CN101678617B - 纤维增强的复合材料模制品和其制造方法 - Google Patents

纤维增强的复合材料模制品和其制造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101678617B
CN101678617B CN2008800140029A CN200880014002A CN101678617B CN 101678617 B CN101678617 B CN 101678617B CN 2008800140029 A CN2008800140029 A CN 2008800140029A CN 200880014002 A CN200880014002 A CN 200880014002A CN 101678617 B CN101678617 B CN 101678617B
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resin
layer
resin material
treated layer
die
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CN101678617A (zh
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达米安·詹姆斯·班尼斯特
加里·理查德·沃森
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Gurit UK Ltd
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Gurit UK Ltd
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
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    • B29C63/0017Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of the material
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C66/73121Viscosity
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
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Abstract

本发明提供一种制造纤维增强的复合材料模制品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)在模具表面的一部分上配置表面处理层,该表面处理层包括第一树脂材料且是至少一个实心板的形式;(b)在该表面处理层上配置至少一层纤维增强材料,以在模具表面的那部分上提供表面处理层和包括至少一层纤维增强材料的结构层的组件;(c)向该组件施用真空;(d)在真空下将可流动的第二树脂材料注入至少一层纤维增强材料;和(e)固化第一和第二树脂材料,从而形成纤维增强的复合材料模制品,其包括从表面处理层形成的表面部分和与表面部分层压的从至少一层纤维增强材料和第二树脂材料形成的结构部分。

Description

纤维增强的复合材料模制品和其制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造纤维增强的复合材料模制品的方法和纤维增强的复合材料模制品。特别地,本发明涉及一种适于制造诸如涡轮叶片、桥梁和船体等大的复合材料结构的纤维增强的复合材料模制品。
背景技术
大多数纤维增强的复合材料部件需要外表面涂层以对部件提供美观和保护涂饰。传统上,这种部件在成型后被涂漆或者使用具有足够环保性的液态模具内涂层(凝胶涂层)。在某些应用中,涂漆是优选的,特别是当需要将多个部件组装在一起并且可以随后通过填充和整流步骤隐藏任何未对准或接合线以给予更多的无缝涂饰时。当最终颜色在开始建立时未限定并且可以准备涂漆形式供应部件的情况下,也可使用涂漆。
涂漆纤维复合材料部件中的关键问题可能是防止纤维增强图案出现在最终表面中。当使用更重、更低成本的增强纤维和织物来降低材料成本和建立层压件厚度所花费的时间时,这是更重要的问题。常见的是,除了凝胶涂层之外,使用更昂贵的低重量玻璃纤维层或非结构表面处理薄绢来缓冲来自纤维增强物的油漆。通常的做法是,首先将液态凝胶涂层应用到模具中,在这种情况下被设计成易于用砂纸打磨并修复涂漆之前的任何缺陷。凝胶涂层在油漆和第一纤维层之间提供树脂阻挡层,通过提供足够厚度以阻止纤维图案显示在最终表面中。如果层压件应用到模具中,没有凝胶涂层阻挡层,则常见的是最终表面具有针孔状缺陷。当涂漆时,针孔是特殊的问题,因为它们可能难以在初始模制品中辨认出来,但是当部件涂漆时,油漆成网状,在针孔周围形成较大的缺陷,从而需要返工。
即使当使用凝胶涂层时,也出现有时几个针孔存在的情况。希望具有基本上彻底消除针孔问题的制造方法。
为了将凝胶涂层应用到较大部件上,如风力涡轮机、船舶、建筑模制品和桥梁,需要额外设备,如凝胶涂层喷涂机和提取设备或与手动刷子或辊子结合使用的混合设备,来减少凝胶涂层的缺陷并实现合理的沉积速率。当等待凝胶涂层部分固化以对将要加到模具上的其余层压件建立足够强度时,发生时间延迟。
目前用于制造风力涡轮叶片的三种主要热固性复合材料加工方法是:
1.湿式层压(也称为开放式成型)-在该方法中,热固性树脂可以在环境条件下固化,但工具通常加热至高温50~90℃,以加快树脂固化过程;
2.使用预浸材料和本申请人自己拥有的以产品名
Figure G2008800140029D00021
