CN107526101B - A kind of acquisition and processing method obtaining earthquake reflected wave - Google Patents
A kind of acquisition and processing method obtaining earthquake reflected wave Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A kind of acquisition and processing method obtaining earthquake reflected wave, comprising: (1) establish exploratory area geological model；(2) geophysical parameters are assigned for exploratory area geological model；(3) illumination forward modeling is carried out using excitation wavelet, determines that corresponding model obtains effective excitation wavelet of ceiling capacity according to illumination intensity；(4) illumination forward modeling is carried out using the excitation wavelet of selection, obtains the spread length pair of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；(5) the vertical minimum resolution calculated using the stratum smallest tier speed of the maximum frequency of selected excitation wavelet and geophysical parameters, is sampled as space sampling frequency, obtains the space sampling densities of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；(6) parameter that will be determined in step (3)-(5) carries out pilot test as field test parameter；(7) obtaining influences the sensitive parameter of geologic objective body imaging effect and the sensitive parameter of cost factor；(8) the effectively economically viable acquisition scheme of technology is obtained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical fields of geophysical exploration seismic data acquisition, anti-more particularly to a kind of acquisition earthquake
The acquisition and processing method of ejected wave.
Background technique
Which type of seismic wave is the design of seismic prospecting seismic data acquisition method comprising generating, being connect with which type of wave detector
It receives seismic wave and which type of range to observe seismic wave in.Be exactly in brief the exciting method of seismic wave, demodulation method and
Observation system design.
General observation system design method is to collect the geophysical model parameter in exploratory area, theoretical calculation observation system
Face element side length, spread length, degree of covering, the three-dimensional also attribute evaluation etc. comprising receiving line-spacing and different observation systems.?
Seismic prospecting maturation zone, also using observation systems such as actual seismic analysis face element side length, spread length and degree of covering
Parameter.Wave equation illumination in recent years and forward modeling technique are gradually referred to the design of seismic prospecting seismic data acquisition method
In, a kind of preferable means are provided for the customization of seismic data acquisition observation system.
The excitation of seismic wave and demodulation method design, usually customize according to test.In terms of the excitation of seismic wave, packet
Containing two aspects of dynamite source and controlled source.If it is using explosive, as focus, surface layer knot first usually is carried out in exploratory area
Structure and lithology investigation design multiple well depth sections excitation in the different excitation layers such as speed reduction layer, high-speed layer, different lithology layer position, excellent
Excitation well depth is selected to carry out shooting dose test, preferably shooting dose carries out the test of well number.If it is controlled source is used, then generally
Test comprising surface sweeping length, scan frequency, sweep ramp, vibration number, vibration number of units etc..In terms of the detection of seismic wave,
Usually multiple combinations mode is tested, and may also include wave detector type Selection Test.
Existing seismic prospecting seismic data acquisition method design is mature on technological layer, but in Seismology and Geology item
Part complex area, there is also many deficiencies.As covered stratum under fold building due to the screening effect by high steep folded strata, exploration
Effect is poor, is always that geophysical exploration man endeavours the problem solved.For covering seismic exploration, general acquisition under fold building
Design method fans out from point to area because of typically just 1-2 point of geophysical model and is difficult to meet the change of exploration area seismic geological codition
Change；It the excitation of seismic wave and receives and seldom considers theory of geophysics condition, test is more or incomplete；Single-shot seismic wave field complexity,
Reflected energy is weak, scattering interference is strong, and firsthand information signal-to-noise ratio is low, it is difficult to evaluation effect.On the other hand, existing seismic prospecting
Seismic data acquisition method designs the validity that only considered technical method, and does not consider the economic evaluation of technical method, if
The method of meter may excessively be strengthened, and the method for reinforcing can further increase the high cost high risk of seismic data acquisition, Jin Erke
It can restrict exploration investment and delay the exploration progress for being conducive to zone.
Qinghai-Tibet oil-gas exploration area landforms are mainly grassland, there is a small amount of marsh and old stratum exposure area, ground in basin
Gesture is gentle, and deposit is mainly gravel, how aqueous and drift sand, and drilling well difficulty is larger, and well completion rate is low, is not suitable for drilling machine operation.
Seismic survey work development in this area's is less, and mostly dynamite source, obtained seismic data quality are not satisfactory.And with country
Requirement to environmental protection and safety improves year by year, and dynamite source is no longer optimal selection.
