CN101636480B - 包含活性化合物的颗粒 - Google Patents
包含活性化合物的颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101636480B CN101636480B CN200880008046.0A CN200880008046A CN101636480B CN 101636480 B CN101636480 B CN 101636480B CN 200880008046 A CN200880008046 A CN 200880008046A CN 101636480 B CN101636480 B CN 101636480B
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- SCFQUKBBGYTJNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C SCFQUKBBGYTJNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DCBBWYIVFRLKCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-methylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CN(C)CCNC(=O)C(C)=C DCBBWYIVFRLKCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-vinylcarbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C=C)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphinate Chemical compound [O-][PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002432 poly(vinyl methyl ether) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010052780 polyasparagine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NPSSWQJHYLDCNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoic acid;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OC(=O)C=C NPSSWQJHYLDCNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019983 sodium metaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940001516 sodium nitrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([S-])(=O)=O PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-phenylethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QUCDWLYKDRVKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1C QUCDWLYKDRVKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KVCGISUBCHHTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 KVCGISUBCHHTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;ethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=C BWYYYTVSBPRQCN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PVGBHEUCHKGFQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;n-[5-amino-2-(4-aminophenyl)sulfonylphenyl]sulfonylacetamide Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 PVGBHEUCHKGFQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010031354 thermitase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012745 toughening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003627 tricarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005457 triglyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XYFKGIWPDOFXJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[3-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)-1-phenylpropyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCCC([N+](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYFKGIWPDOFXJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WSTYUKZUMCEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[5-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)pentyl]azanium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C(C(=C)C)(=O)OCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C WSTYUKZUMCEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000011178 triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960004418 trolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002348 vinylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
- C11D3/38672—Granulated or coated enzymes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
- C11D3/225—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin etherified, e.g. CMC
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
- C11D3/3776—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. lactam
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及包含酶和聚合物的颗粒,其中所述酶和聚合物作为混合物存在于颗粒中,并且按照本发明的方法1,所述聚合物在离子强度为0mol/kg的水溶液中基本上是可溶的,而在离子强度高于1mol/kg的水溶液中不溶。 本发明还涉及制备所述颗粒的方法,包含所述颗粒的组合物和该组合物用于清洁衣物的用途。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及包含酶和聚合物所成混合物的颗粒(particles comprising amixture of enzyme and polymer)。本发明还涉及包含本发明的颗粒的液体制剂(liquid formulation)。
发明背景
包含活性化合物例如酶并且用含聚合物的材料(polymeric containingmaterial)封装的颗粒是本领域已知的:
US 6713533描述了具有交联聚合物外膜的毫微胶囊(nanocapsule),其用于生物学活性化合物和诊断剂的转运。
WO 2005063365描述了可用于酶固定化和药物递送的中空结构的、独立式的膜。
WO 2002096551描述了包含聚合物的可溶性毫微胶囊或微胶囊,其用于例如包装和释放活性物质,或洗涤剂,其中所述聚合物是聚两性电解质。
WO 9741837涉及制备生物可降解的微粒,其包含含有活性化合物的聚合物基质。
GB 1483542描述了从阿拉伯胶(gum arabic)、明胶和天然聚合物制备的微胶囊。
GB 1390503涉及聚合物凝胶,其不溶于液态洗涤剂,但是当用水稀释时则被释放。此申请不涉及包含酶的颗粒。
EP 0356239涉及聚合物/酶颗粒在适于在液态洗涤剂中使用的液相中的分散。
US 5198353涉及用于制备稳定化的酶分散体的方法。
从US 5312883、US 5317063和US 7070854知晓了对盐敏感的水溶性聚合物。
EP 0672102涉及聚合物胶囊,其包含疏水聚合物核心和依附于该疏水核心的亲水聚合物。
US 4908233涉及通过将不溶性材料分散在包含两种不同的水溶性聚合物的含水分散体中来产生微胶囊的方法。
US 4777089公开了一种含有包含至少一种电解质的含水组合物的微胶囊,和一种包含用水溶性聚合物包被的核心材料的微胶囊。
发明概述
本发明的一个目的是提供具有改进的储藏稳定性、包含蛋白质特别是酶的颗粒,用于液体组合物,例如液体洗涤剂。
令人惊讶地发现蛋白质例如酶的储藏稳定性可以通过制备包含所述酶的聚合物基质颗粒来改进。
因此本发明在第一个方面提供包含酶和聚合物的颗粒,其中所述酶和聚合物作为混合物存在于颗粒中,并且按照方法1,所述聚合物在离子强度为0mol/kg的水溶液中是基本上可溶的,而在离子强度高于1mol/kg的水溶液中是不溶的。
发明详述
定义
离子强度
基于摩尔浓度(molarity),将离子强度I定义为,
其中加和对全部离子j进行。
zj是离子j的电荷数。