出售的预浸渍触干复合材料,这种材料通常在85℃~120℃的高温下固化;和
3.真空辅助树脂传递成型(也称为VARTM、树脂导注或真空导注)-在该方法中,液态树脂在真空下被注入干燥纤维复合材料中,然后可以在环境条件下固化,尽管工具(即模具)通常被加热到50~90℃的高温以加快固化过程。
表面涂饰质量在空气动力学效率方面发挥重要作用。有些叶片制造商将耐候性模具内凝胶涂层应用到最终表面层,其他制造商后续对叶片喷漆。在任一种情况下,表面需要是光滑无缺陷的。目前,叶片制造商花费大量的时间填充和固定叶片表面,并且随着对风力涡轮叶片的要求增大,减少每个叶片在涂饰生产方面花费的时间的解决办法会节省时间,降低成本并提高生产能力。
VARTM是一种有吸引力的制造叶片的方法,这是因为最初的低设备安装成本、改善的层压件质量以及健康和安全原因。制备涂漆用VARTM叶片的通常做法是,首先涂布模具内凝胶涂层,以在油漆和纤维增强的层压件之间提供缓冲层,防止表面缺陷。然后,这种模具内涂层增大粘度,形成粘性层,粘性层用于固定干增强纤维的第一层,因为使用在纤维叠层件其余部分中使用的常用的喷洒粘合剂或粘合带体系很难将干织物固定在剥离的工具表面上。在不需要将大量织物粘附到工具的小部件上,凝胶涂层可由薄绢代替,在导注中用树脂浸渍。在较大部件中这是不可行的,较大部件容易因倾向于在这些层中积累的空气泄漏或甚至轻微空气漏气而产生缺陷,从而需要大量的返工来制备涂漆用部件。
尽管湿式层压和VARTM树脂体系确实在制造过程中的环境条件下固化,但是工具通常加热到50~90℃以加快固化过程并改善最终机械性能。在这种情况下,有可能将催化热固性表面树脂膜与环境固化树脂体系组合,以实现具有高质量表面涂饰的共固化的层压件。
WO 02/094564公开了一种预浸表面膜材料,其被设计成提供易于准备涂漆的树脂层。然而,这种预浸部件不适用于制造复合材料部件时广泛使用的树脂导注法。
WO-A-2000/056524公开了一种包括纤维增强层的纤维增强的复合材料,其具有位于从纤维增强的第一表面到仅部分地通过纤维增强的深度的第一基体;和位于仅部分地通过纤维增强的纤维增强的第二表面的热固性树脂基体,并且公开了相应的方法。第一基体材料可以是热塑性的或热固性的。第一和第二基体可以相同。纤维增强层可以完全湿润。还公开了一种制造纤维增强的复合材料的方法,包括在封套中封入纤维增强层和第一基体;将第二基体材料注入封套中,第二基体材料是热固性树脂基体,使得第二基体注入纤维增强层的第二表面。然而,没有公开怎样获得准备用于涂漆的高质量表面。
本领域中需要一种纤维增强的复合材料模制品和其制造方法,可以容易地进行涂漆以获得高表面涂饰,而不需要凝胶涂层。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面,提供一种制造纤维增强的复合材料模制品的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)在模具表面的一部分上配置表面处理层,所述表面处理层包括第一树脂材料且是至少一个实心板的形式;
(b)在所述表面处理层上配置至少一层纤维增强材料,以在所述模具表面的那部分上提供所述表面处理层和包括所述至少一层纤维增强材料的结构层的组件;
(c)向所述组件施用真空;
(d)在真空下将可流动的第二树脂材料注入所述至少一层纤维增强材料;和
(e)固化所述第一和第二树脂材料,从而形成所述纤维增强的复合材料模制品,其包括从所述表面处理层形成的表面部分和与所述表面部分层压的从所述至少一层纤维增强材料和所述第二树脂材料形成的结构部分。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供一种纤维增强的复合材料模制品,包括表面部分和与所述表面部分层压的结构部分,所述表面部分由包括一起成型而形成连续表面处理层的多个表面处理层段的表面处理层形成,所述表面处理层包括支撑在片材承载体上的第一固化的树脂材料,所述结构部分由至少一层纤维增强材料和固化的第二树脂材料形成,所述第一和第二树脂材料具有各自的组成,使得所述未固化的第一树脂材料的粘度比所述未固化的第二树脂材料的粘度高。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,提供一种热固性纤维增强的结构模制材料,含有具有通气性能的一体表面底漆树脂层,能够更快地制造较大的涂漆的成型复合材料部件。可以从树脂导注处理得到易于准备用于涂漆的无缺陷表面。
本发明的优选实施方案提供一种基本上完全克服了包括已知使用凝胶涂层的已知工艺中遇到的针孔问题的制造方法。
本发明的优选实施方案的材料本身含有热固性表面树脂、干增强纤维和热固性结构树脂的层。表面底漆树脂层段被搭接以提高材料的总通气性能并当从材料的多个搭接段形成大部件以覆盖模具的全部表面时实现无缺陷表面涂饰。这种搭接可以在10~75mm的范围内,优选尺寸为20~40mm。搭接可以在一个方向上或者在两个直交的相互取向方向上。
表面处理层,任选地被粘到制造根据本发明优选实施方案的复合材料层压件时使用的干纤维增强层上,可容忍处理压力并且提供在大卷筒上时足够稳定,而不会失去其通气性能。直接从模具提供高质量表面,在涂漆之前仅需要最小的砂纸打磨。因为用这种材料代替第一结构层和液态凝胶涂层,所以在制造过程中节省了相当的时间和成本。材料不需要压实操作来除去困住的空气,并与主结构层压件同时固化,在制造过程中进一步节省了时间。
在本发明优选实施方案的方法中,不需要额外的薄绢和高成本的精细织物来获得良好的表面涂饰,可以使更低成本的较重增强物用作模具中的第一层。这样使材料特别适于制造风力涡轮机翼型部和具有更简单曲率的任何其他大部件,如船舶、圆顶、建筑模制品和桥梁。重质织物或纤维材料(至少600gsm纤维层)不适于更复杂的部件,如汽车门翼,而是需要在各细节特征周围削减材料。
