CN101625417A - Method for optimizing design of vertical seismic profile observation system - Google Patents
Method for optimizing design of vertical seismic profile observation system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for optimizing a design of a vertical seismic profile observation system for seismic exploration, which comprises the following steps: establishing a seismic geological model by known data; distributing more than two different observation systems; forwarding a response of a seismic wave field; calculating a position of a reflective spot, incident and reflection angles and length or ray impact frequency, and counting characteristic parameters again to construct an analysis map; and determining the optimal scheme for actual exploration according to a geological target. The method adopts multi-parameter analysis based on a spacial model, has strong rationality of results, adapts to details, can improve data acquisition quality, is suitable for homogeneous spaces and one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional models, can be used for non-zero spacing, Walkaway and 3D-3C VSP exploration designs, and also can be used for analyzing VSP exploration designs of longitudinal waves, transverse waves and converted waves.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to seismic exploration technique, specifically is a kind of method of optimizing the vertical seismic profile observation system design.
Background technology
Vertical seismic profile (VSP) (Vertical Seismic Profile, be called for short VSP) by surface source excite, well geophone receives and carries out seismic signal observation.Compare with the surface seismic exploration engineering, it is one way that the seismic signal of collection is subjected to the influence of shallow surface low velocity layer (LVL) attenuation by absorption, so have higher resolution and fidelity.Therefore at oil-gas exploration and development field, good application potential is arranged.
The technology of VSP has experienced from the inevitable development process of zero well spacing → non-zero well spacing and Walkaway VSP → three-dimensional VSP.After the manufactureization that has realized zero well spacing, non-zero well spacing VSP technology, the exploration circle more multi-field carry out Walkaway VSP experiments of measuring in, entered the application experiment stage that three-dimensional VSP is measured.Particularly, further promoted the reform of VSP acquisition technique along with the succeeding in developing of multistage many components well seismometer.
But, in the present VSP exploration, still apply mechanically conventional VSP recording geometry method for designing and carry out data acquisition.Parameters such as acceptance point distance are determined in main spatial sampling and the time-sampling of still not having an alias by simple computation of actual recording geometry design as analytical parameters, be difficult to satisfy the needs of geology target exploration based on the geological data of the VSP recording geometry collection of this method design, cause VSP The Application of Technology and research and development slow.
The collection design software of the GeoTomo of the U.S. and the exploitation of the companies such as NORSAR of Norway has been used some thinkings and method during surface seismic is gathered.Because the singularity and the three-component data characteristic of VSP recording geometry, how more professional utilize the design of various features parameter analysis optimization recording geometry, be the problem that needs research and solve.
In present VSP produces, mainly apply mechanically conventional zero well spacing and the recording geometry method for designing of non-zero well spacing VSP, the major defect of these conventional methods shows:
(1), the collection design parameter is single.Conventional VSP Data Acquisition Design parameter mainly comprises parameters such as observation station spacing, time sampling interval.From present practical application effect, only undertaken by these kinds parameter that VSP recording geometry design expression goes out that means are single, method is simple and characteristics such as poor effect, be difficult to reach the set goal.
(2), the collection design parameter owes reasonable.Because the observation of VSP is that surface source excites, well geophone receives, even like this under the assumed conditions of horizontal layer uniform dielectric, for equally distributed shot point and geophone station, it is not uniformly that imaging point at underground certain level interface distributes, and with change in depth.The minimum speed of utilizing survey region at present commonly used and the method for highest frequency computer memory sampling rate are based on that single-point non-zero well spacing VSP observation puts forward, but be far from solving the problem of its recording geometry design, cause the application of present this observation procedure to face very big problem.And along with the development of VSP technology, multiple observed pattern arises at the historic moment, this simple, owe rational analysis mode and do not satisfy actual demand far away.
Because the problem of recording geometry method for designing causes the data acquisition difficult quality to satisfy the demand of geology target exploration on the one hand; Hindered the development of VSP data acquisition technology on the other hand.