Tibet Plateau is that the land area that China generally acknowledges at present is maximum, degree of prospecting is minimum, resource potential is maximum
Oil-gas exploration new district.The especially Basin Groups such as Qiangtang Basin, the drawing of human relations slope and Nima, area is larger, the big col pattern of Talon, stratum
Thickness exceedes myriametre, has good hydrocarbon-generation matter, develops the good reservoir such as dolomite and the paleocrust of weathering, cover regional cream more
Salt-roof rock, it was found that have oil-gas migration evidence, have the material base and primary condition to form large oil and gas fields.But due to Tibet
Highlands height above sea level, field work bad environments, safe and environment-friendly requirement is high, oil-gas geology Job engagement wretched insufficiency, in addition
Plateau oil-gas exploration technology is unqualified, and seismic data acquisition does not make a breakthrough, and data noise is relatively low, is not able to satisfy structure
It makes explanation and the factors such as needs, constrain the oil-gas exploration and development work of this area, cause to fail to obtain strategic breakthrough for many years.In recent years
Come, with the further increasing of Tibet plateau oil-gas exploration dynamics, to seismic exploration technique it is also proposed that requirements at the higher level, while Tibet
Plateau eco-environment is more fragile, and security context is severeer, and there is an urgent need to one kind to be not only able to satisfy oil-gas exploration and development demand but also energy
Meet the seismic exploration technique of environmental protection requirement, to realize the target of the safe and environment-friendly oil-gas exploration of Tibet plateau.
Summary of the invention
Technology of the invention solves the problems, such as: overcoming the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of adopting for acquisition earthquake reflected wave
Collection and processing method, are able to solve in general design method the problem of observation system design aspect fans out from point to area, in earthquake
The excitation of wave and the excessive or insufficient problem of the test for receiving aspect, the economic evaluation problem in terms of technological value, are improved
Acquisition test specific aim, improves the validity of acquisition scheme, improves the economy of acquisition scheme.
The technical solution of the invention is as follows: this acquisition and processing method for obtaining earthquake reflected wave comprising following
Step:
(1) exploratory area geological model is established；
(2) geophysical parameters are assigned for the exploratory area geological model；
(3) to the exploratory area geological model for assigning geophysical parameters, illumination forward modeling is carried out using excitation wavelet, according to illumination
Intensity determines that corresponding model obtains effective excitation wavelet of ceiling capacity；
(4) excitation wavelet selected in applying step (3) is to the exploratory area Geological Model for assigning geophysical parameters in step (2)
Type carries out illumination forward modeling, and the reception of seismic wave is carried out using the survey layout for being equivalent to 3-4 times of target zone buried depth, to illumination forward modeling
Data are analyzed and processed, and obtain the spread length pair of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(5) spread length pair obtained in the excitation wavelet and step (4) selected in applying step (3), using imparting ground
The exploratory area geological model of ball physical parameter carries out illumination forward modeling, using the maximum frequency and geophysics of selected excitation wavelet
The vertical minimum resolution that the stratum smallest tier speed of parameter calculates, is sampled as space sampling frequency, to illumination forward modeling number
According to the space sampling densities for being analyzed and processed acquisition geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(6) parameter that will be determined in step (3)-(5) carries out pilot test as field test parameter；
(7) the test data data in step (6) is analyzed and processed, obtaining influences geologic objective body imaging effect
The sensitive parameter of sensitive parameter and cost factor；
(8) according to the sensitive parameter obtained in step (7), the effective several schemes of designing technique, using value engineering
Principle carries out economic evaluation to each scheme, obtains the effectively economically viable acquisition scheme of technology.
The present invention instructs test parameters formulation, specific aim assay optimization acquisition parameter, application value work using model theory
Journey theoretical evaluation scheme economy, and then the economical and effective acquisition scheme of specific seismic geological codition is designed, therefore be able to solve
In general design method the problem of observation system design aspect fans out from point to area, the test in terms of the excitation of seismic wave and reception
Excessive or insufficient problem, the economic evaluation problem in terms of technological value improve acquisition test specific aim, improve acquisition side
The validity of case improves the economy of acquisition scheme.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the acquisition and processing method according to the present invention for obtaining earthquake reflected wave.
Fig. 2 shows the energy relationships of face element size and different angle.
Fig. 3 shows the energy relationship of geophone offset and different angle.
Fig. 4 is low frequency controlled source different frequency bands energy attenuation schematic diagram.
Fig. 5 is observation system schematic diagram.
Fig. 6 shows QN2012-01 survey line single-shot time frequency analysis curve.