附图说明
下面结合附图仅以举例方式说明本发明的实施方案,在附图中:
图1是在本发明方法的实施方案的第一步骤中形成的多个搭接表面处理膜结构沿模具宽度方向的剖视图;
图2是图1的表面处理膜沿模具长度方向的剖视图;
图3是在本发明方法的实施方案的第二步骤中图1的表面处理膜被两层干织物增强物覆盖后沿模具宽度方向的剖视图;
图4是图3组件沿模具长度方向的剖视图;
图5是在本发明方法的实施方案的随后步骤中图3组件被额外干织物增强物覆盖后沿模具宽度方向的剖视图;
图6是图5组件沿模具长度方向的剖视图;和
图7是根据本发明方法的另一个实施方案形成的多个搭接表面处理膜和搭接干织物增强层的部分假想的分解平面图,在每种情况下搭接沿模具长度方向和沿模具宽度方向。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的优选实施方案,纤维增强的复合材料模制品的基本制造方法包括以下步骤:
准备模具并涂布脱模剂;
在模具中放置包括表面处理树脂膜的至少一个实心板形式的表面处理层,所述表面处理层的相邻段之间优选搭接,所述表面处理层任选地组合设有与所述表面处理层相邻并预先粘合到所述表面处理层上的干织物增强层;
在所述模具中在所述表面处理层上方放置包括结构干织物增强物的结构层,所述结构层的相邻段优选搭接;
任选地在所述结构层上方放置额外结构干织物增强物和芯材料;
放置并连接树脂进料导注系统;
用脱膜布、剥离膜、任选的导注网和真空袋覆盖所述模具;
在全真空下压实系统;
使所述系统在树脂导注温度条件下,从而除去残留的混入空气并软化所述表面处理树脂膜;
在所述系统中产生压力差,并使用所述压力差将树脂化合物进给到所述系统中,以涂布能够被导注的纤维增强物;
终止所述树脂化合物进入所述系统;
维持一定压力差;和
使所述树脂化合物和所述表面处理树脂膜固定和固化。
下面参照图1~图6更详细地解释说明根据一个特定实施方案的过程步骤。
图1和图2显示取决于表面处理层在模具中的位置的表面处理层优选布局。参照图1和图2,在准备模具并在模具表面10上涂布脱模剂(图未示)之后,将表面处理层12涂布到模具表面10上。表面处理层12包括承载在网格布材料的层16上以有助于模具表面10的树脂保持的至少一个实心板形式的表面处理树脂层14。通常,网格布层16是聚酯材料,如聚酯面纱16。
在图示实施方案中,表面处理层12包括组装在一起形成多个实心板形式的连续表面处理层12的多个表面处理层段106,206,306。
当在模具表面10上组装表面处理层12时,第一段106被第二段206沿模具宽度方向搭接,搭接形成第一段106的下覆盖边缘部和第二段206的上覆盖边缘部207。然后,第二段206被第三段306沿模具宽度方向搭接,搭接形成第二段206的下覆盖边缘部208和第三段306的上覆盖边缘部307。因此,第二段206沿模具纵向导向的相对边缘部207,208分别在上方或下方与相邻段106,306的边缘部107,307具有搭接关系。
虽然未图示,但是如果沿宽度方向具有进一步的段,则这种搭接结构可以在模具的宽度上针对连续段重复。
在模具的长度方向上,可以具有不同结构的表面处理层。在许多实施方案中,表面处理层的连续长度可以沿模具长度配置,并在可能情况下,例如,这样可以优选地减少停工时间。在其他可选实施方案中,表面处理层可以沿模具长度方向搭接或邻接。
然而,在该特定实施方案中,在模具的长度方向上,具有邻接关系。再次参照附图,第四段406与第一段106相邻。第四段406邻接并与第一段106的边缘齐平。相应地,第五段506邻接第四段406并与第四段406的边缘齐平。
各表面处理层段106,206,306,406,506包括承载在网格布材料段104,204,304,404,504上的表面处理树脂层段105,205,305,405,505。
此外,虽然未图示,但是如果沿长度方向具有进一步的段,则这种邻接结构可以在模具的长度上针对连续段重复。
额外段以沿一个方向的搭接关系和沿另一个方向的邻接关系配置在模具中,以覆盖整个模具表面。因此,多个表面处理层段106,206,306,406等形成多个实心板形式的分段的连续表面处理层12。
在可选实施方案中,在两个相互取向方向上存在表面处理膜的这种搭接关系,例如沿模具长度方向以及沿与其直交的模具宽度方向。这样可以使所有的表面处理层边缘具有搭接关系,除了在模具的末端。
参照图3和图4,在形成表面处理层12后,包括干纤维增强材料的至少一层24,26的结构层22配置在表面处理层12上,以在模具表面10的一部分上提供叠层形式的表面处理层12和结构层22的组件。干纤维增强材料可以选自玻璃纤维、芳纶、碳纤维、亚麻、黄麻或其混合物中的一种或多种。
纤维增强材料的至少一层24,26优选分段,然后以搭接分段结构位于表面处理层12上方,与表面处理层12相似,以提供通风结构并允许在随后的树脂导注处理中混入的空气通过。
在搭接分段结构中,干增强层102,103;202,203;302,303的各段叠层位于各表面处理层段106;206;306的上方。
最初,干增强层102,103的段叠层配置在第一表面处理层段106上方。
使第一叠层段的最下干增强层103成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖第一表面处理层段106的上表面露出的那部分,从而邻接第二段206的边缘部207。下一个干增强层102置于第一干增强层103上方,并成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖最下干增强层103,并且通过下一个干增强层102的边缘部108,覆盖第二段206的边缘部207。
然后,干增强层202,203的第二段叠层配置在第二表面处理层段206上方。