mj是离子j以mol/kg为单位的摩尔浓度。
电解质
电解质是当溶解或熔融时电离产生导电介质的化合物。
方法1:
方法1用于确定聚合物的溶解度作为离子强度的函数
将聚合物溶于纯水,例如,溶解成10%溶液。在纯水中制备Na2SO4溶液,使得在将聚合物溶液与Na2SO4溶液混合之后,所得混合物含有1%w/w(重量/重量)聚合物和符合下表的Na2SO4浓度:
离子强度mol/kg | %w/wNa2SO4 |
0.0 | 0.0 |
0.25 | 1.183 |
0.5 | 2.367 |
1.0 | 4.733 |
1.5 | 7.100 |
2.0 | 9.467 |
4.0 | 18.933 |
将温度均为25℃的两种溶液在25℃混合成总共100g并搅拌30分钟。
如果得到大量沉淀/聚集体(aggregate)/团块(lump),那么聚合物是不溶性的。如果澄清或浑浊的混合物是均质的,那么通过称为比浊计(nephelometer)的仪器测量浊度,并且以比浊法浊度单位(Nephelometric Turbidity Units)(NTU)计量,参见U.S.EPA方法180.1。
将ΔNTU计算为聚合物/Na2SO4混合物的NTU减去不含聚合物的相同浓度Na2SO4的NTU,两个NTU均在25℃测量。如果ΔNTU是3.0或以下,将聚合物定义为在当前离子强度可溶。
即:
若产生大量可见的沉淀、聚集体或团块或ΔNTU>3.0,则聚合物是不溶性的;
若没有产生可见的沉淀、聚集体或团块或ΔNTU≤3.0,则聚合物是可溶性的。
优选的聚合物是在0mol/kg的离子强度可溶的,但是在1mol/kg的离子强度不溶。
介绍
颗粒中所包含的酶的稳定性受到储藏时的周围环境,即降低稳定性的化学或物理因素的影响。
已知在包含对蛋白质有害的化合物的液体制剂中保持蛋白质稳定是困难的,例如在液体洗涤剂中使酶稳定。关于酶液体洗涤剂的另一个问题是它们通常含有消化蛋白质的蛋白水解酶,因而在液体洗涤剂中存在的其它酶可能由存在的蛋白酶灭活,其中蛋白酶解(proteolysis)和自我蛋白酶解都可能发生。
已经有过几次制备适用于液体制剂例如液体洗涤剂的酶颗粒的尝试。这些颗粒具有的一个问题是在加入颗粒之后液体制剂的浊度,原因是相对大的颗粒的光散射。颗粒在加入之后不改变或只稍微改变液体制剂的外观并且颗粒沉降的趋势降低可能是重要的。
另外可能重要的是,酶在正确的时间释放,例如,就液体洗涤剂而言,酶在与洗涤用水(wash water)接触时释放。
代替通常的液体酶产品使用在液体制剂中包含聚合物和酶的混合物的颗粒具有几项优势;在需要酶活性之前,可以保持对酶有害的化合物远离酶,并且可以避免酶与液体中活化该酶的化合物直接接触。
令人惊讶地发现,包含聚合物和酶的混合物的颗粒制剂能够改进液体制剂例如洗涤剂中酶的储藏稳定性,另外如果使用尺寸较小的颗粒,那么它们在制剂中几乎是不可见的。由于它们的小尺寸,本发明的颗粒不沉降,并且由于颗粒的结构,酶不与环境中的有害化合物直接接触,且周围液体中的酶敏感性化合物不直接与酶接触。酶敏感性化合物针对脂肪酶而言可以是脂质,或者针对蛋白酶而言可以是蛋白质。
重要的是,酶在其应该工作的情况下得到释放进入介质中。关于洗涤剂,重要的是在洗涤过程中,当用水稀释洗涤剂时,酶得到释放。这通过释放系统的性质来保证,在此情况下,所述释放系统是聚合物。
颗粒
本发明涉及包含聚合物和酶的颗粒。聚合物和酶作为混合物存在于颗粒内。
本发明的颗粒优选具有50nm-500,000nm的粒度。发现在液体制剂中使用小颗粒展现出几项优势;颗粒不沉降,并且如果足够的小,颗粒在液体中不可见或可见度很低。因此在本发明的具体实施方案中,粒度小于100,000nm。在本发明更具体的实施方案中,粒度小于10,000nm。在更具体的实施方案中,粒度小于5,000nm。在更具体的实施方案中,粒度小于1,000nm。在本发明甚至更具体的实施方案中,粒度小于800nm。在另一具体实施方案中,粒度小于500nm。在最具体的实施方案中,粒度小于300nm。
在具体实施方案中,粒度为50-500nm。
为了进一步的保护,可以将本发明的颗粒涂覆。在本发明的具体实施方案中,颗粒可以包含至少一个涂层(coating)。
颗粒可以包含另外的材料。
聚合物
本发明的聚合物在浓缩液体组合物(如液体洗涤剂)中不溶,而当用水稀释时可溶。关于液体洗涤剂组合物,这是指酶与其余洗涤剂组分隔离,直到在洗涤过程中用水稀释洗涤剂时,酶随之释放到洗涤用水中。本发明的合适聚合物对环境的离子强度敏感。
在具体的实施方案中,本发明的聚合物按照方法1在离子强度为0mol/kg的水溶液中基本上可溶,且在离子强度大于1mol/kg的水溶液中不溶。
在具体的实施方案中,本发明中使用的聚合物是改性的水溶性聚合物,其能够通过电解质沉淀。这种聚合物的选择使得酶能够通过用水稀释包含颗粒的液体制剂来释放。
聚合物的(重均)分子量具体为1,000-1,500,000。为了良好的稳定化,(重均)分子量具体为1,000,000以下,例如800,000以下,特别是200,000以下,并且最特别为100,000以下。在具体实施方案中,(重均)分子量为5,000以上,特别是10,000以上,更具体为20,000以上,例如25,000以上。
为了获得充分的稳定化,通常优选的聚合物的量对应于聚合物:酶(纯酶蛋白)重量比为0.03以上的,例如0.1以上,特别是0.4以上,并且具体为1以上。如果聚合物仅用于酶的稳定化,优选聚合物:酶的比例为5以下,特别是2以下,但是如果还提供其它功能,可以使用更大量的聚合物(例如洗涤剂中用于抗再沉积的PVA或CMC)。
本发明的聚合物可以是分支或不分支的。认为分支聚合物与不分支的聚合物相比在保持酶封闭于聚合物基质方面更好,特别是由于位阻现象。因此,在本发明的具体实施方案中,聚合物是分支的。
分支分子的分支度(degree of branching)可以按照将实际生长方向的数值与可能生长方向的最大值比较来表示。
将分支度定义为
其中R描述从线性方向产生的衍生(deviation)的数目。DB还在ActaPolymer,48,30-35(1997)中记载。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,聚合物的分支度为1%以上。在本发明更具体的实施方案中,聚合物的DB大于5%。在本发明进一步的实施方案中,聚合物的DB大于15%。
在具体的实施方案中,酶和聚合物彼此不共价结合。
本发明的聚合物通常是经疏水性改性的聚合物。
获得本发明的聚合物的一个方法是用疏水聚合物、单体或疏水基团改性亲水聚合物,或与之相反(visa versa),用亲水聚合物、单体或亲水基团改性疏水聚合物。疏水修饰也可以通过将至少一种疏水单体,特别是至少一种疏水性单烯键不饱和(乙烯型(vinylic monomer))单体,与至少一种亲水单体(特别是至少一种亲水性单烯型不饱和单体)进行共聚来实现。
聚合物的制备可以通过接枝、交联、共聚(包括无规共聚和嵌段共聚)或本领域已知的任何合适的技术来进行。
疏水聚合物可以包括但不限于氢化蓖麻油(HCO),乙基纤维素,聚乙烯乙酸酯,聚氯乙烯,有机硅(silicone),聚环氧丙烷,聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚碳酸酯,聚苯乙烯,聚砜,聚苯醚(polyphenylene oxide)和/或聚四亚甲基醚。
亲水聚合物可以包括但不限于聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,聚乙烯醇,聚乙二醇,羟丙基纤维素,羟甲基纤维素,羟丙基甲基纤维素,明胶,聚乙烯甲醚,聚甲基噁唑啉(polymethyloxazoline),聚乙基噁唑啉(polyethyloxazoline),聚羟丙基噁唑啉(polyhydroxypropyloxazoline),角叉菜聚糖(carrageenan),聚羟丙基甲基丙烯酰胺(polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide),聚甲基丙烯酰胺,聚二甲基丙烯酰胺,聚甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯,聚丙烯酸羟乙酯,羟甲基纤维素,羟乙基纤维素,聚乙二醇,聚天冬酰胺(polyaspartamide),聚环氧乙烷(PEO),和多糖。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,改性聚合物可以选自,但不限于,下列组成的组:疏水性改性的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),疏水性改性的聚乙烯醇(PVA),疏水性改性的纤维素衍生物例如羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素和/或羟丙基纤维素,角叉菜聚糖,胶例如瓜尔豆胶、安息香胶、黄芪胶、阿拉伯胶(gum arabic)和/或阿拉伯树胶(gum acacia),蛋白质例如酪蛋白、明胶和/或白蛋白。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,改性聚合物是改性聚乙烯吡咯烷酮例如乙烯吡咯烷酮和至少一种疏水性共聚单体(特别是乙酸乙烯酯)的共聚物。
疏水单体通常是乙烯型单体,其在水中具有降低的溶解度,特别是在25℃和1bar的水中溶解度不高于80g/l,特别是不高于50g/l。疏水单体可以选自但不限于下组:丙烯酸C1-C18烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸C1-C18烷基酯例如丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸庚酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸己酯、甲基丙烯酸庚酯,1,3-丁二烯,丙烯酸C3-C18环烷基酯(C3-C18 cycloalkylacrylates)和甲基丙烯酸C3-C18环烷基酯例如丙烯酸环烷基酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯和甲基丙烯酸环烷基酯,C3-C18烷基丙烯酰胺和C3-C18烷基甲基丙烯酰胺,丙烯腈,甲基丙烯腈,乙烯基C1-C18链烷酸酯,例如乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、叔羧酸(versatic acid)的乙烯酯和戊酸乙烯酯,C2-C18烯烃,C2-C18卤代烯烃(haloalkenes),苯乙烯,(低级烷基)苯乙烯,d-甲基苯乙烯,C2-C12烷基乙烯基醚,例如乙烯基乙醚,丙烯酸C2-C10全氟烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸C2-C10全氟烷基酯,部分氟化的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,如甲基丙烯酸三氟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯,丙烯酸C3-C12全氟烷基乙硫羰基氨基乙酯和甲基丙烯酸C3-C12全氟烷基乙硫羰基氨基乙酯(C3-C12 perfluoroalkylethylthiocarbonylaminoethylacrylates and methacrylates),如甲基丙烯酸全氟己基乙硫羰基氨基乙酯,丙烯酰氧-和甲基丙烯酰氧烷基硅氧烷,如甲基丙烯酸三-(三甲基甲硅烷基氧基)甲硅烷基丙酯(tristrimethylsilyloxysilylpropyl methacrylate)(TRIS),和3-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基五甲基二硅氧烷(3-methacryloxypropylpentamethyldisiloxane),N-乙烯咔唑,马来酸、延胡索酸、衣康酸、甲基延胡索酸的二-C1-C12烷基酯,例如延胡索酸二甲酯、马来酸二甲酯、马来酸二丁酯和延胡索酸二丁酯,氯丁二烯,氯乙烯和偏二氯乙烯(vinylidene chloride)。