Summary of the invention
The present invention proposes a kind of VSP of optimization recording geometry design and improve the method for the optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design of data acquisition quality.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions, and step is:
1) according to observation project demand and geologic objective, determines the initial observation system;
The described definite initial observation of step 1) system is under the condition of homogeneous space model assumption, utilize known optical reflection principle to calculate the picture point that is reflected into of given source point and acceptance point, obtain the imaging of target area usable reflection and corresponding source point and acceptance point distribution and scope in the homogeneous space model.
2) utilize actual measurement or known data to set up the seismogeology model;
Step 2) described actual measurement or known data comprise drilling well layering, sound wave, density logging data.
Step 2) described actual measurement or known data comprise surface-seismic data and tectonic structure source map.
3) according to step 1) initial observation system, in step 2) lay different recording geometry more than two covers on the seismogeology model;
The described different recording geometry of step 3) is meant shot point number in the recording geometry and distribution or/and receive and count and distribute difference.
The described different recording geometry of step 3) requires counting or/and the distribution gradual change of shot point and reception.
4) utilize known wave equation just drilling the response that obtains seismic wave field, utilize ray-tracing algorithm just drilling and obtain the interior seismic ray bump number of times of reflection spot position, incident and reflection angle, unit length or area, on this basis, one group of reflection VSP recording geometry adding up again or calculate becomes the characteristic parameter of image point relation with the target area;
Ray-tracing algorithm adopts Si Naier (Snell) theorem or Fermat (Fermat) principle algorithm.
The described characteristic parameter of step 4) is to penetrate coefficient (R) with the reflection of known Zuo Pulizi (Zoeppritz) Equation for Calculating zone of interest, adds up the number of times of reflection wave intensity in the given unit and incident wave bump, obtains the zone of interest illumination intensity.
Above-described statistics is minimum, the maximum and average incident angle in each unit of statistics and calculates corresponding reflection coefficient.
Above-described reflection wave strength calculation formula is as follows:
Wherein: φ is a reflection wave intensity, and N is bump number of times, R (θ
i) be reflection coefficient, θ
iIncident angle.
The described characteristic parameter of step 4) is the reflection spot different attribute of statistics zone of interest, and the characteristic that obtains zone of interest illumination zone and illumination subarea distributes.
Above-described illumination zone is the border of zone of interest seismic reflection point set.
Above-described illumination zone is the variation range of statistics incident angle in each given unit and determines reflection critical angle size, according to definite illumination zones such as distribution of reflection critical angle distribution, reflection spot, the data set that all usable reflection points constitute constitutes the scope of illumination.
When a plurality of reflection spot is arranged in the above-described given unit, count minimal reflection angle, maximum reflection angle, average reflection angle and advantage reflection angle, computing formula is as follows:
θ
Minimum=Min (θ
i) (i=1 ..., N)
θ
Maximum=Max (θ
i) (i=1 ..., N)
dθ＝90/M
M: the number of incident angle angle subregion;
K
max＝Max(K(j))(j＝1，…，M)
J
Max: K
MaxCorresponding sequence number;
N: the number of usable reflection point in unit length/area.
The described characteristic parameter of step 4) is under recording geometry, calculates the imaging point of zone of interest with ray-tracing scheme, and it is projected to excites-receives the plane, and formation zone of interest imaging point data set calculates the distance between the adjacent imaging point;
Distance method between the described calculating consecutive point is:
DX
i＝offset
i-offset
i-1 (i＝1，…，N)
All big guns, examine always to count and be N at the imaging point of zone of interest, by distance size ordering from well head, form new data set (..., offset
i...) (i=1 ..., N), offset is the distance of imaging point to well head.
Distance (DX between the described calculating consecutive point
i) maximal value of data centralization is greater than the size of given unit, revise recording geometry, otherwise data imaging do not satisfy the demand of geologic objective.
The described characteristic parameter of step 4) is that zone of interest imaging point data set is carried out calculating after the sorting distance between the adjacent imaging point by common-shot-gather,
Computing method are: corresponding each shot point is a reference point with the most shallow acceptance point, calculates to determine to receive to be arranged in the imaging point of zone of interest and the distance of reference point:
Wherein, m is that the reception of an arrangement is counted, and n is the shot point number.