使第二叠层段的最下干增强层203成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖第二表面处理层段206的上表面露出的那部分,从而邻接第三段306的边缘部307,此外,覆盖干增强层102的边缘部108。下一个干增强层202置于最下干增强层203上方,并成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖最下干增强层203,并且通过下一个干增强层202的边缘部208,覆盖第三段306的边缘部307。
然后,干增强层302,303的第三段叠层配置在第三表面处理层段306上方。
使第三叠层段的最下干增强层303成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖第三表面处理层段306的上表面露出的那部分,以覆盖干增强层202的边缘部208。下一个干增强层302置于最下干增强层303上方,并成形和调节尺寸,以覆盖最下干增强层303。
如果在模具的宽度上有进一步的段,则干增强层的随后的段以搭接结构相应地应用。
在模具的长度方向上,关于表面处理层,可以具有不同的干增强层结构。在许多实施方案中,干增强层的连续长度可以沿模具长度在表面处理层上配置,并在可能情况下,例如,这样可以优选地减少停工时间。在其他可选实施方案中,干增强层可以沿模具长度方向搭接或邻接。
然而,在该特定实施方案中,在模具的长度方向上,具有邻接关系。再次参照附图,第四段406被邻接并与干增强层102,103的边缘齐平的干增强层402,403相应地覆盖。相应地,第五段506被邻接并与第四段406上方的干增强层402,403的边缘齐平的干增强层502,503覆盖。
此外,虽然未图示,但是如果沿长度方向具有进一步的段,则干增强层的这种邻接结构可以在模具的长度上针对连续段重复。
结构干增强层以沿一个方向的搭接关系和沿另一个方向的邻接关系配置在模具中,在各自的表面处理段上方,以覆盖整个模具表面。这样形成分段的连续结构层22。
在可选实施方案中,在两个相互取向方向上存在结构干增强层的这种搭接关系,例如沿模具长度方向以及沿与其直交的模具宽度方向。这样可以使所有的结构干增强层边缘具有搭接关系,除了在模具的末端。特定搭接关系的选择可以取决于干织物增强层的结构和组成以及被制造的物品的特殊性质和终端应用。
在两个相互取向方向上提供结构干增强层的这种搭接关系可以具有上面对于表面处理层所公开的两种搭接结构中的任一种,即仅在一个方向上或在两个相互取向方向上的表面处理层搭接。
图7是根据本发明方法的另一个实施方案形成的多个搭接表面处理膜和搭接干织物增强层的部分假想的分解平面图,在每种情况下搭接沿模具长度方向(x)和沿模具宽度方向(y)。表面处理膜700包括在相邻边缘704,706上搭接的沿两个直交方向(x和y)取向的多个段702。干织物增强的三个叠层708,710,712中的每一个包括各自的在相邻边缘720,722;724,726;728,730上搭接的沿两个直交方向取向的多个段714,716,718。如本文所讨论的,在这种搭接段的叠层中,干织物增强层通常是双轴和/或三轴干织物增强层。
对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,图示实施方案包括两个结构干增强层,但如果需要也可以使用更少或更多的层以及诸如木材和泡沫等芯材料。
在可选实施方案中,增强纤维的第一层可以通过粘附而附着在铺在模具表面上的表面处理层段上。因此,配置在模具中的第一层是一体的树脂表面处理和纤维增强层。这种实施方案可以减小在模具中组装所有层以形成层压件所需的总停工时间。
参照图5和图6,至少一层额外层可以设置在结构层22上方。至少一层额外层可以包括例如泡沫芯101和/或一个或多个额外结构干增强层100。这样完成了目前准备进行树脂导注的层压件叠层30,如图6所示。
图1~图6所示的实施方案优选包括三轴干织物增强结构,其中结构干增强层的纤维沿三个轴向方向取向。然而,在可选实施方案中,干织物结构增强层的结构可以不同。例如,结构干织物可以是单向(UD)、双轴或三轴取向的。对于双轴和三轴取向,干织物的搭接通常沿宽度和长度方向同时存在。一般而言,单向(UD)织物沿宽度方向搭接,而沿长度方向这种搭接是没有必要的,并且通常只发生在织物贮存在模具期间在模具中间具有短织物卷筒和织物挡板的情况下。
然后,以本领域技术人员已知的方式进行树脂导注。特别地,用脱膜布、剥离膜和任选的导注网覆盖模具上的表面层、结构层和额外层的组件,以增加在层压件的选定部分的浸渍速度。然后,将整个模具组件置于真空袋内。树脂进料导注系统与袋子连接,袋子具有与树脂化合物源连接的上游端口和与真空源连接的下游端口。在上游端口封闭下将真空施用到真空袋,从而在全真空下压实系统。在需要时,识别出可能存在的所有泄漏并修复。真空保持在所需水平,以便使系统在树脂导注温度的条件下,从而除去残留的混入空气并软化表面处理树脂膜。然后,打开上游端口,从而在系统中产生压力差。压力差用于将液态树脂化合物从树脂化合物源进给到系统中,以涂布纤维增强物。按此方式,树脂化合物完全导注入干纤维增强层中。足够的结构导注树脂被进给到系统中,以完全浸渍纤维。最后,终止树脂化合物进入系统中,并将完全真空施用到系统。然后,注入的结构树脂粘度增大,并在受树脂反应性和施加到层压件上的热量控制的一段时间之后开始固化。可选择地,如果树脂具有长胶凝时间以防止树脂从层压件排出,那么真空可以降低。在树脂注入期间或之后可以施加额外的热量,以加快结构树脂的固化过程并活化表面树脂的固化。
在完成结构树脂和表面树脂的固化之后,除去真空,打开真空袋,除去脱膜布、剥离膜和导注网,并从模具取出层压件。基本上准备用于涂漆的层压件的表面包括固化的表面树脂和网格布层。