Specific embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, this acquisition and processing method for obtaining earthquake reflected wave comprising following steps:
(1) exploratory area geological model is established；
(2) geophysical parameters are assigned for the exploratory area geological model；
(3) to the exploratory area geological model for assigning geophysical parameters, illumination forward modeling is carried out using excitation wavelet, according to illumination
Intensity determines that corresponding model obtains effective excitation wavelet of ceiling capacity；
(4) excitation wavelet selected in applying step (3) is to the exploratory area Geological Model for assigning geophysical parameters in step (2)
Type carries out illumination forward modeling, and the reception of seismic wave is carried out using the survey layout for being equivalent to 3-4 times of target zone buried depth, to illumination forward modeling
Data are analyzed and processed, and obtain the spread length pair of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(5) spread length pair obtained in the excitation wavelet and step (4) selected in applying step (3), using imparting ground
The exploratory area geological model of ball physical parameter carries out illumination forward modeling, using the maximum frequency and geophysics of selected excitation wavelet
The vertical minimum resolution that the stratum smallest tier speed of parameter calculates, is sampled as space sampling frequency, to illumination forward modeling number
According to the space sampling densities for being analyzed and processed acquisition geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(6) parameter that will be determined in step (3)-(5) carries out pilot test as field test parameter；
(7) the test data data in step (6) is analyzed and processed, obtaining influences geologic objective body imaging effect
The sensitive parameter of sensitive parameter and cost factor；
(8) according to the sensitive parameter obtained in step (7), the effective several schemes of designing technique, using value engineering
Principle carries out economic evaluation to each scheme, obtains the effectively economically viable acquisition scheme of technology.
The present invention instructs test parameters formulation, specific aim assay optimization acquisition parameter, application value work using model theory
Journey theoretical evaluation scheme economy, and then the economical and effective acquisition scheme of specific seismic geological codition is designed, therefore be able to solve
In general design method the problem of observation system design aspect fans out from point to area, the test in terms of the excitation of seismic wave and reception
Excessive or insufficient problem, the economic evaluation problem in terms of technological value improve acquisition test specific aim, improve acquisition side
The validity of case improves the economy of acquisition scheme.
In addition, the exploratory area geological model of the step (1), includes the typical seismic data depth migration section in exploratory area, this
There is gauffer construction on a little sections, while it is exploration target zone that stratum is covered under gauffer geologic body；Exploratory area geological model also includes surface layer
Geologic structure model；Exploratory area geological model is (x, y, z) spatial model.
In addition, the speed of geophysical parameters is depth migration velocity field or acoustic logging, VSP speed in the step (2)
Spend field；The density of geophysical parameters is the density of density log or the density of lithology investigation.
In addition, effective excitation wavelet determines in the step (3), it is the seismic wave for completely meeting exploratory area seismic geological codition；
Seismic geological codition determines the effective band of specific exploratory area seismic wave, passes through the model illumination of different effective band seismic wavelets
Forward modeling according to energy maximization principle, and then determines the effective band of exploratory area seismic wave.
In addition, receiving the spread length of seismic wave in the step (4), stratigraphic dip is got according to Fermat's principle satisfaction
About 70 degree or so of earthquake reflected wave, the back wave according to diffraction theory stratigraphic dip greater than 70 degree are received；For high steep pleat
Wrinkle stratum, this spread length is 3-4 times of target zone buried depth.
In addition, sensitive parameter analysis method includes to carry out different observations to the seismic data of acquisition to be in the step (7)
System parameter Prestack Imaging precision, fidelity, resolution analysis, and the matching analysis of excitation, reception and observation system.
In addition, this method uses low frequency operation by vibroseis.
In addition, low frequency controlled source is two-dimentional wideband the wide line high density low frequency controlled source.
It is further illustrated by taking Tibet Nyima basin two-dimensional seismic survey engineering and Qinghai-Tibet oil-gas exploration as an example below
The present invention.
Tibet Plateau is that the land area that China generally acknowledges at present is maximum, degree of prospecting is minimum, resource potential is maximum
Oil-gas exploration new district.The especially Basin Groups such as Qiangtang Basin, the drawing of human relations slope and Nima, area is larger, the big col pattern of Talon, stratum
Thickness exceedes myriametre, has good hydrocarbon-generation matter, develops the good reservoir such as dolomite and the paleocrust of weathering, cover regional cream more
Salt-roof rock, it was found that have oil-gas migration evidence, have the material base and primary condition to form large oil and gas fields.But due to Tibet
Highlands height above sea level, field work bad environments, safe and environment-friendly requirement is high, oil-gas geology Job engagement wretched insufficiency, in addition
Plateau oil-gas exploration technology is unqualified, and seismic data acquisition does not make a breakthrough, and data noise is relatively low, is not able to satisfy structure
It makes explanation and the factors such as needs, constrain the oil-gas exploration and development work of this area, cause to fail to obtain strategic breakthrough for many years.In recent years
Come, with the further increasing of Tibet plateau oil-gas exploration dynamics, to seismic exploration technique it is also proposed that requirements at the higher level, while Tibet
Plateau eco-environment is more fragile, and security context is severeer, and there is an urgent need to one kind to be not only able to satisfy oil-gas exploration and development demand but also energy
Meet the seismic exploration technique of environmental protection requirement, to realize the target of the safe and environment-friendly oil-gas exploration of Tibet plateau.