5) utilize characteristic parameter to set up and analyze map;
The described analysis map of step 5) comprises the distribution plan of different reflection angles with change in depth; Reflection strength utilizes wave equation just drilling fabric analysis map as a result at the flat distribution map of zone of interest position, the graph of a relation of shotpoint spacing and imaging point, acceptance point apart from the graph of a relation of imaging point.
6),, in the above recording geometry design of two covers, determine that preferred plan is used for actual exploration according to the calculation of characteristic parameters result of different recording geometrys according to project demand and geologic objective.
The selection of step 6) is determined:
(1) zone of interest reflection wave imaging scope satisfies project demand, does not have the blind area, does not have spatial aliasing;
(2) the vertical and cross direction profiles of zone of interest reflection wave degree of covering is even;
(3) zone of interest illumination intensity and distribution will be satisfied the demand of geology target exploration;
(4) zone of interest seismic event incident angle distributes less than 80% of reflection critical angle;
(5) time sampling interval and writing time length determine according to just drilling the result, satisfy the requirement of zone of interest echo imaging;
(6) for the exploration of many components vertical seismic profiling (VSP), help while the best and observe up wave of compression (PP) and shearing wave (PSv), be easy to different wavefield separation.
(7) economy optimum.
The present invention adopts the multi parameter analysis based on spatial model, rationality is strong as a result, be adapted to details, can be homogeneous space, one dimension, two dimension or three-dimensional model, the shoot on paper that is used for non-critical detector source spacing, Walkaway and 3D-3C VSP can also be used for the VSP shoot on paper analysis of compressional wave, shear wave and transformed wave.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 homogeneous space model initial observation system design synoptic diagram;
Fig. 2 two-dimension earthquake rate pattern;
Fig. 3 is a three-dimensional VSP ground shot point preliminary drawing;
Fig. 4 is the Partial Feature parameter result and the analysis chart of two-dimentional VSP recording geometry design;
Fig. 5 is the Partial Feature calculation of parameter result and the analysis chart of three-dimensional VSP recording geometry design;
Fig. 6 is the reflection coefficient of zone of interest different incidence angles and the final shot point distribution plan of determining after the characteristic parameter analysis;
Fig. 7 is according to the recording geometry image data of the present invention design and the three-dimensional VSP compressional wave that obtains by processing, transformed wave imaging data body.
Embodiment
Describe the present invention in detail below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing.
1, initial observation system design
According to project demand and the given exploration context of geologic objective, determine that by known homogeneous space direct rays computing method shot point and acceptance point that the target area realizes that the effective imaging of reflection wave is required distribute and scope.Fig. 1 has shown in the homogeneous space model relation of two shot points, acceptance point and imaging area.Utilize this succinct relation to design the initial observation system.
2, set up the seismogeology model
Near collecting the wellblock, bore well logging, geology and seismic data, on the basis of analysis interpretation, utilize known method and commercial software to set up the seismogeology model.Fig. 2 is the two-dimension earthquake rate pattern of setting up by interrelated data, and calculating is just being drilled in the earthquake that is used for the later stage.
3, overlap survey layout design and laying more
On the basis that the initial observation system lays, the different recording geometry of design at least two covers is used for the calculating and the assessment in later stage.The emphasis of design is the relation that will set up shot point and acceptance point arrangement, determines that for example the observation in the corresponding survey layout of each shot point is counted and the position.The variation of different survey layouts will have continuity, is convenient to the difference of different recording geometry characteristic of correspondence parameters of comparison and seismic response, and then the choice of target is arranged.Fig. 3 has shown 3D VSP ground shot point design drawing.
The down-hole receiving system of different recording geometrys is that 32 grade, grade spacings are 20m, determine the degree of depth 2500-3120m in the well that is arranged in of acceptance point in the initial observation system, if two inspection well sections, be respectively 2000-2620m and 3000-3620m, wherein the acceptance point of adjacent reception well section has 120 meters repetition.