亲水单体通常是在水中具有提高的溶解度乙烯型单体,特别是在25℃和1bar在水中的溶解度高于80g/l,特别是高于100g/l。亲水单体可以选自但不限于下组:羟基取代的丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸低级烷基酯,如丙烯酸羟基乙酯和甲基丙烯酸羟基乙酯、丙烯酸羟基丙酯和甲基丙烯酸羟基丙酯,丙烯酰胺,甲基丙烯酰胺,(低级烷基)丙烯酰胺和(低级烷基)甲基丙烯酰胺,N,N-二烷基-丙烯酰胺,乙氧基化的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯如聚乙二醇-单丙烯酸酯和聚乙二醇-单甲基丙烯酸酯,和聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯和聚乙二醇单甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯,羟基取代的(低级烷基)丙烯酰胺和羟基取代的(低级烷基)甲基丙烯酰胺,羟基取代的低级烷基乙烯醚,乙烯基磺酸钠,苯乙烯磺酸钠,2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烷磺酸,N-乙烯基吡咯,N-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮,2-乙烯基噁唑啉,2-乙烯基-4,4′-二烷基噁唑啉-5-酮,2-和4-乙烯基吡啶,氨基(低级烷基)-[其中术语氨基还包括季铵],单(低级烷基氨基)(低级烷基)-以及二(低级烷基氨基)(低级烷基)-丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,烯丙醇,3-甲基丙烯酰氧基2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(3-trimethylammonium 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate chloride),乙烯基吡咯烷酮,乙烯醇,丙烯腈,丙烯酰氯,丙烯酸乙二醇酯,羟甲基丙烯酰胺,双丙酮丙烯酰胺,苯乙烯磺酸盐,甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA),二甲氨基乙基甲基丙烯酰胺,和N-(1,1-二甲基-3-氧代丁基)-丙烯酰胺。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,聚合物是包含选自上述单体的至少一种疏水单体和至少一种亲水单体的共聚物。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,亲水单体选自中性单体(即不带酸性或碱性基团的非离子单体),阳离子或碱性单体(即具有阳离子或碱性氮原子的单体)和它们的混合物以及它们和酸性单体的混合物。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,聚合物包含35-95重量%的亲水单体。在本发明更具体的实施方案中,聚合物包含40-80重量%的亲水单体。在本发明最具体的实施方案中,聚合物包含50-70重量%的亲水单体。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,聚合物包含5-65重量%的疏水单体。在本发明更具体的实施方案中,聚合物包含20-60重量%的疏水单体。在本发明最具体的实施方案中,聚合物包含30-50重量%的疏水单体。
在具体的实施方案中,本发明的聚合物组合物是经疏水性改性的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,即包含聚合的乙烯吡咯烷酮单体单元(下文称为乙烯吡咯烷酮基团)和一种或多种类型的疏水性聚合单体单元(下文称为疏水基团)的共聚物,例如聚合的C1-C18-链烷酸乙烯酯,例如乙酸乙烯酯。对于这些聚合物,优选它们含有50-95重量%乙烯吡咯烷酮(VP)(和因而为5-50重量%的疏水基团,例如聚合的C1-C18-链烷酸乙烯酯例如乙酸乙烯酯),更优选50-80%VP,甚至更优选50-70%VP(和因而为20-50重量%,甚至更优选30-50重量%的疏水基团,例如C1-C18-链烷酸乙烯酯例如乙酸乙烯酯)。
下节包括对合适的聚合物的描述,然尔聚合物的选择不限于以下实例。
自US 7070854知晓的离子敏感性阳离子聚合物可能是合适的。
本发明的离子敏感性阳离子聚合物可以自两种、三种或四种不同的单体形成。本发明的共聚物是阳离子单体和至少一种疏水单体的聚合产物。三元聚合物或四元聚合物是阳离子单体、至少一种疏水单体和任选地至少一种亲水单体或水溶性非离子单体的聚合产物。
在本发明的离子敏感性阳离子聚合物中优选的阳离子聚合物是[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride)。
本发明的优选四元聚合物是以下四种单体的聚合产物:丙烯酰胺,丙烯酸丁酯,丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯和[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。本发明的优选三元聚合物是从以下三种不同的单体形成的:丙烯酸丁酯,丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯和[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。本发明的优选共聚物是[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵和丙烯酸丁酯或丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯的聚合产物。本发明的特别优选的三元聚合物是[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵和丙烯酸丁酯和丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯的聚合产物。丙烯酰胺、[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵、丙烯酸丁酯和丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯均可从Aldrich Chemical,Milwaukee,Wis通过商业方法获得。
对于自丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯和[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵制备的离子敏感性四元聚合物,四元聚合物中单体的摩尔百分比如下:约35至小于80摩尔百分比的丙烯酰胺;大于0至约45摩尔百分比的丙烯酸丁酯;大于0至约65摩尔百分比的丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯;和大于0至约20摩尔百分比的[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。更具体而言,四元聚合物中单体的摩尔百分比是约50至约67摩尔百分比的丙烯酰胺;约15至约28摩尔百分比的丙烯酸丁酯;约7至约15摩尔百分比的丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯;和大于0至约10摩尔百分比[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。更具体而言,四元聚合物中单体的摩尔百分比是约57至约66摩尔百分比的丙烯酰胺;约15至约28摩尔百分比的丙烯酸丁酯;约7至约13摩尔百分比的丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯;和约1至约6摩尔百分比的[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。
对于自丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯和[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵制备的离子敏感性共聚物和三元聚合物,三元聚合物中单体的摩尔百分比如下:0至约90摩尔百分比的丙烯酸丁酯;0至约75摩尔百分比的丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯;和5至约60摩尔百分比的[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基]三甲基氯化铵。
本发明的其它离子敏感性阳离子聚合物包含1)阳离子单体,2)至少一种水不溶性疏水单体,和任选地,3)亲水性和/或水溶性非离子单体。
可用于本发明的阳离子单体包括季铵单体,包括,但不限于,选自下列的阳离子单体:[2-(甲基丙烯酰氧)-乙基]三甲基氯化铵,(3-丙烯酰胺基丙基)三甲基氯化铵,N,N-二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵,丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵(acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride),丙烯酰氧基乙基-二甲基苄基氯化铵(acryloxyethyl-dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride),甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基二甲基氯化铵(methacryloxyethyldimethyl ammonium chloride),甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基苄基氯化铵(methacryloxyethyltrimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride)和季铵化乙烯基吡啶。其它当与水不溶性疏水单体在二价金属络合阴离子存在下共聚时形成离子交联聚合物(ionomer)的乙烯基功能单体也可用于本发明。
