CN101626931B - 具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统 - Google Patents

具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统 Download PDF

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CN101626931B
CN101626931B CN2008800072464A CN200880007246A CN101626931B CN 101626931 B CN101626931 B CN 101626931B CN 2008800072464 A CN2008800072464 A CN 2008800072464A CN 200880007246 A CN200880007246 A CN 200880007246A CN 101626931 B CN101626931 B CN 101626931B
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main engine
sustainer
motor
generator
vehicle
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CN101626931A (zh
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A·塞尔克
I·阿里
D·科森挪威克
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Gates Corp
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

一种具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，包括：主发动机，用来向车辆供给动力，具有附件皮带传动系统；马达/发电机(1)，与附件皮带传动系统相啮合；操作机构致动开关，用来选择操作模式；在第一操作模式中，当主发动机关断时用来将电力提供到加热系统(5)的电能存储部分(3)；当主发动机正在运行时用来防止加热系统的操作的继电器；在第二操作模式中，当主发动机关断时，电能存储部分将电力提供给马达/发电机，借此马达/发电机驱动空调压缩机，空调压缩机连接到附件皮带传动系统上；当主发动机正在运行时用来防止使用马达/发电机操作空调压缩机的继电器；在第三操作模式中，在主发动机已经自动停止之后，马达/发电机用来启动主发动机；及在第四操作模式中，在主发动机的操作期间，马达/发电机在车辆制动期间产生电流，借此重新充电电能存储部分。

Description

具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种集成有辅助动力单元并且具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统。
背景技术
已知的是，当卡车不在运动中时，辅助动力系统(APU)通过提供除操作车辆系统的主发动机之外的动力源，可用来减少或消除卡车空转。混合车辆电气系统可用来在交通停止期间减少或消除发动机空转。再生制动可通过提供重新充电车上电能存储系统的装置，进一步改进燃料消耗。也已知的是，停止-启动功能可通过利用发动机的现有启动器来实现，以在停止时段(例如在红灯处)之后重新启动发动机。
现有技术的代表是授予Serkh的U.S.7,013,646，该专利公开了一种用于机动车主发动机的辅助动力系统，当主发动机不工作时，该辅助动力系统用来驱动主发动机附件。该系统包括驱动液压泵的副发动机。液压泵连接到液压马达上。用附件皮带传动系统将液压马达集成在主发动机上。当主发动机不工作时，副发动机通过液压泵和液压马达驱动ABDS系统，因而允许诸如空调的各种主发动机附件在主发动机关断时工作。当液压马达正在驱动皮带时，在主发动机曲轴上的单向离合器防止主发动机曲轴旋转。当主发动机在操作中时，在液压马达上的单向离合器防止它被驱动。