4, characteristic parameter and seismic wave field RESPONSE CALCULATION
On 2 and 3 basis, utilize above-mentioned formula and method, calculated characteristics parameter and seismic response, the analysis map that tissue is relevant.Characteristic parameter is on the basis of the seismic ray bump number of times that utilizes ray-tracing algorithm just drilling to obtain in reflection spot position, incident and reflection angle, unit length or the area etc., and statistics or one group of reflection VSP recording geometry calculating become the parameter of image point relationship characteristic with the target area again.Characteristic parameter comprises zone of interest illumination intensity, zone of interest illumination zone, the adjacent imaging point distance that excites based on different shotpoint spacings and the adjacent imaging point distance that receives based on different inspection well sections.Fig. 4 has shown the sectional view of incident compressional angle, compressional wave degree of covering (bump number of times) and scope, transformed wave incident angle and transformed wave degree of covering and the scope calculated in the two-dimentional VSP recording geometry design.
Fig. 5 has shown shot point and imaging point graph of a relation, received well section and imaging point graph of a relation, compressional wave degree of covering dropping cut slice figure and the longitudinal wave reflection strength level slice map that calculates in the design of three-dimensional VSP recording geometry.
5, recording geometry assessment and selection
At the requirement of the VSP of target area exploration, the characteristic parameter and the seismic response that utilize the cardinal rule in the above-mentioned steps 6 that different recording geometrys are calculated are analyzed and are assessed, and determine final design proposal.Assessment and the cardinal rule of selecting are:
(1) zone of interest reflection wave imaging scope satisfies project demand, does not have the blind area, does not have spatial aliasing;
(2) the vertical and cross direction profiles of zone of interest reflection wave degree of covering is even;
(3) zone of interest illumination intensity and distribution will be satisfied the demand of geology target exploration;
(4) zone of interest seismic event incident angle distributes less than 80% of reflection critical angle;
(5) time sampling interval and writing time length determine according to just drilling the result, satisfy the requirement of zone of interest reflection wave imaging;
(6) for the exploration of many components vertical seismic profiling (VSP), help while the best and observe up wave of compression (PP) and shearing wave (PSv), be easy to different wavefield separation.
(7) economy optimum.
In above-mentioned three cover three-dimensional VSP recording geometrys designs, to analyze map etc. by features relevant parameter shown in Figure 5 and selected the received well section at 3000-3610m, shot point, perpendicular offset are that the recording geometry of 100m (shot point distributes as shown in Figure 6) designs.
6, final recording geometry design is submitted to
Put the relevant data data of final recording geometry design in order, provide the recording geometry design report to the user by the VSP technical manual.
It below is the example of effect of the present invention.
(1) is used to analyze the problem that two-dimentional in the past VSP recording geometry designs
One exploration targets is arranged near 5800 meters of the degree of depth, the recording geometry that conventional design method provides is: shot point is from well head 3500m; The received well section is 500-6800m; The acceptance point distance is 20 meters.Calculated characteristic parameter according to above summary of the invention.The partial parameters map of Fig. 4 for calculating with the present invention is comprising compressional wave, transformed wave incident angle and compressional wave, transformed wave degree of covering.Colour code has been indicated the codomain variation among the figure.Among the figure as seen, at objective interval, no matter compressional wave and transformed wave, high degree of covering zone is far away from well head, and corresponding less incident angle; Nearer from well head, the corresponding bigger incident angle in low degree of covering zone.Obvious this recording geometry is too big in the incident angle and the degree of covering horizontal change of zone of interest, causes the illuminance skewness, is unfavorable for the VSP data imaging.Analyzing by this, has negated the scheme that conventional method is determined, and design view examining system again, has avoided because the recording geometry design causes the problem of data acquisition quality.
(2) three-dimensional VSP recording geometry design
The geologic objective of certain wellblock is at degree of depth 5600-5800 rice, with this method to this wellblock 3D-3C VSP (three-dimensional three-component VSP) data acquisition carried out the optimal design of recording geometry.In design, for existing 32 grades (stage distance 20m) down-hole receiving systems, adopted three sets of plan to carry out calculation of characteristic parameters, be about to the down-hole survey layout and place three different degree of depth sections: 2000-2610m, 2500-3110m and 3000-3610m.Two sets of plan, i.e. shotpoint spacing 100m, perpendicular offset 100m and shotpoint spacing 200m, perpendicular offset 200m have been adopted in ground shot point design.Fig. 3 has shown the preliminary design scheme of a ground shot point, and shotpoint spacing and perpendicular offset are 100m.Fig. 5 has shown the content of four aspects, one, and the relation of shotpoint spacing and imaging point distance is used for analyzing shotpoint spacing is handled imaging to data influence in view of the above; Its two, excite with the shot point of different well spacings, the relation of inspection well section and imaging scope has reflected the horizontal change of the imaging scope of inspection well section correspondence, total volume imaging scope and reflection wave degree of covering; Its three, the variation of degree of covering on the zone of interest dropping cut slice; Its four, the variation of zone of interest dropping cut slice reflection coefficient (average reflection angle) combines the illuminance that has reflected zone of interest with the former.