对于自阳离子单体和水不溶性疏水单体制备的离子敏感性共聚物,共聚物中单体的摩尔百分比如下:约10至小于50摩尔百分比的阳离子单体;和大于50至约90摩尔百分比的水不溶性疏水单体。更具体而言,共聚物中单体的摩尔百分比是约15至约25摩尔百分比的阳离子单体;和约70至约85摩尔百分比的水不溶性疏水单体。最具体而言,共聚物中单体的摩尔百分比是约20摩尔百分比的阳离子单体;和约80摩尔百分比的水不溶性疏水单体。
对于自阳离子聚合物、水不溶性疏水单体和水溶性或亲水单体制备的离子敏感性三元聚合物,三元聚合物中单体的摩尔百分比如下:约5至小于50摩尔百分比的阳离子单体;约30至约90摩尔百分比的水不溶性疏水单体;和约10至约60摩尔百分比的水溶性或亲水单体。
含有膦酸基(phosphonic group)、硫代磺酸基(thiosulphonic group)或其它有机含磷基团的磷酸化聚合物可以用作本发明中的离子敏感性聚合物。这可以包括改性纤维素或纤维素衍生物和相关的胶(gum),其因一价盐或其它电解质的存在而成为不溶性的。在一个实施方案中,可溶性纤维素衍生物,如CMC,被磷酸化且使其成为不溶性的,并且当在高离子强度的或适当pH的溶液中时能够有效地作为离子敏感性聚合物制剂,而在自来水中可分散。在另一实施方案中,向聚合物加入可以是阴离子或兼性离子的氨基次膦酸基团(aminophosphinic group)。氨基次膦酸基团可以经由次磷酸盐(hypophosphitesalt)与伯胺的缩合而加入。氯甲基次膦酸与胺的反应也可以生成有用的阴离子基团,如Guenther W.Wasow在″Phosphorous-Containing AnionicSurfactants,″Anionic Surfactants:Organic Chemistry,ed.Helmut W.Stache,New York:Marcel Dekker,1996,第589-590页中所述。Wasow的整个章节,包括上述书中的第551-629页,提供了关于制备带有有用含磷基团的聚合物的其它教导,将其通过提述并入本文。
已经提供了有用的阴离子基团的天然聚合物也可用于本发明。这样的聚合物包括琼脂和角叉菜聚糖(carageenan),其具有多个硫酸酯基团(ester sulfategroup)。如有必要,可以对它们进行进一步修饰,以具有额外的阴离子基团(例如,磺化、磷酸化等)。
具有两个或更多个不同的阴离子基团的聚合物,例如具有磺基和膦酸基的阴离子基团聚合物也可用于本发明,其中可以调节不同阴离子的相对量以优化聚合物的强度、离子敏感性和分散性。这还包括两性离子和兼性离子化合物。聚两性电解质特别可以在等电点之上或之下轻易溶解,但是在等电点不溶,其为基于电解质浓度和pH的触发机制提供了潜在可能。聚两性电解质的实例包括,但不限于,甲基丙烯酸和烯丙胺的共聚物,甲基丙烯酸和2-乙烯基吡啶的共聚物,带有兼性侧基的聚硅氧烷离聚物,和直接由两性离子单体盐形成的聚合物,例如Salamone等的共聚单体离子对(IPC),全部如IrjaPiirma在Polymeric Surfactants,New York:Marcel Dekker,Inc.,1992中于第251-254页中所公开的,将该文件通过提述并入本文。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,对聚合物进行选择以使其对世界上存在的普通水硬度不敏感,即聚合物不仅在纯水中可溶,还在水硬度高达至少60°dH或更通常为高达至少30°dH的水中可溶(参见例如K.Wasser[Water],第7版(1986),Walter de Gruyter,Berlin)。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,对聚合物进行选择,使其溶解度对特定离子的存在特别敏感。这能够用于通过加入特定离子来避免在例如洗涤剂中的过早的(premature)释放。例如κ-角叉菜聚糖或修饰型κ-角叉菜聚糖的溶解度对钾离子比对钠离子更敏感。
本发明的组合物可以额外地含有任何与活性成分兼容的、药物和酶领域中常规使用的赋形剂。
酶
本发明的上下文中的酶可以是任何酶或不同酶的组合。因此,提到“酶”时,这将概括地理解为包括一种酶或几种酶的组合。
根据本发明液体组合物含有至少一种酶。酶可以是任何可以通过商业方法获得的酶,特别是选自下组的酶:蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、裂合酶、氧化还原酶和任何它们的混合物。还包括来自同一类别的酶(例如蛋白酶)的混合物。
根据本发明包含蛋白酶的液体组合物是优选的。在具体的实施方案中,优选的是包含两种或更多种酶的液体组合物,其中第一种酶是蛋白酶,并且第二种酶选自下组:淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、裂合酶和氧化还原酶。在更具体的实施方案中,第二种酶是脂肪酶。
应该理解的是酶变体(通过例如重组技术产生的)包括在术语“酶”的含义中。这样的酶变体的实例公开在例如EP 251,446(Genencor)、WO 91/00345(Novo Nordisk)、EP 525,610(Solvay)和WO 94/02618(Gist-Brocades NV)中。
酶可以基于NC-IUBMB,1992的酶命名手册(handbook EnzymeNomenclature)分类,还可参见因特网上的ENZYME网站:http://www.expasy.ch/enzyme/。ENZYME是有关酶的命名的信息库。其主要基于国际生物化学和分子生物学联合会命名委员会(Nomenclature Committeeof the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)(IUB-MB),Academic Press,Inc.,1992的建议,并且其描述了已为之提供了EC(酶学委员会)号的经表征的酶的各种类型(Bairoch A.The ENZYME database,2000,Nucleic Acids Res 28:304-305)。这种IUB-MB酶命名法是基于它们的底物特异性,有时基于它们的分子机制;这样的分类法不反映这些酶的结构特征。
几年前已经提出了另一种基于氨基酸序列相似性将某些糖苷水解酶,例如内切葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶,归类到家族中。目前它们属于90个不同的家族:参见CAZy(ModO)因特网网站(Coutinho,P.M.& Henrissat,B.(1999)Carbohydrate-ActiveEnzymes服务器,在URL:http://afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/~cazy/CAZY/index.html上(相应的论文:Coutinho,P.M.& Henrissat,B.(1999)Carbohydrate-active enzymes:an integrated database approach.于“Recent Advances in CarbohydrateBioengineering”,H.J.Gilbert,G.Davies,B.Henrissat和B.Svensson编,TheRoyal Society of Chemistry,Cambridge,第3-12页;Coutinho,P.M.& Henrissat,B.(1999)The modular structure of cellulases and other carbohydrate-activeenzymes:an integrated database approach.于“Genetics,Biochemistry andEcology of Cellulose Degradation”.,K.Ohmiya,K.Hayashi,K.Sakka,Y.Kobayashi,S.Karita和T.Kimura编,Uni Publishers Co.,Tokyo,第15-23页)。
可以并入本发明的颗粒的酶类型包括氧化还原酶(EC 1.-.-.-),转移酶(EC2.-.-.-),水解酶(EC 3.-.-.-),裂合酶(EC 4.-.-.-),异构酶(EC 5.-.-.-)和连接酶(EC6.-.-.-)。
颗粒可以包含蛋白酶,例如丝氨酸蛋白酶。
蛋白酶:合适的蛋白酶包括动物、植物或微生物来源的那些蛋白酶。微生物来源是优选的。包括化学修饰的或遗传修饰的突变体。蛋白酶可以是丝氨酸蛋白酶,优选是碱性微生物蛋白酶或胰蛋白酶-样蛋白酶。碱性蛋白酶的实例是枯草溶菌素(subtilisin),特别是源自芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的那些枯草溶菌素,例如枯草溶菌素Novo、枯草溶菌素Carlsberg、枯草溶菌素309、枯草溶菌素147和枯草溶菌素168(在WO 89/06279中有所描述)。胰蛋白酶-样蛋白酶的实例是胰蛋白酶(例如,猪或牛来源的)和WO 89/06270中描述的镰孢属(Fusarium)蛋白酶。在本发明的具体实施方案中,蛋白酶是丝氨酸蛋白酶。丝氨酸蛋白酶或丝氨酸内肽酶(较新的名称)是一类肽酶,其特征在于酶活性中心内存在丝氨酸残基。
丝氨酸蛋白酶:丝氨酸蛋白酶是催化肽键水解的酶,并且在所述酶的活性部位存在必需的丝氨酸残基(White,Handler和Smith,1973″Principles ofBiochemistry,″第五版,McGraw-Hill Book Company,NY,第271-272页)。
细菌丝氨酸蛋白酶分子量在20,000-45,000道尔顿的范围。它们受到二异丙基氟磷酸(盐)的抑制。它们水解简单的末端酯,并且在活性上类似于真核生物的胰凝乳蛋白酶,其也是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。更狭义的术语,碱性蛋白酶,包括一个亚组,反映了一些丝氨酸蛋白酶从pH 9.0-11.0的高最适pH(综述参见Priest(1977)Bacteriological Rev.41 711-753)。
