL 2010通过高分辨率的透射电子显微技术(High Resolution Transmission ElectronMicroscopy)(HR-TEM)对各纳米体系进行表征。采用FESEM方法观察在室温下硅酸二钙和硅酸三钙样品与大气中的水的水合作用,结果示于图2i和2j。用于FESEM分析的这些样品的制备包括:从烧杯中快速提取纳米颗粒,并采用常规溅射系统镀覆金-钯薄膜,然后快速引入真空室。 
上述内容表明按照讨论的方法可以制备本发明的纳米颗粒,产生的结构特别可用于提高水泥质结构的性质。 
这些详细描述提供了本发明的材料的具体例子,这些详细描述用来说明本发明的特征而不构成限制。因此,认为本发明的范围包括在所附权利要求书所述的语言和其等同体中的所有实施方式。 
在图1中: 
C2S-纳米硅酸二钙 
C3S-纳米硅酸三钙 
SiO2-纳米硅石(二氧化硅) 
Al2O3-纳米氧化铝(铝氧化物) 
P-Ca-纳米磷/钙 
S-C-A-有纳米结构的材料(硅-钙-铝) 

Claims (7)

1.一种水泥添加剂,包含SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒和至少一种添加剂,所述添加剂选自SiO2、2CaO﹒SiO2、3CaO﹒SiO2、Al2O3、P-Ca和它们组合的纳米级颗粒。
2.如权利要求1所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述添加剂是SiO2、2CaO﹒SiO2、3CaO﹒SiO2、Al2O3和P-Ca各物质组合的纳米级颗粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述纳米级颗粒的形状选自下组:球形、椭圆体、片形、不规则形状以及它们的组合。
4.如权利要求1所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒是有纳米结构的材料颗粒。
5.如权利要求1所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述颗粒和添加剂作为均匀的混合物存在。
6.如权利要求2所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述颗粒和添加剂作为均匀的混合物存在。
7.如权利要求1所述的水泥添加剂,其特征在于,所述SiO2-CaO-Al2O3颗粒是SiO2-CaO-Al2O3的三元体系的纳米级颗粒。
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