选择表面处理树脂14,使得其是透气性的,以提供在抽空过程中除去空气的额外路径。表面处理层12的厚度优选选择为100~400微米,更优选100~300微米。在该厚度范围内,已经发现,表面处理树脂14可被制成是部分透气性的。如果表面处理树脂层14太薄,则在纤维增强物和其后涂布的油漆之间不能得到足够厚度的阻挡层,油漆产生底层纤维的图案,被称作印刷图案,有可能出现在树脂表面上。如果该层太薄,会导致干纤维接近表面,可能会在涂漆之前用砂纸打磨表面时造成问题。产生的干玻璃纤维颗粒可能被捕集在研磨工具(例如,磨盘)中,并且非常有研磨性,从而导致划痕痕迹,这又需要在涂漆之前的重复研磨工具变化以及额外的填充和整流修复步骤。
模具表面10和表面处理层12之间的空气可以通过表面处理层12并进入更高透气性的干纤维层102和103,然后离开抽入真空源。透气性网格布16设置在表面层12中而基本上在模具表面10定位并不是必要的。然而,使用网格布16的优点在于,表面树脂14的粘性更加一致,并且只取决于表面树脂14的树脂配方,而表面树脂被配制成给予所需的和一致的粘性水平。表面处理层12内的精细聚酯网格布16有两个目的。首先,它有助于防止结构纤维增强的纤维进入表面树脂层14。此外,精细编织层有助于防止表面处理层12中的树脂14在模具表面10上形成网状,从而给予得到的层压件的表面更好的涂饰质量。聚酯网格布16本身容易用砂纸打磨,并且不会造成破坏表面的磨粒。
干增强层提供一个或多个高透气性通风路径,从而在真空应用到层压件时除去空气。由于材料搭接,表面层现在是高透气性的干纤维层,从而允许到真空源的更直接和有效的气路。搭接区允许干增强层更有效的连接,从而提供高透气性的通风结构。连续的表面树脂防止在材料搭接点发生的缺陷。该区域是本发明的重要特征,对于600gsm以上的较重织物是必要的。如果没有搭接区,搭接的织物的透气性将降低,导致较大部件中的缺陷。
除了提供厚度缓冲以避免纤维印刷之外,表面树脂层14还提供保护阻挡层以减少水分进入层压件。接近表面的纤维丝,特别是玻璃纤维丝,通过芯吸机理可以加快水分进入。
例如,可以通过将橡胶加到树脂中,使表面树脂14增韧和模量减小。这是一种特别的优点,因为这有助于防止在随后涂布的油漆和层压件之间的任何热膨胀失配造成的裂纹。经调节的表面树脂可帮助改善在碰撞情况下发生的油漆破碎。
干增强层102,103,202,203,302,303的搭接结构提供一个或多个高透气性通风路径,从而在真空应用到层压件时除去空气。由于材料搭接,表面处理层206的边缘部207与高透气性的干纤维层102直接连接,从而允许在随后的处理中到真空源的更直接和有效的气路,下面将讨论。
搭接区允许干增强层102,103,202,203,302,303之间更有效的连接,从而提供高透气性的通风结构。包括表面处理树脂层段105,205,305的连续表面处理段层106,206,306防止在材料搭接点发生的缺陷。
由于通风结构的原因,通过向材料施加真空除去混入的空气,并且固化的表面层基本上没有空隙。已经发现,这种得到的表面结构可降低涂层侵蚀速率。
结构导注树脂和表面树脂具有不同的粘度。在导注温度下,结构树脂的粘度通常选择为低于表面树脂的粘度,使得结构树脂可以很容易地注入,而没有使用破坏表面树脂层的真空。表面树脂的粘度比结构树脂的粘度高,以确保表面树脂更接近模具表面,从而在最终部件中维持表面层的厚度。
树脂粘度以及表面处理膜树脂和结构树脂之间的粘度差是本发明的重要特征。
通过调节固化周期,可以使具有不同粘度分布的材料起作用,只要表面处理树脂层和结构树脂之间存在粘度差。
要求表面处理膜具有相对较高的最小粘度,以防止在树脂导注步骤终止之前干纤维增强物过早浸湿。粘度也必须足够高,以停止干纤维增强物移动到表面。粘度也必须足够高,以确保表面处理层在复合材料模制品生产过程中保持作为粘附的树脂层。然而,粘度不能太高,否则表面处理树脂对模具表面的润湿性可能不足。表面处理树脂也应该具有足够的流动度,使得在固化之前对表面处理层进行真空处理时,固态树脂层能够填充单独的表面处理片段之间的任何搭接处的任何微小不连续或空隙。表面处理树脂也应该具有良好的抗冷流性,使得片状固态树脂层能够在卷筒上保存,并具有良好的保质期和产品稳定性。表面处理树脂也应该具有良好的耐磨性(通常在Taber磨耗试验中测量),允许一些表面磨损程度,例如在涂漆之前用砂纸打磨底漆表面树脂层,同时保持表面韧性和完整性。
通常,表面处理树脂在20℃下测量的粘度为0.1×105~5×105Pa·s。
相反,结构树脂具有较低的粘度,使得其容易在真空下注入干纤维增强层。
通常,结构树脂在20℃下测量的粘度为0.1~2Pa·s,优选0.1~0.6Pa·s。
在本说明书中,使用具有40mm直径的铝2°圆锥和珀耳帖(Peltier)冷却系统的TA Instruments AR2000流变仪测量结构树脂的树脂粘度。在以下条件下进行实验:以间隙57μm从0.01s-1到500s-1,在20℃下的前进剪切速率扫描实验。取1~100s-1之间的线性牛顿区域中的平均值作为材料的粘度。
在本说明书中,使用具有20mm直径的钢板和珀耳帖冷却系统的TAInstruments AR2000流变仪测量表面处理树脂的树脂粘度。在以下条件下进行实验:以2℃/min从40℃降到0℃的振荡实验,在1Hz频率下控制位移1×10-4弧度,间隙1000μm。
此外,结构树脂的粘度使得其容易在真空条件下注入,相反,不会造成表面处理树脂的任何明显扩散或流动。表面处理树脂应具有高于结构树脂的粘度,使得表面处理树脂不能浸湿表面处理树脂前面的结构增强物(即,表面处理树脂必须足够厚,以实现这种技术效果),但其粘度应足够低,使得表面处理树脂可以在模具表面上表现出微小程度的扩散和流动,从而可以帮助在真空处理中去除空气(即,表面处理树脂必须足够薄,以实现这种技术效果)。