枯草蛋白酶(subtilase):Siezen等(1991),Protein Eng.,4 719-737提出了暂时定名为枯草蛋白酶的丝氨酸蛋白酶的亚组。它们通过对先前称作枯草溶菌素-样(subtilisin-like)蛋白酶的丝氨酸蛋白酶的超过40个氨基酸序列的同源性分析来定义。先前将枯草溶菌素定义为由革兰氏阳性细菌或真菌产生的丝氨酸蛋白酶,而根据Siezen等枯草溶菌素目前是枯草蛋白酶的亚组。已鉴定出多种枯草溶菌素,并且已经测定了许多枯草溶菌素的氨基酸序列。这些包括超过六种来自芽孢杆菌属菌株的枯草溶菌素,即,枯草溶菌素168、枯草溶菌素BPN′、枯草溶菌素Carlsberg、枯草溶菌素Y、枯草溶菌素amylosacchariticus和肠系膜肽酶(mesentericopeptidase)(Kurihara等(1972)J.Biol.Chem.247 5629-5631;Wells等(1983)Nucleic Acids Res.11 7911-7925;Stahl和Ferrari(1984)J.Bacteriol.159 811-819,Jacobs等(1985)Nucl.AcidsRes.13 8913-8926;Nedkov等(1985)Biol.Chem.Hoppe-Seyler 366 421-430,Svendsen等(1986)FEBS Lett.196 228-232),一种来自放线菌目的枯草溶菌素,来自普通高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris)的耐热蛋白酶(thermitase)(Meloun等(1985)FEBS Lett.198 195-200),和一种真菌枯草溶菌素,来自白麦轴梗霉(Tritirachium album)的蛋白酶K(proteinase K)(Jany和Mayer(1985)Biol.Chem.Hoppe-Seyler 366 584-492)。为了进一步参考在下文再现了Siezen等的表I。
枯草溶菌素在物理和化学上是充分表征的。除了对这些酶的初级结构(氨基酸序列)的认识,已经测定了枯草溶菌素的超过50种高解析度X射线结构,其描绘了底物结合、过渡态、产物、至少三种不同的蛋白酶抑制剂,并且定义了天然变异的结构影响(structural consequence)(Kraut(1977)Ann.Rev.Biochem.46 331-358)。
枯草蛋白酶的另一个亚组I-S2,是由Siezen等(见上文)识别的。将亚组I-S2蛋白酶描述为高碱性枯草溶菌素并且包括以下的酶,如枯草溶菌素PB92(Gist-Brocades NV)、枯草溶菌素309((洒维奈斯),Novozymes A/S)、枯草溶菌素147(Novozymes A/S)和碱性弹性蛋白酶YaB。
枯草蛋白酶基因的随机和定点突变都源于对酶的物理和化学性质的认识和贡献出的涉及枯草蛋白酶催化活性、底物特异性、三级结构等的信息(Wells等(1987)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.84;1219-1223;Wells等(1986)Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A.317 415-423;Hwang和Warshel(1987)Biochem.262669-2673;Rao等,(1987)Nature 328 551-554。
涵盖这个领域的最近的公开文献是涉及设计切割底物中的特定靶序列(第24和64位)的变体的Carter等(1989)Proteins 6 240-248;讨论多个之前公开的结果的Graycar等(1992)Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 67271-79;和同样综述了之前的结果的Takagi(1993)Int.J.Biochem.25 307-312。
可以通过商业方法获得的蛋白酶(肽酶)的实例包括KannaseTM、EverlaseTM、EsperaseTM、AlcalaseTM、NeutraseTM、DurazymTM、SavinaseTM、OvozymeTM、PyraseTM、Pancreatic Trypsin NOVO(PTN)、Bio-FeedTM Pro和Clear-LensTM Pro(全部可从Novozymes A/S,Bagsvaerd,Denmark获得)。其它优选的蛋白酶包括在WO 01/58275和WO 01/58276中描述的那些蛋白酶。
其它可以通过商业方法获得的蛋白酶包括RonozymeTM Pro、MaxataseTM、MaxacalTM、MaxapemTM、OpticleanTM、PropeaseTM、PurafectTM和Purafect OxTM(可从Genencor International Inc.,Gist-Brocades,BASF或DSM Nutritional Products获得)。
可以通过商业方法获得的脂肪酶的实例包括LipexTM、LipoprimeTM、LipopanTM、LipolaseTM、LipolaseTM Ultra、LipozymeTM、PalataseTM、ResinaseTM、NovozymTM 435和LecitaseTM(全部可从Novozymes A/S获得)。
脂肪酶:合适的脂肪酶包括细菌或真菌来源的那些。包括化学修饰或遗传修饰的突变体。
有用的脂肪酶的实例包括疏棉状腐质霉(Humicola lanuginosa)脂肪酶,例如,如EP 258 068和EP 305 216中描述的;曼赫根毛霉(Rhizomucor miehei)脂肪酶,例如,如EP 238 023中所述;念珠菌属(Candida)脂肪酶,例如南极念珠菌(C.antarctica)脂肪酶,例如,EP 214 761中描述的南极念珠菌脂肪酶A或B;假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)脂肪酶如类产碱假单胞菌(P.pseudoalcaligenes)和产碱假单胞菌(P.alcaligenes)脂肪酶,例如,如EP 218 272中所述,洋葱假单胞菌(P.cepacia)脂肪酶,例如,如EP 331 376中所述,施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri)脂肪酶,例如,如BP 1,372,034中所公开,荧光假单胞菌(P.fluorescens)脂肪酶;芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)脂肪酶,例如,枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)脂肪酶(Dartois等,(1993),Biochemica et Biophysica acta 1131,253-260),嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(B.stearothermophilus)脂肪酶(JP 64/744992)和短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)脂肪酶(WO 91/16422)。
另外,许多克隆的脂肪酶可能是有用的,包括Yamaguchi等,(1991),Gene103,61-67)描述的沙门柏干酪青霉(Penicillium camenbertii)脂肪酶;白地霉(Geotricum candidum)脂肪酶(Schimada,Y.等,(1989),J.Biochem.106,383-388),和多种根霉属(Rhizopus)脂肪酶如德氏根霉(R.delemar)脂肪酶(Hass,M.J等,(1991),Gene 109,117-113),雪白根霉(R.niveus)脂肪酶(Kugimiya等,(1992),Biosci.Biotech.Bio-chem.56,716-719)和米根霉(R.oryzae)脂肪酶。
脂肪分解酶的其它类型例如角质酶也可能是有用的,例如,如WO88/09367中所述的源自门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)的角质酶,或源自豌豆腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani pisi)的角质酶(例如WO 90/09446中所述)。
可以通过商业方法获得的脂肪酶的实例包括LipexTM、LipoprimeTM、LipopanTM、LipolaseTM、LipolaseTM Ultra、LipozymeTM、PalataseTM、ResinaseTM、NovozymTM 435和LecitaseTM(全部可从Novozymes A/S获得)。
其它可以通过商业方法获得的脂肪酶包括LumafastTM(来自GenencorInternational Inc.的门多萨假单胞菌脂肪酶);LipomaxTM(来自Gist-Brocades/Genencor Int.Inc.的类产碱假单胞菌脂肪酶;和来自Solvay enzymes的芽孢杆菌属菌种脂肪酶。另外的脂肪酶可从其它供应商例如Lipase P″Amano″(Amano Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd.)获得。
淀粉酶:合适的淀粉酶(α和/或β)包括细菌或真菌来源的那些。包括化学修饰的或遗传修饰的突变体。例如,淀粉酶包括获得自地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)的特殊菌株的α-淀粉酶,其在英国专利说明书(British PatentSpecification)No.1,296,839中更详细地描述。可以通过商业方法获得的淀粉酶是DuramylTM、TermamylTM、FungamylTM和BANTM(可从Novozymes A/S获得)和RapidaseTM和Maxamyl PTM(可从Gist-Brocades获得)。
纤维素酶:合适的纤维素酶包括细菌或真菌来源的那些。包括化学修饰的或遗传修饰的突变体。合适的纤维素酶在US 4,435,307中公开,其公开了从特异腐质霉(Humicola insolens)产生的真菌纤维素酶。特别合适的纤维素酶是具有颜色保护效益(color care benefits)的纤维素酶。这样的纤维素酶的实例是在欧洲专利申请No.0 495 257中描述的纤维素酶。
氧化还原酶:适合于在液体组合物中使用的任何氧化还原酶,例如,过氧化物酶或氧化酶如漆酶,可以用于本文。在本文中合适的过氧化物酶包括植物、细菌或真菌来源的那些。包括化学修饰的或遗传修饰的突变体。合适的过氧化物酶的实例是源自鬼伞属(Coprinus)菌株,例如,灰盖鬼伞(C.cinerius)或长根鬼伞(C.macrorhizus)的那些,或源自芽孢杆菌属菌株,例如,短小芽孢杆菌的那些,特别是根据WO 91/05858的过氧化物酶。在本文中合适的漆酶包括细菌或真菌来源的那些。包括化学修饰的或遗传修饰的突变体。合适的漆酶的实例是可以从栓菌属菌株,例如,长绒毛栓菌(T.villosa)或变色栓菌(T.versicolor),或可以从鬼伞属菌株,例如,灰盖鬼伞,或可以从毁丝霉属(Myceliophthora)菌株,例如嗜热毁丝霉(M.thermophila)获得的那些。
可以存在于本发明液体中的酶的类型包括氧化还原酶(EC 1.-.-.-),转移酶(EC 2.-.-.-),水解酶(EC 3.-.-.-),裂合酶(EC 4.-.-.-),异构酶(EC 5.-.-.-)和连接酶(EC 6.-.-.-)。
在本发明的上下文中优选的氧化还原酶是过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1),漆酶(EC 1.10.3.2)和葡萄糖氧化酶(EC 1.1.3.4)。可以通过商业方法获得的氧化还原酶(EC 1.-.-.-)的实例是GluzymeTM(可从Novozymes A/S获得的酶)。另外的氧化还原酶可从其它供应商获得。优选的转移酶是任何以下亚类中的转移酶:
a转移一碳基团的转移酶(EC 2.1);