所需要的是一种集成有辅助动力单元并且具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统。
发明内容
本发明的主要方面是提供一种集成有辅助动力单元并且具有再生制动的车辆停止/启动系统。
本发明的其它方面将通过本发明的如下描述和附图被指出或者变得清楚。
本发明包括一种具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，该系统包括：主发动机，用来向车辆供给动力，具有附件皮带传动系统；马达/发电机，与附件皮带传动系统相啮合；操作机构致动开关，用来选择操作模式；在第一操作模式中，当主发动机关断时用来将电力提供到加热系统的电能存储部分；当主发动机正在运行时用来防止加热系统的操作的继电器；在第二操作模式中，当主发动机关断时，电能存储部分将电力提供给马达/发电机，借此马达/发电机驱动空调压缩机，空调压缩机连接到附件皮带传动系统上；当主发动机正在运行时，用来防止使用马达/发电机操作空调压缩机的继电器；在第三操作模式中，在主发动机已经自动停止之后，马达/发电机用来启动主发动机；及在第四操作模式中，在主发动机的操作期间，马达/发电机在车辆制动期间产生电流，借此重新充电电能存储部分。
附图说明
并入本说明书中并且形成其部分的附图示出本发明的优选实施例，并且与说明书一起用来进一步解释本发明的原理。
图1是整体布置示意图。
图2是控制示意图。
图3是电气示意图。
图4是图3中示出的系统的替代实施例。
图5是再生制动系统的整体布置示意图。
图6是车辆驱动循环的部分。
图7是对于给定驱动循环的系统参数的说明。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种用于卡车的辅助动力系统，并且特别地，用于装有混合电气系统和辅助动力系统的卡车。发明的系统的主要元件的布置表示在上述的图1中。控制示意图表明在图2中。
用来减少过夜空转的相同辅助动力系统也可用来消除工作日空转和在行驶期间的空转。工作日空转包括当车辆为了卸载或加载必须空转时、在为了驾驶员用餐的制动期间、在交通堵塞期间、等等的那些时段。在行驶期间的空转是在交通灯处、停和走交通、等等花费的那些时段。在替代实施例中，上面提及的元件的缩小版(即，仅使用四个电池，而不是八个电池)可用于对于车辆的启动/停止的唯一目的，这些车辆不是长途运输车辆，并因此没有对于防空转系统的需要，当主发动机不工作时，这些防空转系统提供用于延长时段的加热、冷却、及电力。
要求控制系统协调组成启动停止系统的所有主要元件的运作。系统如下运作。
当驾驶员需要空转车辆时，驾驶员将通过按压在车辆驾驶室中的按钮开启启动/停止系统。按压按钮通过断开运行电路将切断到点火系统的电力，由此停止主发动机。另外，曲柄电路被断开以在启动/停止系统工作时防止驾驶员用点火钥匙启动主发动机。如果空调(AC)系统在关断主发动机之前是接通的，则它在发动机停机时段期间将继续运行。
为了实现这，马达/发电机起通过ABDS蛇形皮带推进AC压缩机的马达的作用，以将冷的、调节空气从选择的HVAC模块输送到驾驶室。
由于在车辆上将有电气大电池组作为系统的部分，所以在日间空转时段和行驶期间的空转期间由电池容易地驱动AC压缩机。
如果在发动机停机时段期间加热器是接通的，则辅助冷却剂泵将继续将热冷却剂循环到选择的加热器芯。如果停机时段足够长，并且冷却剂温度落到预定水平以下，则燃料燃烧加热器将自动地启动，以加热冷却剂。
当驾驶员准备好继续行驶时，借助于简单按压启动按钮可重新启动车辆。这将信号发送到监督控制器。通过各个继电器，监督控制器重新连接运行电路和发动机曲柄电路。将向专用发动机控制器发信号，以开始主发动机启动过程。发动机控制器将电力发送到曲柄电路和启动器线圈。这将啮合启动器，并且在某一曲柄起动持续时间或已经超过速度极限(这经常首先到来)之后，从线圈除去信号以结束曲柄起动过程。
如果发动机接着被启动，则发动机控制器将进入发动机监视阶段，以确保发动机继续运行。如果发动机未能启动，则驾驶员通过重新按压启动按钮可再次尝试启动，以重复以上描述的过程。