优选地,表面处理树脂和结构树脂在20℃环境温度下测量的粘度比为至少100/1,更优选至少1000/1,再更优选至少10,000/1。
结构树脂在导注温度下具有缓慢的反应性,以允许干纤维增强层的完全浸渍。表面树脂在导注树脂开始固化后开始固化。通过加热表面树脂以激活固化机理的从固化导注树脂产生的放热和/或通过加热其上放置表面树脂的工具实现这一点。表面和结构树脂继续至少部分地一起共固化,在不同的树脂材料之间促进高水平的粘合。
表面树脂优选选自热固性树脂,如环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂和酚醛树脂。适合的环氧树脂包括双酚A的二缩水甘油醚、双酚F的二缩水甘油醚、线型酚醛环氧树脂和N-缩水甘油醚、缩水甘油酯、脂肪族和脂环族缩水甘油醚、氨基酚的缩水甘油醚、任何取代酚的缩水甘油醚和其共混物。还包括上述热固性聚合物的改性共混物。这些聚合物通常使用橡胶或加入热塑性塑料而被改性。可以使用任何适合的催化剂。相应于使用的树脂来选择催化剂。环氧树脂使用的一种适合的催化剂是双氰胺固化剂。催化剂可以被促进。如果使用双氰胺催化剂,取代的脲可以用作促进剂。适合的促进剂包括敌草隆(Diuron)、灭草隆(Monuron)、非草隆(Fenuron)、绿麦隆(Chlortoluron)、甲苯二异氰酸酯的二脲和其他取代的同系物。环氧树脂固化剂可以选自氨苯砜(DDS)、二氨基-二苯基甲烷(DDM)、BF3-胺络合物、取代的咪唑、促进的酸酐、间苯二胺、二氨基二苯醚、芳香族聚醚胺、脂肪胺加成物、脂肪胺盐、芳香胺加合物和芳香胺盐。
表面材料可以含有增韧剂。适合的增韧剂可以选自液体橡胶(如丙烯酸酯橡胶或羧基末端的丁腈橡胶)、固体橡胶(如固体腈橡胶或核-壳橡胶)、热塑性塑料(如聚(醚砜)、聚(酰亚胺))、嵌段共聚物(如苯乙烯-丁二烯-甲基丙烯酸酯三嵌段)或其混合物。
结构树脂优选选自热固性树脂,如环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂和酚醛树脂。适合的环氧树脂包括双酚A的二缩水甘油醚、双酚F的二缩水甘油醚、任何取代酚的缩水甘油醚、较高分子量的这些分子中的任一种、线型酚醛环氧树脂和缩水甘油酯、脂肪族和脂环族缩水甘油醚、氨基酚的缩水甘油醚、缩水甘油基胺和其共混物。
还可以使用反应性或非反应性稀释剂。反应性稀释剂可以包括单官能或多官能反应性稀释剂,如C12-C14缩水甘油醚或丁二醇二缩水甘油醚。非反应性稀释剂可以包括壬基酚、糠醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、聚甲基缩醛。
还包括上述热固性聚合物的改性共混物,改性剂例如是液体橡胶(如丙烯酸酯橡胶或羧基末端的丁腈橡胶)、固体橡胶(如固体腈橡胶或核-壳橡胶)、热塑性塑料(如聚(醚砜)、聚(酰亚胺))、嵌段共聚物(如苯乙烯-丁二烯-甲基丙烯酸酯三嵌段)或其混合物。
选择固化剂或催化剂以相应于使用的树脂。适合的固化剂是脂肪胺、脂环胺、芳香胺、聚酰胺、酰氨基胺、多硫化物、酸酐和其任何适合的加成物。适合的催化剂可以包括水杨酸、脂肪族叔胺和氨基乙基哌嗪。
环氧树脂使用的一种适合的潜在催化剂是双氰胺固化剂。催化剂可以被促进。如果使用双氰胺催化剂,取代的脲可以用作促进剂。适合的促进剂包括敌草隆、灭草隆、非草隆、绿麦隆、甲苯二异氰酸酯的二脲和其他取代的同系物。环氧树脂固化剂可以选自氨苯砜(DDS)、二氨基-二苯基甲烷(DDM)、BF3-胺络合物、取代的咪唑、促进的酸酐、间苯二胺、二氨基二苯醚、芳香族聚醚胺、脂肪胺加成物、脂肪胺盐、芳香胺加合物和芳香胺盐。胺和酸酐固化剂是优选的,因为给予低粘度和室温固化。
本发明的优选实施方案提供(a)和(b)的组合用于形成具有可被涂漆的高质量光滑无缺陷表面的复合材料层压件的用途,其中(a)是通常50℃以上,更通常50℃~90℃的低温活化的相对较高粘度的热固性固化树脂,用于形成复合材料层压件的表面,(b)是相对较低粘度的适于树脂导注处理的热固性固化树脂,用于在邻近表面处理树脂的位置注入纤维增强物后形成复合材料层压件的纤维增强的结构。
表面树脂膜如有必要容易用砂纸打磨,以制备随后涂漆的层压件表面。
根据本发明的优选实施方案,配制表面树脂以提供所需的正确特性。特别地,表面树脂的粘度使得其可以在大约环境温度下涂布到模具上并对模具和绷套表现出所需水平的粘性。热量可被供给树脂,以开始或加速树脂导注阶段期间或完成之后的固化。
在较高生产率的真空导注生产中,工具在树脂注入期间或之后被加热,以加快固化速率。这提供了混合和共固化这些不同材料的机会。通常是50~90℃的温度,使得能够使用较低成本的工具。目标形式是一种低温(50℃)活化的催化固化。
表面处理层优选含有表面处理树脂和聚酯面纱。在材料制造过程中,聚酯面纱首先应用到表面树脂的顶部。然后,施加一定压力,以将聚酯面纱推入表面树脂的顶部。优选地,聚酯面纱位于表面处理树脂层上部内的位置,即聚酯面纱的两侧被表面处理树脂层的相应部分覆盖,较大部分(即大多数)在将要直接邻近模具表面的那一侧。如果第一纤维层也集成到表面处理层中,特别是进入表面处理层将要远离模具表面的表面中,则纤维层也被压入表面树脂中,以确保表面材料与纤维层保持一体并与纤维层保持固定。
在本发明中,优选的是表面膜树脂的厚度为100~400微米,更优选100~300微米。在该厚度范围内,已经发现,树脂可被制成部分透气性的。模具表面和表面层之间的任何空气可以通过表面层并进入更高透气性的干纤维层,然后离开抽入真空源。