b转移醛或酮残基的转移酶(EC 2.2);酰基转移酶(EC 2.3);
c糖基转移酶(EC 2.4);
d转移除甲基之外的烷基或芳基的转移酶(EC 2.5);和
e转移含氮基团的转移酶(EC 2.6)。
在本发明的上下文中最优选的转移酶类型是转谷氨酰胺酶(蛋白质-谷氨酰胺γ-谷氨酰转移酶;EC 2.3.2.13)。
合适的转谷氨酰胺酶的其它实例在WO 96/06931(Novo Nordisk A/S)中描述。
在本发明的上下文中优选的水解酶是:羧酸酯水解酶(EC 3.1.1.-)例如脂肪酶(EC 3.1.1.3);肌醇六磷酸酶(EC 3.1.3.-),例如3-肌醇六磷酸酶(EC 3.1.3.8)和6-肌醇六磷酸酶(EC 3.1.3.26);糖苷酶(EC 3.2,其属于本文称作“糖酶”的组),如α-淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.1);肽酶(EC 3.4,也称为蛋白酶);和其它羰基水解酶。可以通过商业方法获得的肌醇六磷酸酶的实例包括Bio-FeedTM肌醇六磷酸酶(Novozymes),RonozymeTM P(DSM Nutritional Products),NatuphosTM(BASF),FinaseTM(AB Enzymes)和PhyzymeTM产品系列(Danisco)。其它优选的肌醇六磷酸酶包括在WO 98/28408、WO 00/43503和WO 03/066847中描述的那些。
在本文上下文中,术语“糖酶”不仅用于指能够断裂糖链(例如淀粉或纤维素)特别是五元和六元环结构的酶(即糖苷酶,EC 3.2),还指能够异构化糖的酶,例如将六元环结构如D-葡萄糖异构为五元环结构如D-果糖。
相关的糖酶包括以下(EC号在圆括号内):
α-淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.1)、β-淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.2)、葡聚糖1,4-α-葡糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.3)、内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(纤维素酶,EC 3.2.1.4)、内切-1,3(4)-β-葡聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.6)、内切-1,4-β-木聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.8)、葡聚糖酶(dextranase)(EC3.2.1.11)、壳多糖酶(EC 3.2.1.14)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(EC 3.2.1.15)、溶菌酶(EC 3.2.1.17)、β-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.21)、α-半乳糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.22)、β-半乳糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.23)、淀粉-1,6-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.33)、木聚糖1,4-β-木糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.37)、葡聚糖内切-1,3-β-D-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.39)、α-糊精内切-1,6-α-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.41)、蔗糖α-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.48)、葡聚糖内切-1,3-α-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.59)、葡聚糖1,4-β-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.74)、葡聚糖内切-1,6-β-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.75)、半乳聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.89)、阿拉伯聚糖内切-1,5-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.99)、乳糖酶(EC 3.2.1.108)、壳聚糖酶(chitosanase)(EC 3.2.1.132)和木糖异构酶(EC 5.3.1.5)。
可以通过商业方法获得的糖酶的实例包括Alpha-GalTM、Bio-FeedTMAlpha、Bio-FeedTM Beta、Bio-FeedTM Plus、Bio-FeedTM Wheat、Bio-FeedTMZ、NovozymeTM 188、CarezymeTM、CelluclastTM、CellusoftTM、CelluzymeTM、CeremylTM、CitrozymTM、DenimaxTM、DezymeTM、DextrozymeTM、DuramylTM、EnergexTM、FinizymTM、FungamylTM、GamanaseTM、GlucanexTM、LactozymTM、LiquezymeTM、MaltogenaseTM、NatalaseTM、PentopanTM、PectinexTM、PromozymeTM、PulpzymeTM、NovamylTM、TermamylTM、AMGTM(Amyloglucosidase Novo)、MaltogenaseTM、SweetzymeTM和AquazymTM(全部可从Novozymes A/S获得)。其它糖酶可从其它供应商获得,例如RoxazymeTM和RonozymeTM产品系列(DSM NutritionalProducts),AvizymeTM、PorzymeTM和GrindazymeTM产品系列(Danisco,Finnfeeds),以及NatugrainTM(BASF)、PurastarTM和PurastarTM OxAm(Genencor)。
其它可以通过商业方法获得的酶包括MannawayTM、PectawayTM、StainzymeTM和RenozymeTM。
额外的材料
并入颗粒中的额外的材料可以是多糖、蜡、酶活化剂或增强剂、填充剂、酶稳定剂、增溶剂、交联剂、悬浮剂、粘度调节剂、轻球(light sphere)、氯清除剂(chlorine scavenger)、增塑剂(plasticizer)、色素、盐、防腐剂和香料。
多糖:
本发明的多糖可以是未修饰的天然存在的多糖或经修饰的天然存在的多糖。
合适的多糖包括纤维素、果胶、糊精和淀粉。淀粉可以溶于水或不溶于水。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,多糖是淀粉。在本发明的具体实施方案中,多糖是不溶性淀粉。
来自多种植物来源的天然存在的淀粉适合于本发明的上下文(或者作为淀粉本身,或者作为改性淀粉的出发点),且相关的淀粉包括来自下列的淀粉:稻、玉米、小麦、马铃薯、燕麦、木薯、西谷椰子(sago-palm)、木薯粉(yuca)、大麦、甘薯、高粱、薯蓣(yam)、黑麦、黍(millet)、荞麦(buckwheat)、竹芋(arrowroot)、芋(taro)、箭叶黄体芋(tannia),并且可以例如以面粉的形式。
木薯淀粉属于本发明上下文中的优选淀粉;就此可能提到木薯和木薯淀粉已知许多同义词,包括木薯(tapioca)、木薯(manioc)、木薯(mandioca)和木薯(manihot)。
如在本发明的上下文中采用的,术语“改性淀粉”是指经过某种至少是部分化学改性、酶改性和/或物理或物理化学改性的天然存在的淀粉,并且其相对于“亲本”淀粉通常展现出改变的性质。
蜡:
本发明的上下文中的“蜡”应理解为熔点为25-150℃,特别是30-100℃,更特别是35-85℃,最特别是40-75℃的聚合材料。蜡优选在室温25℃为固态。优选下限以在蜡开始熔化的温度和通常储藏颗粒或包含颗粒的组合物的温度(20-30℃)之间设定一个合理差距。
对于一些颗粒,例如用于洗涤剂工业的颗粒,蜡的优选特征是蜡应该是水溶性或在水中可分散的,特别是在中性和碱性溶液中,从而当本发明的包被颗粒导入水溶液中时,即通过用水稀释它时,蜡应该分解和/或溶解,提供并入颗粒的活性物质(active incorporated in the particle)向水溶液的快速释放和溶解。水溶性蜡的实例是聚乙二醇(PEG)。在水不溶性蜡中,可分散在水溶液中的是甘油三酯和油。对于一些颗粒,优选的是涂层含有一些不溶性蜡,例如,饲料颗粒(feed particle)。
本发明的蜡组合物可以包含化学合成的任何蜡。还可以同样合适地包含从天然来源分离的蜡或其衍生物。因此,本发明的蜡组合物可以包含选自以下蜡的非限定性列表的蜡:
-聚乙二醇,PEG。不同的PEG蜡可以通过商业方法获得,具有不同的分子大小,其中分子大小低的PEG也具有低熔点。合适的PEG的实例是PEG1500、PEG 2000、PEG 3000、PEG 4000、PEG 6000、PEG 8000、PEG 9000等,例如,来自BASF(Pluriol E系列)或来自Clariant或来自Ineos。聚乙二醇的衍生物也可以使用。
-聚丙烯(例如来自BASF的聚丙二醇Pluriol P系列)或聚乙烯或其混合物。聚丙烯和聚乙烯的衍生物也可以使用。
-在室温是固体的非离子表面活性剂,例如具有高乙氧基水平的乙氧基化脂肪醇,例如来自BASF的Lutensol AT系列,每分子具有不同量的环氧乙烷的C16-C18脂肪醇,例如Lutensol AT11、AT13、AT25、AT50、AT80,其中数目说明环氧乙烷基团的平均数。可选地,环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷的聚合物或它们的共聚物是有用的,例如嵌段聚合物,例如来自BASF的Pluronic PE6800。乙氧基化脂肪醇的衍生物。
-从天然来源分离的蜡,例如Carnauba蜡(熔点80-88℃),Candelilla蜡(熔点68-70℃)和蜂蜡。其它天然蜡或其衍生物是源自动物或植物的蜡,例如源自海洋来源的动物或植物的蜡。氢化的植物油或动物脂(animal tallow)。这种蜡的实例是氢化的牛脂(hydrogenated ox tallow)、氢化棕榈油、氢化棉籽和/或氢化大豆油,其中术语“氢化”用于本文应理解为未饱和碳水化合物链(例如甘油三酯中)的饱和,其中将碳=碳双键转化成碳-碳单键。氢化棕榈油是可以通过商业方法获得的,例如从Hobum Oele und Fette GmbH-Germany或Deutche Cargill GmbH-Germany。