By the comparison and the analysis-by-synthesis of different schemes, finally distribute and three overlap in the scheme of initial designs of inspection well sections at two cover shot points, determined that shot point, perpendicular offset are that 100m, received well section are the recording geometry of 3000-3610m.
On the basis of this sets of plan, carried out further perfect in conjunction with above-mentioned data.According to the wave impedance of zone of interest and the contact relation of overlying strata, calculated its reflection coefficient, shown in Fig. 6 (left side).Be not difficult to find out with the variation of incident angle from reflection coefficient, when reflection coefficient greater than 0.25 the time, corresponding incident angle approaches critical angle (being about 50 °).Longitudinal wave reflection intensity map among binding analysis Fig. 5, corresponding reflection coefficient is a red area among the figure greater than 0.25 zone, explanation approaches critical angle at this regional shot point in the incident angle of zone of interest, and its reflection coefficient changes unstable, is nonsensical with these shot point implementation data collections.Therefore, in further analyzing, four angular regions (greater than the zone of critical angle) very strong according to the longitudinal wave reflection intensity among Fig. 5, deleted among Fig. 3 should the zone correspondence shot point, finally formed the shot point distribution plan shown in Fig. 6, reduced by 1272 big guns in view of the above altogether, reduced nearly 12.5% data acquisition investment.Fig. 6 (right side) has shown the final shot point figure that determines.Fig. 7 has fully confirmed the correctness and the effect of the inventive method for carry out data acquisition and three-dimensional VSP compressional wave and transformed wave imaging data body by obtaining after handling by the design.
Claims (16)
1, a kind of method of optimizing the vertical seismic profile observation system design is characterized in that by performing step being:
1) according to observation project demand and geologic objective, determines the initial observation system;
2) utilize actual measurement or known data to set up the seismogeology model;
3) according to step 1) initial observation system, in step 2) lay different recording geometry more than two covers on the seismogeology model;
4) utilize known wave equation just drilling the response that obtains seismic wave field, utilize ray-tracing algorithm just drilling and obtain the interior seismic ray bump number of times of reflection spot position, incident and reflection angle, unit length or area, on this basis, one group of reflection VSP recording geometry adding up again or calculate becomes the characteristic parameter of image point relation with the target area;
5) utilize characteristic parameter to set up and analyze map;
6),, in the above recording geometry design of two covers, determine that preferred plan is used for actual exploration according to the calculation of characteristic parameters result of different recording geometrys according to project demand and geologic objective.
2, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the described definite initial observation of step 1) system is under the condition of homogeneous space model, utilize known optical reflection principle to calculate the picture point that is reflected into of given source point and acceptance point, obtain the imaging of target area usable reflection and corresponding source point and acceptance point distribution and scope in the homogeneous space model.
3, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1, it is characterized in that step 2) described actual measurement or known data comprise drilling well layering, sound wave, density logging data, also comprises surface-seismic data and tectonic structure source map.
4, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the described different recording geometry of step 3) is meant shot point number in the recording geometry and distribution or/and receive and count and the difference that distributes, and requires counting or/and the distribution gradual change of shot point and reception.
5, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1 is characterized in that the described ray-tracing algorithm of step 4) adopts Si Naier (Snell) theorem or Fermat (Fermat) principle algorithm.
6, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the described characteristic parameter of step 4) is to penetrate coefficient (R) with the reflection of known Zuo Pulizi (Zoeppritz) Equation for Calculating zone of interest, add up the number of times of reflection wave intensity in the given unit and incident wave bump, obtain the zone of interest illumination intensity, statistics is minimum, the maximum and average incident angle in each unit of statistics and calculates corresponding reflection coefficient.
7, according to the method for claim 1 or 6 described optimization vertical seismic profile observation system designs, it is characterized in that above-described reflection wave strength calculation formula is as follows:
Wherein: φ is a reflection wave intensity, and N is bump number of times, R (θ
i) be reflection coefficient, θ
iIncident angle.
8, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1 is characterized in that the described characteristic parameter of step 4) is the reflection spot different attribute of statistics zone of interest, and the characteristic that obtains zone of interest illumination zone and illumination subarea distributes.
9, according to the method for claim 1 or the design of 8 described optimization vertical seismic profile observation systems, it is characterized in that described illumination zone is the border of zone of interest seismic reflection point set, illumination zone is the variation range of statistics incident angle in each given unit and determines reflection critical angle size, according to definite illumination zones such as distribution of reflection critical angle distribution, reflection spot, the data set that all usable reflection points constitute constitutes the scope of illumination.
10, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 9, when a plurality of reflection spot is arranged in the given unit that it is characterized in that stating, count minimal reflection angle, maximum reflection angle, average reflection angle and advantage reflection angle, computing formula is as follows:
θ
Minimum=Min (θ
i) (i=1 ..., N)
θ
Maximum=Max (θ
i) (i=1 ..., N)
dθ＝90/M
M: the number of incident angle angle subregion;
K
max＝Max(K(j))(j＝1，…，M)
J
Max: K
MaxCorresponding sequence number;
N: the number of usable reflection point in unit length/area.
11, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the described characteristic parameter of step 4) is under recording geometry, calculate the imaging point of zone of interest with ray-tracing scheme, and it is projected to excite-receive the plane, form zone of interest imaging point data set, calculate the distance between the adjacent imaging point.
12, according to the method for claim 1 or 11 described optimization vertical seismic profile observation system designs, it is characterized in that the distance method between the described calculating consecutive point is:
DX
i＝offset
i-offset
i-1(i＝1，…，N)
All big guns, examine always to count and be N at the imaging point of zone of interest, by distance size ordering from well head, form new data set (..., offset
i...) (i=1 ..., N), offset is the distance of imaging point to well head.
13, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 12 is characterized in that the distance (DX between the described calculating consecutive point
i) maximal value of data centralization is greater than the size of given unit, revise recording geometry, otherwise data imaging do not satisfy the demand of geologic objective.
14, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system according to claim 1 design is characterized in that the described characteristic parameter of step 4) is that zone of interest imaging point data set is carried out calculating after the sorting distance between the adjacent imaging point by common-shot-gather,
Computing method are: corresponding each shot point is a reference point with the most shallow acceptance point, calculates to determine to receive to be arranged in the imaging point of zone of interest and the distance of reference point:
Wherein, m is that the reception of an arrangement is counted, and n is the shot point number.
15, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system design according to claim 1 is characterized in that the described analysis map of step 5) comprises the distribution plan of different reflection angles with change in depth; Reflection strength utilizes wave equation just drilling fabric analysis map as a result at the flat distribution map of zone of interest position, the graph of a relation of shotpoint spacing and imaging point, acceptance point apart from the graph of a relation of imaging point.
16, the method for optimization vertical seismic profile observation system according to claim 1 design, the selection that it is characterized in that step 6) are determined:
(1) zone of interest reflection wave imaging scope satisfies project demand, does not have the blind area, does not have spatial aliasing;
(2) the vertical and cross direction profiles of zone of interest reflection wave degree of covering is even;
(3) zone of interest illumination intensity and distribution will be satisfied the demand of geology target exploration;
(4) zone of interest seismic event incident angle distributes less than 80% of reflection critical angle;
(5) time sampling interval and writing time length determine according to just drilling the result, satisfy the requirement of zone of interest reflection wave imaging;
(6) for the exploration of many components vertical seismic profiling (VSP), help while the best and observe up wave of compression (PP) and shearing wave (PSv), be easy to different wavefield separation;
(7) economy optimum.
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