表面处理层被构造和配制成使得相对表面表现出差异粘性。在一个表面上具有相对较高的粘性,即用于接触并粘附到模具表面的表面,在相对表面上具有相对较低的粘性,即在使用时用于手动处理并因此更容易处理的表面。这种粘性差异可以通过在实心树脂片内提供网格布材料来实现,但相对朝着较低粘性表面偏移。这意味着材料的粘性更加一致,并且只取决于表面树脂的树脂配方,而表面树脂被允许配制成给予所需的和一致的粘性水平。此外,高粘性水平可以确保实现模具表面的高度浸湿,使得表面处理层在表面处理膜的整个表面积上方均匀地粘附到模具表面上。这又可防止表面处理层在树脂固化之后在模具表面上形成网状。此外,表面处理材料可忍受处理压力或者产品卷在卷筒上时产生的压力。结果,本发明方法中使用的表面处理材料在使用之前具有长的室温保存期。
表面处理树脂层内的精细聚酯网格布有两个目的。它有助于防止增强的纤维进入表面树脂层。精细编织层也有助于防止表面树脂膜层中的树脂在工具表面上形成网状,从而给予更好的涂饰质量。聚酯网格布本身容易用砂纸打磨,并且不会造成破坏表面的磨粒。除了提供厚度缓冲以避免纤维印刷之外,表面树脂层还提供保护阻挡层以减少水分进入层压件。接近表面的玻璃纤维丝通过芯吸机理可以加快水分进入。表面树脂可被增韧和减小模量,这是一种特别的优点,因为这有助于防止在油漆和层压件之间的热膨胀失配造成的裂纹。经调节的表面树脂可帮助改善在碰撞情况下发生的油漆破碎。
对于需要漆涂饰的复合材料结构,本发明的优选实施方案可以减少制备涂漆用真空辅助树脂传递成型(VARTM)纤维增强的复合材料成分所需的时间和成本,此外,可以改善漆成分的最终耐久性。当使用VARTM法来生产纤维增强的复合材料成分时,为了在容易准备涂漆的复合材料部件上产生涂饰,本发明的优选实施方案可以使用温度活化的热固性表面层,从而在制造过程中可以不必施用模具内凝胶涂层并等待其脱粘。本发明的优选实施方案可以在油漆和复合材料部件之间提供增韧的柔性界面,以提高最终漆涂饰的耐久性。
本发明优选实施方案的制造过程结合了热熔和导注技术,从而产生准备用于涂漆操作的无缺陷表面层压件。具有结构纤维增强层(热熔)的表面树脂层靠着模具放置,与导注技术相容的复合材料布局置于其上方,以提供通风结构并在处理中允许混入的空气通过。热熔和导注树脂的流变行为是不同的。
本发明的优选实施方案还可以提供足够的粘性水平,以在脱模的工具表面上保持第一干增强层。这特别适用于诸如风力涡轮机、桥梁和船体等大部件。
本发明优选实施方案的方法特别适于使用导注技术制造风力涡轮机翼型部和具有更简单曲率的任何其他大部件,如船舶、圆顶、建筑模制品和桥梁。
本发明的优选实施方案可以提供准备用于涂漆的具有无缺陷表面的复合材料结构的制造。通过避免了对凝胶涂层的需要,相应地,不需要任何凝胶涂层处理,从而改善了制造过程的健康和安全方面。在使用凝胶涂层的已知方法中,凝胶涂层提供的优点是,它提供粘性以将纤维增强的第一层保持在模具表面上的正确位置。本发明的优选实施方案可在没有凝胶涂层的情况下提供粘性,因为表面处理层对增强的第一层提供了所需粘性,从而它可以在模具中正确地定位。
本发明的优选实施方案可以降低总生产时间和制造周期所需的手动劳动量。
此外,本发明优选实施方案的制造方法中,与一些已知的方法相比,不需要额外的薄绢和高成本的精细织物来获得良好的表面涂饰。这样可以使更低成本的较重增强物用作模具中的第一层。产生的无缺陷表面是主要结果,可以降低生产涂漆的复合材料表面所需的总时间和劳动。
表面树脂层还提供减少水分进入复合材料层压结构的保护阻挡层。表面树脂还可用作缓冲,并且其增大的韧性有助于降低在复合材料产品操作时的碰撞情况下可能发生的意外油漆破碎。
本发明的方法至少部分地基于发明者的以下实现:通过组合两种树脂提供技术,可以实现对复合材料层压件制造过程的效率和效用以及产生的复合材料层压件的性能的重大技术改进。对于制造复合材料层压件领域的技术人员而言,本发明者认为,对已知的真空导注过程的常规看法是,可以使用在环境温度下固化的低成本树脂材料。相反,对使用预浸料的常规看法是,需要和生产更昂贵的更高质量材料,需要高温固化和由于预浸料中的树脂在环境温度下的有限保质期而需要更好的贮备管理。预浸料的初始投资较高,因为需要更昂贵的高温模具和保存冷却器以维持预浸料的保质期。在复合材料层压件制造领域中,制造商倾向于选择并保持一种特定的工艺路线。
在已知的树脂导注过程中,进行树脂导注的单向(UD)纤维增强材料可以被缝合或粘合成织物形式,以得到可处理纤维并放到模具中。然而,这种权宜方法增加了制造成本,降低了产生的复合材料层压件的性能。然而,在本发明的实施方案中,使用单向(UD)预浸料是有成本效益的,因为预浸料中的树脂保持纤维对齐,因此该方法可以使用最低成本的纤维前体,但在产生的复合材料层压件中仍给予高水平性能。例如,为了制造涡轮叶片壳,根据本发明的一个实施方案,预加固的预浸UD叠置件与干离轴织物增强物交错。然后,用液态树脂导注干增强物。加热模具和液态树脂的放热反应的组合足以提高层压件的热量,从而活化预浸UD材料中的树脂的固化。然后,UD材料的厚度和反应性足以通过放热固化产生进一步的热量以迅速固化,而无需高热量输入。这提供了可以使用更低成本、耐更低温的模具和工具来固化复合材料层压部件的技术优势。
在以下非限制性实施例中进一步说明本发明。
实施例1
提供具有图1所示的模具表面的模具。将标准脱模剂涂布到模具表面。
在该实施例中,表面处理层含有环氧树脂。表面处理层的树脂材料在20℃下测量的粘度为0.1×105~5×105Pa·s,特别是在20℃下测量的值1.02×105Pa·s。
该层以200克/平方米的重量供应。然而,可以使用可选的重量250克/平方米。在任一种情况下,表面处理层厚度为100~400微米。
如图1所示,将第一表面处理层段106(200克材料,530×250mm)放入模具中。然后,将第二表面处理层段206(200克材料,530×250mm)放入模具中,如图1所示,沿模具宽度方向在之前的第一表面处理层段106的530mm边上搭接35mm。如图2所示,沿模具长度方向与第一表面处理层的端部齐平放入相邻表面处理层段406(200克材料,530×250mm)。使用如图1所示的重复搭接结构应用进一步的表面处理层段,直到覆盖模具的宽度。然后,使用如图2所示的重复邻接齐平结构应用进一步的表面处理层段,直到覆盖模具的长度。