-脂肪酸醇(fatty acid alcohol),例如来自Condea Chemie GMBH-Germany的线性长链脂肪酸醇NAFOL 1822(C18,20,22),其具有55-60℃的熔点。脂肪醇的衍生物。
-甘油单酯和/或甘油二酯,如硬脂酸甘油酯是有用的蜡,其中硬脂酸(stearate)是硬脂酸和棕榈酸的混合。其实例是来自Danisco Ingredients,Denmark的Dimodan PM。
-脂肪酸,如氢化的线性长链脂肪酸和脂肪酸的衍生物。
-石蜡,即固态烃。
-微晶蜡。
在另外的实施方案中,可用于本发明的蜡可以在C.M.McTaggart等,Int.J.Pharm.19,139(1984)或Flanders等,Drug Dev.Ind.Pharm.13,1001(1987)中找到,将中两篇文献通过提述并入本文。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,本发明的蜡是两种或更多种不同的蜡的混合物。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,一种或多种蜡选自下组:PEG、乙氧基化脂肪醇、脂肪酸、脂肪酸醇和甘油酯。
在本发明的另一具体实施方案中,蜡选自合成蜡。在更具体的实施方案中,本发明的蜡是PEG或非离子表面活性剂。在本发明最具体的实施方案中,蜡是PEG。
填充剂:
合适的填充剂是水溶性和/或水不溶性无机盐,如精磨的碱性硫酸盐(alkalisulphate)、碱性碳酸盐和/或碱性氯化物,粘土例如高岭土(例如SPESWHITETM,English China Clay)、膨润土、滑石、沸石、白垩、碳酸钙和/或硅酸盐。
典型的填充剂是硫酸二钠和木素磺酸钙(calcium-lignosulphonate)。其它填充剂是硅石(silica)、石膏、高岭土、滑石、硅酸铝镁和纤维素纤维。
酶稳定剂或酶保护剂:
酶稳定剂或酶保护剂可以分成几类:碱性或中性材料,还原剂,抗氧化剂和/或第一过渡系金属离子的盐。这些中的每一种可以与其它相同或不同种类的保护剂联合使用。碱性保护剂的实例是碱金属硅酸盐、碳酸盐或重碳酸盐,其通过活性中和例如氧化剂来提供化学清除效果。还原性保护剂的实例是亚硫酸盐、硫代亚硫酸盐或硫代硫酸盐,而抗氧化剂的实例是甲硫氨酸、丁羟甲苯(BHT)或丁基化羟基苯甲醚(BHA)。最优选的剂是硫代硫酸盐,例如硫代硫酸钠。同样酶稳定剂可以是硼酸盐、硼砂、甲酸盐、二羧酸和三羧酸和所谓的可逆的酶抑制剂如具有巯基的有机化合物或烷基化或芳基化的硼酸。
交联剂:
交联剂如酶相容性表面活性剂,例如乙氧基化醇,特别是具有10-80个乙氧基的乙氧基化醇。
增溶剂:
颗粒的溶解度在包被颗粒是洗涤剂制剂的成分的情况下特别关键。如本领域技术人员已知的,许多作用剂,通过多种方法,用于增加制剂的溶解度,且本领域已知的典型的作用剂可以在National Pharmacopeia(国家药典)中找到。
轻球:
轻球是低真密度的小颗粒。通常,它们是内有空气或气体的空心球形颗粒。这样的材料通常通过膨胀固体材料制备。这些轻球可以是无机或有机的,例如可以从The PQ Corporation获得的PM系列。轻球也可以从多糖,如淀粉或其衍生物制备。是从纤维素(来自造纸的废料)制备的非空心轻质材料的实例,可从GranTek Inc获得。这些材料可以单独地或作为不同轻质材料的混合物包括在本发明的颗粒中。
悬浮剂:
可以将悬浮剂、媒介剂(mediator)(在例如洗涤应用中在颗粒溶解时用于增强漂白作用)和/或溶剂并入颗粒。
粘度调节剂:
粘度调节剂可以存在于颗粒中。
增塑剂:
在本发明的上下文中可用于颗粒中的增塑剂包括,例如:多元醇如糖、糖醇、甘油(glycerin)、甘油三羟甲基丙烷(glycerol trimethylol propane)、新戊二醇(neopentyl glycol)、三乙醇胺、单乙二醇、二乙二醇和三乙二醇或分子量低于1000的聚乙二醇(PEG);尿素、邻苯二甲酸酯例如邻苯二甲酸二丁酯或邻苯二甲酸二甲酯;硫氰酸酯(盐)、非离子表面活性剂如乙氧基化醇和乙氧基化磷酸酯(盐)和水。
色素:
合适的色素包括,但不限于,细碎的增白剂,例如二氧化钛或高岭土,彩色色素,水溶性着色剂,以及一种或多种色素和水溶性着色剂的组合。
盐:
盐可以是无机盐,例如硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化物和碳酸盐,或简单的有机酸(少于10个碳原子例如6个或更少的碳原子)的盐例如柠檬酸盐、丙二酸盐或乙酸盐。在这些盐中的阳离子的实例是碱金属离子或碱土金属离子,尽管也可为铵离子或第一过渡系的金属离子,如钠、钾、镁、钙、锌或铝。阴离子的实例包括氯离子(chloride)、溴离子(bromide)、碘(iodide)、硫酸根、亚硫酸根、亚硫酸氢根、硫代硫酸根、磷酸根、磷酸二氢根、磷酸氢根、次磷酸根、焦磷酸二氢根、四硼酸根、硼酸根、碳酸根、碳酸氢根、正(或偏)硅酸根(metasilicate)、柠檬酸根、苹果酸根、马来酸根、丙二酸根、琥珀酸根、乳酸根、甲酸根、乙酸根、丁酸根、丙酸根、苯甲酸根、酒石酸根、抗坏血酸根或葡糖酸根。具体而言,可以使用碱金属或碱土金属的硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、磷酸盐、膦酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化物或碳酸盐或简单有机酸的盐如柠檬酸盐、丙二酸盐或乙酸盐。具体实例包括NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、(NH4)H2PO4、K2HPO4、KH2PO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、KHSO4、ZnSO4、MgSO4、CuSO4、Mg(NO3)2、(NH4)2SO4、硼酸钠、乙酸镁和柠檬酸钠。
盐可以是水合的盐,即结合有结晶水的结晶水合盐,例如WO 99/32595中描述的。水合盐的实例包括七水合硫酸镁(MgSO4(7H2O))、七水合硫酸锌(ZnSO4(7H2O))、五水合硫酸铜(CuSO4(5H2O))、七水合磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4(7H2O))、六水合硝酸镁(Mg(NO3)2(6H2O))、十水合硼酸钠、二水合柠檬酸钠和四水合乙酸镁。
附加的涂层
本发明的颗粒可以包含一层、两层或多层附加的涂层。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,颗粒包含至少两层涂层。
附加的涂层可以应用于颗粒以提供附加的特征和性质。因此,例如,附加的包被可以实现一种或多种以下效果:
(i)进一步保护颗粒中的活性化合物以防环境中的有害化合物。
(ii)当颗粒引入液体介质(如酸性介质)时按期望的比例溶解;
(iii)提供更好的颗粒的物理强度。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,外层可以按照微囊化技术中已知的来涂覆(apply),例如经由缩聚如界面聚合和原位聚合,凝聚(coacervation),凝胶化和螯合,溶剂提取,蒸发和悬浮交联。
不同的涂覆技术在“Microspheres,Microcapsules and Liposomes”,ed.Reza Arshady,Citus Books Ltd.中和WO 97/24179中描述,将其通过提述并入。
颗粒的制备
在第二方面本发明进一步提供用于制备酶颗粒的方法,包括制备酶和聚合物的溶液、将此溶液在气体或液体中雾化以制备小液滴(在气体中雾化对应于喷雾干燥过程,在与水不混溶的液体中雾化产生乳剂)和将这些液滴干燥形成固体颗粒的步骤。对于乳剂,干燥过程可以是如例如EP 0356239中所述的共沸蒸馏(azeotropic distillation)。
颗粒可以通过但不限于制备毫微颗粒和微粒的领域内已知的技术来制备,例如经由在空气或液体中的雾化,即a)喷雾干燥或b)乳化过程或通过c)较大颗粒的粒度减小,例如经由干磨或湿磨。
a)喷雾干燥过程,其中在喷雾干燥塔中将液态含酶溶液雾化形成小液滴,所述小液滴在它们向下经过干燥塔的过程中干燥形成含酶的颗粒材料。这种方法能够产生非常小的颗粒(Michael S.Showell(编);Powdered detergents;Surfactant Science Series;1998;vol.71;page 140-142;Marcel Dekker)。
b)乳化过程,其中在与水不混溶的液体例如石蜡油中将液态含酶水溶液乳化。为了使液滴的形成更容易并且使乳剂稳定,使用多种乳化剂和表面活性剂。其后可以通过蒸馏例如共沸蒸馏或通过将乳剂喷雾干燥(如果与水不混溶的液体是挥发性的)将水从液滴去除。
c)粉碎过程,其中将预成型的较大颗粒/团块(briquette)等经由研磨该较大颗粒来使粒度减小。这可以对干燥颗粒进行(干磨)或使用颗粒在液体中的分散剂即所谓的浆料进行(湿磨)。
本发明的颗粒可以通过制备酶和聚合物的混合物、形成颗粒并干燥来制备。在本发明的具体实施方案中,颗粒是通过喷雾干燥、乳化过程和/或粉碎过程来制备的。
包含本发明的颗粒的组合物
液体组合物
本文组合物的液体组合物可以是任何适合包含本发明的颗粒的液体组合物。液体组合物可以是任何组合物,但是尤其适合的组合物是个人护理组合物,清洁组合物,纺织品加工组合物例如漂白用,药用组合物,皮革加工组合物,燃料,纸浆或纸加工组合物,食品和饮料组合物,和动物饲料组合物。在本发明进一步的具体实施方案中,液体组合物是液体洗涤剂组合物。在本发明更具体的实施方案中,液体组合物是洗衣或洗碟用洗涤剂组合物。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,液体组合物包含电解质。在本发明中,电解质防止颗粒的溶解。后者对酶进行保护直到洗涤剂被引入洗涤用液体,其中电解质充分稀释以使颗粒溶解并释放酶,从而使其可以作用于污渍。
在本发明的具体实施方案中,液体组合物包含少于50%的水。在更具体的实施方案中,液体组合物包含少于30%的水。在本发明进一步的实施方案中,液体组合物包含少于20%的水。
如果液体组合物是液体洗涤剂组合物,该液体组合物可以包含表面活性剂去溶液化电解质(surfactant desolubilising electrolyte),所述电解质以一定浓度存在,在该浓度所述表面活性剂形成能够使酶/聚合物颗粒稳定悬浮并且足以防止或抑制水溶性聚合物溶解的结构。
在具体实施方案中液体洗涤剂组合物包含占该液体洗涤剂重量的30%-70%的水。在更具体的实施方案中液体洗涤剂包含占液体洗涤剂重量40%-60%的水。在最具体的实施方案中液体洗涤剂包含占液体洗涤剂重量80%-90%的水。
在本发明的具体实施方案中液体洗涤剂组合物包含多于30%但是少于90%的水。液体洗涤剂组合物中包含的水的量特别地低于液体洗涤剂重量的85%,更特别地低于75%,如低于60%。
按照本发明的液体洗涤剂组合物是通常在洗衣或洗碟应用中使用的常规组合物。
在具体实施方案中,组合物包含有效量的洗涤剂增效剂。合适的增效剂包括缩合的磷酸盐,特别是三聚磷酸钠或,次优选地,焦磷酸钠或四磷酸钠,偏磷酸钠,碳酸钠,硅酸钠,正磷酸钠,柠檬酸钠,氮川三乙酸钠,膦酸盐例如乙二胺四(亚甲基膦酸)钠,二亚乙基三胺五(亚甲基膦酸)钠,乙酰二膦酸钠或氨基三(亚甲基膦酸)钠,乙二胺四乙酸钠或沸石。其它次优选的增效剂包括上述钠盐的钾或锂类似物。