参照图1，系统一般包括马达/发电机1和其它元件。马达/发电机1安装有主发动机，并且与发动机异步皮带传动系统(ABDS)6相啮合。ABDS包括由皮带7驱动的发动机驱动附件10，如在现有技术中已知的那样，该附件10例如包括空调压缩机和水泵。皮带7在附件的每一个之间被拖拉。皮带与发动机曲轴8相啮合，并且由其驱动。辅助动力单元9也与皮带7相啮合。
马达/发电机1也与ABDS皮带相啮合。马达/发电机由电力电子装置2控制，并且连接到其上。电池3连接到马达/发电机1和加热器5上。电池和加热器由控制装置4控制。
图2是用于系统的控制示意图。一般地，示出用于两个系统的方案。它们是辅助动力系统-启动/停止系统的操作和再生制动的操作。
从启动10开始，询问在点火中钥匙是否运行11。如果“否”，那么询问钥匙是否在附件(ACC)位置中12。如果“是”，那么系统确定辅助动力单元是否存在13。如果“是”，辅助动力单元存在，那么系统开始辅助动力单元的操作。适于这种服务的辅助动力单元(APU)公开在美国专利no.7,013,646中，通过引用将该专利全部并入本文中。
返回到钥匙状态11，如果钥匙在运行位置中，那么系统询问车辆是否正在运动15。如果“是”，则系统接着确定是否施加制动16。如果“是”，则系统确定电池3的电池充电状态(SOC)、温度和电压17。它然后将适当的再生制动电流施加到电池上。在这时，马达/发电机1在发电机模式中操作，由此对电池3重新充电。
返回到车辆状态15，如果车辆不是正在运动，那么系统确定是否致动停机19。如果“否”，那么车辆操作继续。如果“是”，那么发动机被停机20。这是空转停止/启动序列的“停止”。
一旦发动机被停止，系统就确定空调(A/C)是否接通21。如果“是”，那么马达/发电机1作为马达被激励和操作27。这具有如以前描述的那样驱动ABDS的效果，这又驱动在ABDS系统上的AC压缩机。
这导致用于空调系统的控制循环，因为它由马达1驱动。系统确定AC冷却剂压力是否是在最大值处28。如果“是”，那么压缩机风扇被致动29，并且松开AC压缩机离合器30。接着，AC系统压力减小，直到系统设置点命令AC压缩机离合器重新啮合32为止。只要对于21的回答是“是”，这种循环就继续。
与AC循环结合使用的是与发动机操作状态相关的并行循环。系统确定启动命令是否存在22。启动命令由瞬时按压按钮指示。如果“是”，那么重新啮合运行(Run)和曲柄(Crank)线路。然后向启动控制器发信号以启动发动机24。这是停止/启动序列的“启动”。
如果发动机启动被确认26，那么系统返回到正常操作使发动机ABDS在发电模式中驱动马达/发电机1，由此对电池3重新充电。
返回到AC状态21，如果AC不是“接通”，那么询问加热器状态33。如果加热器是“接通”，那么系统将热冷却剂循环到驾驶室加热器芯34。如果加热器不是“接通”，那么系统确定是否请求发动机启动22。启动循环是如之前描述的那样。
图3是系统的电气示意图。发明的系统被表示为集成到‘现有’卡车电气系统中。
钥匙接受器100是典型的，并且具有几个不同的钥匙位置。如果卡车装有，则它可通过将钥匙放置在“ACC”位置(附件位置)中被致动。驾驶员的这种动作假定卡车将在某一延长时间段内不被驱动，例如，如果驾驶员打算休息并且将利用驾驶室的后部床铺区域。通过使钥匙在ACC位置中，驾驶员具有使用用于内部照明、鼓风机、及其它12伏特负载的电力的途径。
如果需要加热，则驾驶员可按压手动加热器开关130。这将启动柴油燃料燃烧加热器131，该加热器131加热冷却剂并且将它循环到后部加热芯以加热驾驶室。用于加热器131的柴油燃料从主发动机燃料系统得到。加热器继电器132是防止当卡车在运动中时加热器131被致动的安全继电器。
如果驾驶员在卡车被停止时需要空调，则他/她可通过按压AC开关133请求它。这将AC信号经AC请求继电器133a和AC循环继电器134发送到AC离合器142，以将AC压缩机啮合到ABDS皮带驱动7上。同一信号通过激励启用/禁用继电器104而启用马达1。接着，马达转动在ABDS 7上的皮带，以驱动AC压缩机并将冷却空气提供给驾驶室。每当冷凝器风扇135接通时，AC循环继电器134通过禁用马达1延长AC压缩机可消耗电池的时间长度。每当冷凝器风扇马达135经冷凝器风扇继电器134a接通时，这通过激励继电器134来实现。压力开关继电器135a用来启用冷凝器风扇电路。