因此,整个模具表面以分段形式用连续的表面处理层覆盖。
然后,将干结构层应用在表面处理层上方。具有双轴取向纤维的一个干织物增强层段103置于第一表面处理层段106上方,与模具的边缘侧齐平并与表面处理层段206的第二搭接边缘的边缘齐平。然后,具有单轴取向(即单向(UD))纤维的一个织物增强层段102置于之前的增强层段103上方,与模具的边缘侧齐平并与表面处理层段206的搭接层搭接。如图3所示,各段边缘与表面处理层段106的边缘对齐。其后,布置另一个干织物增强层段203,其一个边缘与下面的表面处理层段206的搭接层的边缘对齐,另一个边缘与表面处理层段306的下一个搭接边缘齐平。布置另一个干织物增强层,如图3所示,其两个边缘与下面的表面处理层段206的边缘对齐。重复这些步骤,直到模具的宽度用结构纤维增强的第一层覆盖。
沿模具的长度布置其他增强织物层段102和103,边缘与表面处理层段106齐平或对齐。重复这些步骤,直到覆盖模具的长度,如图4所示。
连接树脂导注系统,并用一层脱膜布、一层剥离膜、一层导注网和一层真空袋覆盖模具。
将整个模具组件置于完全真空中进行压实,在环境温度下进行10分钟。
然后,使整个模具组件处于高温条件下,以除去残留的混入空气并软化表面处理树脂膜。高温是50℃,调节时间1小时。
其后,进行树脂导注。通过控制真空建立在模具长度上的压力差,通过导注使用压力差将树脂化合物进给到模具表面上的层压结构,以涂布纤维增强物。结构树脂是商业上可从本申请人Gurit(UK)Limited以商品名Prime 20LV树脂得到的环氧树脂,其中加入有Prime 20慢硬化剂。
结构树脂在20℃下测量的粘度为0.1~2Pa·s,特别是在20℃下测量的值0.38Pa·s。
在50℃高温的炉中进行导注。完成结构层干纤维的涂布后,终止树脂化合物进给到层压件。维持压力差,允许树脂化合物固定和固化。在90℃温度下固化时间为15小时。
最后,冷却后从模具取出层压件。
发现得到的复合材料在脱模后没有表面缺陷。
本发明不限于上面的实施例和说明的实施方案。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的是,在未脱离所附权利要求书限定的本发明范围内,可以对本发明作出各种修改。

Claims (11)

1.一种制造纤维增强的复合材料模制品的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
在模具表面的一部分上配置表面处理层,所述表面处理层包括第一树脂材料且是至少一个实心板的形式,所述表面处理层的第一树脂材料支撑在片材承载体上,其中所述表面处理层包括组装在一起形成连续表面处理层的多个表面处理层段;
在所述表面处理层上配置至少一层纤维增强材料,以在所述模具表面的那部分上提供所述表面处理层和包括所述至少一层纤维增强材料的结构层的组件;
向所述组件施用真空;
在真空辅助树脂传递成型步骤中,在真空下将可流动的第二树脂材料注入所述至少一层纤维增强材料;和
固化所述第一和第二树脂材料,从而形成所述纤维增强的复合材料模制品,其包括从所述表面处理层形成的表面部分和与所述表面部分层压的从所述至少一层纤维增强材料和所述第二树脂材料形成的结构部分。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中每个表面处理层段具有与相邻表面处理层段部分搭接的至少一个边缘。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表面处理层的第一树脂材料的厚度为100~300微米。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述表面处理层的片材的重量为10~90克/平方米。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表面处理层的片材位于所述表面处理层的第一面或与其接近。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述至少一层纤维增强材料包括组装在一起形成至少一个连续纤维增强材料层的多个纤维增强材料段。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在固化步骤中,所述第一树脂材料和所述第二树脂材料至少部分地同时固化。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述第一树脂材料和所述第二树脂材料具有不同的粘度,并且所述第一树脂材料在20°C下的粘度比所述第二树脂材料的粘度高。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中在固化步骤中,所述第二树脂材料在所述第一树脂材料之前开始固化。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表面处理层预先固定在所述纤维增强材料层上,从而所述表面处理层和至少一层纤维增强材料在共同步骤中配置在模具表面的一部分上。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表面处理层的第一树脂材料在20°C下测量的粘度为0.1×105~5×105Pa·s,所述第二树脂材料在20°C下测量的粘度为0.1~2Pa·s。
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