增效剂的比例通常从液体洗涤剂组合物重量的约5%至约40%。通常为10%-35%,优选15-30%,更优选18-28%,最优选20-27%。通常采用两种或更多种增效剂的混合物,例如三聚磷酸钠与硅酸钠和/或碳酸钠和/或与沸石的混合物;或氮川三乙酸钠与柠檬酸钠的混合物。
优选地增效剂至少部分作为悬浮于组合物中的固体颗粒存在。
本发明也可应用于制备无增效剂的清洁组合物(unbuilt cleaningcomposition)或全部增效剂存在于溶液中的组合物。
在具体实施方案中本发明的洗涤剂组合物包含一种或多种表面活性剂,其可以是非离子(包括半极性)和/或阴离子和/或阳离子和/或两性离子的。通常,表面活性剂将以占组合物重量约0.1%-90%的量存在于液体组合物中。在具体实施方案中,表面活性剂将以占组合物重量约10%-60%的量存在于液体组合物中。在另一具体实施方案中,表面活性剂将以占组合物重量约2-35%的量存在于液体组合物中。
当包括在其中时(When included therein),洗涤剂将通常含有约1%至约40%的阴离子表面活性剂,例如线性烷基苯磺酸盐,α-烯烃磺酸盐,烷基硫酸盐(脂肪醇硫酸盐),醇乙氧基硫酸盐(alcohol ethoxysulfate),仲烷基磺酸盐,α-磺基脂肪酸甲酯,烷基或烯基琥珀酸或肥皂。高度优选的阴离子表面活性剂是线性烷基苯磺酸盐(LAS)材料。这样的表面活性剂和它们的制备在例如美国专利2,220,099和2,477,383中描述,将所述文件通过提述并入本文。特别优选的是线性直链烷基苯磺酸的钠盐和钾盐,其中烷基中的平均碳原子数是大约11至14。C11-C14(例如,C12)LAS钠是特别优选的。其他有用的阴离子表面活性剂在WO 99/0478第11至13页中描述,将其通过提述并入本文。
当包括在其中时,洗涤剂将通常含有约0.2%至约40%的非离子表面活性剂例如醇乙氧基化物,壬基酚乙氧基化物(nonylphenol ethoxylate),烷基多聚糖苷(alkylpolyglycoside),烷基二甲基氧化胺,乙氧基化脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺(ethoxylated fatty acid monoethanolamide),脂肪酸单乙醇酰胺,多羟基烷基脂肪酸酰胺(polyhydroxy alkyl fatty acid amide)或葡糖胺的N-酰基N-烷基衍生物(“葡糖酰胺(glucamides)”)。这些有用的非离子表面活性剂在WO 99/0478的第13至14页中进一步描述,将其通过提述并入本文。
洗涤剂也可以含有兼性和/或两性离子表面活性剂。
阴离子、非离子、兼性和两性离子表面活性剂的典型列表在1972年5月23日授予Norris的US 3,664,961中提供。
概括而言,GB 1,123,846中或Schwartz,Perry和Berch的″Surface ActiveAgents and Detergents″(表面活性剂和洗涤剂)中提及的任何表面活性剂可以使用。
优选地,液体洗涤剂组合物的pH为碱性,例如7.5以上,特别是7.5-12,通常为8-11,例如9-10.5。
在具体的实施方案中液体洗涤剂组合物包含溶解的表面活性剂-去溶液化电解质。实例包括氯化钠、硝酸钠、溴化钠、碘化钠、氟化钠、硼酸钠、甲酸钠或乙酸钠,或相应的钾盐。然而,具体而言,电解质是在洗涤用液体中执行有用的功能所需的盐。
在具体的实施方案中,溶液中电解质的浓度大于重量的3%,例如大于5%。在另一实施方案中,溶液中电解质浓度是基于组合物的重量,溶液中电解质的重量占6-20%,特别是7-19%,例如8-18%,9-17%,10-16%,例如11-15%。优选调整电解质含量以提供在环境中,在0℃-40℃至少三个月的储藏稳定性。
洗涤剂组合物可以含有任何常规的少量成分,例如悬污剂(例如羧甲基纤维素),防腐剂如甲醛或四(羟甲基)磷鎓盐,膨润土,或任何本文描述的、按照本发明保护的酶。在采用漂白剂的情况下,将漂白剂封装可能是方便的,例如用亲水性胶囊用材料封装或封装在疏水介质例如,如有机硅(silicone)或烃中,如EP-A-0238216或GB-A-2200377中所述。
按照本发明的液体洗涤剂组合物也可以含有0-65%w/w螯合剂。这些螯合剂可以选自下组:氨基羧酸盐/酯(amino carboxylate)、氨基膦酸盐/酯(amino phosphonate)、多官能取代的芳族螯合剂、二磷酸盐/酯、三磷酸盐/酯、碳酸盐/酯、柠檬酸盐/酯、氮川三乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸、二亚乙基三胺五乙酸、烷基或烯基琥珀酸、可溶性硅酸盐或层状硅酸盐(layered silicate)(例如来自Hoechst的SKS-6)和它们的混合物。另外的螯合剂在WO 99/00478中描述。
液体洗涤剂中的酶也可以使用液相中的稳定剂来稳定,所述稳定剂例如多元醇如丙二醇或甘油,糖或糖醇,乳酸,短链羧酸如甲酸或乙酸,硼酸或硼酸衍生物,例如芳族硼酸酯,或苯基硼酸衍生物如4-甲酰苯基硼酸(4-formylphenyl boronic acid),并且所述组合物可以如例如WO 92/19709和WO 92/19708中所述配制。
特别优选的液体洗涤剂是含有以下的那些液体洗涤剂:含量为5-12%的长链(例如C10-14)线性烷基苯磺酸盐,含量为0-3%的长链烷基或烷基醚硫酸盐(alkyl,or alkyl ether,sulphates),例如具有0-5个乙烯氧基(ethyleneoxy)单元;含量为1-5%的脂肪酸烷醇酰胺(fatty acid alkanolamide)和/或具有小于12的HLB的醇乙氧基化物;含量为0-3%,例如0.1-1%的单长链烷基磷酸盐和二长链烷基磷酸盐的混合物(mixtures of mono-and di-long chain alkylphosphates);含量为14-30%,例如14-18%或20-30%的三聚磷酸钠(优选与0.5-5重量%的水预水合);任选地含量高达10%,例如5-10%的碳酸钠,三聚磷酸钠和碳酸钠总共优选为20-30%;含量为0.05-0.5%的抗再沉积剂如羧甲基纤维素钠;含量为0.5%-0.5%的光学增亮剂;螯合剂,例如氨基膦酸盐/酯如二胺和聚胺的亚甲基膦酸酯,特别是乙二胺四[亚甲基膦酸]钠或二亚乙基三胺六[亚甲基膦酸]钠,任选地以0.1-15%的量存在;连同常规次要添加剂(minoradditives)如香料、着色料、防腐剂,剩余为水,百分比按全部液体洗涤剂的重量计。液体洗涤剂在稀释到1%之后可以具有6-13的pH,优选7-12,更通常为8-11,例如9-10.5。
通过以下实施例进一步描述本发明,不应将这些实施例理解为对本发明范围的限制。
实施例
实施例1
按照方法1测试了可以通过商业方法从BASF获得的乙烯吡咯烷酮(VP)和乙酸乙烯酯(VA)的共聚物(无规共聚物,全部具有大约30的K值,对应于约40,000g/mol的分子量),Luviskol VA37(30%VP+70%VA),Luviskol VA55(50%w/w VP+50%w/w VA),Luviskol VA64(60%VP+40%VA),LuviskolVA73(70%VP+30%VA)和Polyvidon(聚维酮)K30(100%VP),得到以下ΔNTU结果:
P=形成大聚集体/沉淀(=不溶的)
即按照可溶/不溶聚合物的定义:
S=可溶的,I=不溶的
从表中可以看出,仅VA64(含60%乙烯吡咯烷酮和40%乙酸乙烯酯单体)在0mol/kg的离子强度下可溶而在1mol/kg的离子强度下不溶。VA37和VA55在纯水中也不溶,而VA73和纯PVP需要高于1mol/kg离子强度来沉淀。
实施例2
将100g含30%固体的含水Savinase浓缩物(一种蛋白酶)与6000g水和250g Luviskol VA64聚合物混合。使用Mobil Minor(来自Niro A/S的喷雾干燥器)用165℃作为入口温度来喷雾干燥溶液。将146g细粉与200g WhitewayT15矿物油混合以制备基质颗粒在油中的浆料。
所得颗粒的蛋白酶活性是5KNPU/g(千Novo蛋白酶单位)
在洗涤剂中的储藏稳定性:
在具有以下配方的模式洗涤剂中测试了稳定性:
170g Surfac SLS/BP(阴离子表面活性剂)
100g 油酸
40g Neodol 25-3非离子表面活性剂
50g Neodol 25-7非离子表面活性剂
5g 碳酸钠
40g 10N NaOH
42.5g柠檬酸
30g 甲苯磺酸钠(助水溶剂(hydrotrope))
30g 乙醇
加水至1065g
pH 9.0
将以下加入洗涤剂:
·来自上述的VA64/Savinase颗粒(5KNPU/g)
·Savinase 16.0L(16KNPU/g)-无保护的蛋白酶(水溶液)作为参照
·Lipolase 100L(100KLU/g)-无保护的脂肪酶(水溶液)作为“提供”酶(”offer”enzyme)
加入Savinase至最终活性为0.06KNPU/g,和脂肪酶至最终活性为0.6KLU/g。在35℃储藏7天之后测量了残余Savinase活性,并在30℃储藏3天之后测量了残余Lipolase活性。
样品 | 加入的蛋白酶 | 加入的脂肪酶 | 残余Savinase活性 | 残余Lipolase活性 |
A | Savinase 16.0L | Lipolase 100L | 6% | 20% |
B | VA64/Savinase颗粒 | Lipolase 100L | 41% | 43% |
从数据中清楚的是将Savinase封装在Luviskol VA64聚合物中使蛋白酶本身和存在的其它酶(脂肪酶)的稳定性均得到提高。
Claims (7)
1.一种液体洗涤剂组合物,其包含表面活性剂、多于30%但是少于90%的水、和包含酶和聚合物的颗粒,
所述聚合物和所述酶以聚合物:酶的重量比在1以上,所述颗粒的粒度小于100,000nm,所述酶和聚合物作为混合物1存在于颗粒中,
所述聚合物于25℃在纯水中是基本上可溶的,而于25℃在与Na2SO4水溶液的混合物2中不溶,其中,该混合物2含有1%w/w的所述聚合物,并且该水溶液的离子强度高于1mol/kg,所述Na2SO4水溶液中的水是纯水。
2.权利要求1的液体洗涤剂组合物,其中所述聚合物是乙烯吡咯烷酮和乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。
3.权利要求2的液体洗涤剂组合物,其中所述聚合物含有50-70%的乙烯吡咯烷酮和30-50%的乙酸乙烯酯。
4.权利要求1-3任一项的液体洗涤剂组合物,其中所述聚合物具有25,000-100,000道尔顿的重均分子量。
5.权利要求1-3任一项的液体洗涤剂组合物,其中所述聚合物和酶彼此不共价结合。
6.权利要求1-3任一项的液体洗涤剂组合物,其中所述聚合物和酶以聚合物:酶的比例为5以下存在。
7.权利要求1-6任一项的液体洗涤剂组合物用于清洁衣物的用途。
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EP (1) | EP2129757A2 (zh) |
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