切断继电器117防止当卡车正在被驱动时接通冷凝器马达。LVD(低电压断开)传感器145监视电池电压。如果电压下降到某一预定值以下，则LVD继电器119被断电，并且关断APU。这种策略保证在电池中始终有足够的能量剩余以启动卡车。
为了启动主发动机和离开APU模式，驾驶员将在接受器100中的钥匙从ACC位置经运行位置旋转到曲柄位置，以致动发动机启动器。在发动机被启动之后，钥匙转到运行位置。这通过激励点火继电器103禁用所有APU功能。
如果在接受器100中的钥匙是在运行位置中，则它指示主发动机是接通(ON)。为了节省燃料，可致动启动/停止模式。当驾驶员可能正在加载或卸载拖车、停车吃饭、等等时，在短时段内利用启动/停止模式。驾驶员简单地将三位置开关200按压到FS(燃料节省)位置。这激励使主发动机停机的运行继电器102。曲柄钥匙位置通过激励继电器101被禁用。这防止驾驶员用钥匙而不是通过开关200重新启动卡车。200的FS位置允许空调由卡车现有系统通过致动继电器136控制。如果在卡车进入启动/停止模式之前，空调在工作并且由主发动机推动，则它将继续工作，但在进入启动/停止模式之后由电动机1推动。
在图4中示出的替代实施例中，监视油门位置、停车制动器及变速箱状态。启动停止系统的这个实施例为了系统的运作并不要求驾驶员的主动干预。开关200由启动/停止控制器300和CAN控制器301代替。作为一种方案的例子，如果车辆速度是零并且变速箱在停泊中，则主发动机将自动地停机。当驾驶员打算再次驱动时，在将变速箱换档到“驱动”或“倒退”之前踏在制动器上会使主发动机重新启动。关于车辆(例如制动器和变速箱)状态的信息在卡车CAN系统(在现有技术中已知)上是可得到的，该卡车CAN系统由CAN模块301访问。控制器300访问在CAN模块中的信息，以确定停止和重新启动发动机的正确条件是否是可得到的。
如果加热在启动/停止模式之前接通，则系统在停机之后将继续将热冷却剂循环到前部加热器芯以提供热量。
如果驾驶员希望借助于再次驱动的打算离开启动/停止模式，则他/她瞬时按压按钮200上的启动。运行继电器102和曲柄继电器101被断电以准备启动事件。200的瞬时按压将12V脉冲发送到启动PC继电器137，该启动PC继电器137继而将5V脉冲发送到监督微处理器125。该微处理器导通晶体管138，以经LED继电器139a点亮蓝色LED 139，并且导通晶体管140。晶体管140允许信号经停止启动继电器140a流到ES52发动机启动控制器141的管脚10。控制器141将曲柄信号发送到在钥匙接受器100上的曲柄终端，以啮合启动器线圈并且启动主发动机。
在发动机已经达到预定起动速度之后，控制器假定发动机已经启动，并且停止起动过程。监督微处理器除去到晶体管138的信号，并且关断启动控制器141。系统现在准备好另一个启动/停止事件。
通过借助于本发明的启动/停止系统实施再生制动可以进一步增强燃料节省。再生制动再捕获(在其他情况下)在制动器中作为热量被浪费的能量的一些，并且将它存储在车载电池3内。
尽管以具体方式描述和构造了用于具有再生制动的启动/停止系统的逻辑和控制，但也存在将给出相同控制目的的其它方案。参照图5，再生系统由电池监视系统200组成，该电池监视系统200通过测量诸如电压、电池温度、及环境温度的参数监视电池3的充电状态(SOC)。这种信息被传送到马达控制器/智能调节器201。马达控制器/智能调节器(MCSR)201控制再生系统。它从电池监视系统和控制器区域网络(CAN)总线系统202接收信息。在CAN总线上接收的MCSR信息包括制动器踏板状态、车辆速度、基于踏板位置要求的制动装配、变速箱的状态、等等。接着，使用来自电池监视系统的信息，MCSR确定在再生制动过程期间多大电流可被反馈到电池3。
电池组的充电状态将保持在某一下限(即，近似70％充电)与完全充电的上限(在或约100％充电处)之间。
在行驶期间，能量正被移动，并且添加到电池。为了说明，当车辆被驱动时，诸如鼓风机马达和挡风玻璃除霜器的12V直流负载消耗电力，同时发电机充电和补充电池。发电机1由ABDS皮带驱动，该ABDS皮带又由发动机曲轴204驱动。在制动事件期间，车辆的动能的一些经再生制动通过使用(在其他情况下)浪费的制动器能量被电气回收，以推动发电机1并由此提供电力(电流)以给电池3重新充电。
驱动循环的一部分表示在图6中。在减速时段期间，当施加制动时(曲线A)，将发生再生制动。车辆速度由曲线B表示。当车辆在停机模式(具有零速度的驱动循环的部分)中时，电池停止被充电，并且代之以通过将电流供给直流负载并驱动马达以推动AC压缩机电池被放电。
如果电池的充电状态(SOC)在下限与上限之间，则发电机和再生制动都用来补充电池能量。如果电池被充分地充电，则通过松开在图5中的电磁离合器203可将发电机与ABDS断开。这增强燃料节省，因为当离合器松开时，没有发动机转矩被用来驱动发电机。每当施加制动器时，离合器203可被临时重新连接，以便于再生制动(本质上给电池重新充电的是“免费能量”，因为不使用燃料)。
当发电机1与ABDS驱动器断开，并且不向电池充电时，电池的SOC随着时间的推移可稳定地下降到某一下限，例如～12.0伏特。在下限处，发电机离合器203可再次被啮合，以允许电池的重新充电。
在任何时刻，车辆可进入停机模式，并且SOC将减小(特别是如果AC压缩机被啮合)。以上描述的操作表明在图7中。状态值“1”指示特定系统在工作。作为例子，在充电状态(SOC)到达100％之后，发电机状态从“1”值转到指示发电机离合器203与ABDS松开的“0”值。制动器状态“1”指示制动器正被压下，并且再生制动是可能的，并且启动/停止状态“1”指示车辆被停机，并且所有动力来自于电池。
尽管这里已经描述了本发明的多种形式，但对于本领域的技术人员将显然的是，在零件的构造和关系以及方法方面可以进行多种变化，而不背离这里描述的本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，包括：
主发动机，用来向车辆供给动力，具有附件皮带传动系统；
马达/发电机，与附件皮带传动系统相啮合；
操作机构致动开关，用来选择操作模式；
在第一操作模式中，当主发动机关断时用来将电力提供到加热系统的电能存储部分；
当主发动机正在运行时用来防止加热系统的操作的继电器；
在第二操作模式中，当主发动机关断时，电能存储部分将电力提供给马达/发电机，借此马达/发电机驱动空调压缩机，空调压缩机连接到附件皮带传动系统上；
当主发动机正在运行时用来防止使用马达/发电机操作空调压缩机的继电器；
在第三操作模式中，在主发动机已经自动停止之后，马达/发电机用来启动主发动机；及
在第四操作模式中，在主发动机的操作期间，马达/发电机在车辆制动期间产生电流，借此重新充电电能存储部分，
其中，所述车辆发动机停止/启动系统还包括：
CAN控制器；
油门位置传感器，检测油门运动；并且
油门位置传感器将信号发送到CAN控制器，借此主发动机在接收到油门位置传感器信号后被自动地启动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，其中，电能存储部分包括电池。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，还包括：
制动器位置传感器，检测制动器位置；
制动器位置传感器将信号发送到CAN控制器，借此主发动机在接收到制动器传感器信号后被自动地启动。
4.根据权利要求1所述的具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，还包括：
变速箱状态传感器；
变速箱状态传感器将信号发送到CAN控制器，借此主发动机在接收到变速箱状态信号后被自动地启动。
5.根据权利要求1所述的具有再生制动的车辆发动机停止/启动系统，还包括与附件皮带传动系统相啮合的辅助动力单元。
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