Tibet Plateau seismic prospecting starts from the 1990s, completing two-dimensional seismic survey in Qiangtang Basin at present
3300km completes two-dimensional seismic survey 2460km, 3-d seismic exploration 183km in Lunpola Basin2；China of Ministry of Land and Resources
Geologic survey office nearly more than 10 year is disposed in basins such as Changtang and completes two-dimension earthquake test and measurement 1132km；Petrochemical industry is surveyed in 2010
It visits southern branch company and carries out the acquisition tackling key problem of 70km two-dimension earthquake in Lunpola Basin, achieve preferable effect.China in 2013
Geologic survey office petroleum resources investigation center is cooperated to combine to dispose in Lunpola Basin to implement two with middle petrochemical industry exploration branch company
Tie up seismic prospecting 450km；Petrochemical industry exploration branch company implements in Qiangtang Basin Biwa Lake, the deployment of peninsula lake area in 2014
Two-dimensional seismic survey 600km；Nyima basin degree of prospecting is low, and only 1 50km of two-dimension earthquake survey line is completed in deployment in 2012.
By nearly more than the 20 years exploration and practices of China seismic survey work person, a set of Tibet Plateau explosive is formd
Epicenter excitation seismic acquisition technology.Table 1 is Tibet Plateau various years two-dimension earthquake acquisition parameter table, is mainly made the nineties
It is the digital seismograph of representative, track pitch 50m and 40m, 60-120 observation of degree of covering system to SYSTEM-II and Telseis
System, big dose shallow well shooting on group have carried out the test of KZ-20 controlled source, and 3 × 12 areal arrays of wave detector are received, obtained
Seismic data signal-to-noise ratio it is low, the reflection of especially mid-deep strata is weaker, and interior curtain structure is unclear, and wave group feature is unobvious, it is difficult to
Tracking is compared on seismic profile to explain.Since 2010, middle petrochemical industry, which explores branch company's tissue, has good equipment and richness
The exploration crew 5 of technical force carries out system tackling key problem test, mainly uses 408UL and 428XL digital seismograph, track pitch 20m,
30m and 40m, 100-228 observation system of degree of covering, the big dose excitation of the mono- deep-well of 5m and 20-24m below high-speed layer pass through
Wave detector embedding technology is improved, guarantees that wave detector receives below loose surface layer 30cm, improves geophone coupling condition.This
Outside, for plateau hills level land, the types such as mountain front, grassland, marsh and frozen soil layer, using high-resolution satellite photo and big ratio
Example topographic map instructs survey line to dispose, and higher position is low, the methods of keeps away dry just wet, reasonable changes sight obtains preferable seismic data by keeping away,
Quality of profile improved more in the past, covered observation system using 3 line, 1 big gun the wide line height within especially 2014, quality of profile has very
It is big to improve, the target zone Triassic system, Jurassic system, third system inside story reflection wave groups signal-to-noise ratio be obviously improved, each structural unit is indirect
Touching relationship is relatively clear.But because surface layer seismic geological codition is poor, deep seismic geological conditions is also sufficiently complex, main purpose
It is fierce that layer stratum rises and falls, and fold is serious, and stratigraphic dip is larger, and occurrence is changeable, and overthrust fault development, stratum cutting is strong, imaging
Effect is poor.
1 Tibet Plateau various years of table two-dimension earthquake acquisition parameter table
Nyima basin area belongs to Tibet plateau seismic prospecting low signal-to-noise ratio area, landform based on the level land of plateau hills,
Have the types such as mountain front, grassland, marsh and frozen soil layer, subsurface geologic structures are complicated in area, rift structure development, stratigraphic dip compared with
Suddenly.Previous seismic data quality fails to obtain biggish breakthrough always, seriously constrains the further exploration of area's petroleum resources.
Existing technology is acquired between common seismic and environmental problem, this collecting work propose low frequency Seismic Exploration with Vibrator,
And research of technique test is carried out according to workspace concrete condition.Seismic Exploration with Vibrator can be according to work area surface conditions and surveying
Depth sounding degree carries out focal shock parameter adjustment, has the characteristics that " safe and environment-friendly, efficient ".Controlled source is promoted in Tibet Plateau
The needs for meeting national security production and social safety, also comply with the needs of highlands environmental protection.
It is directed in mid-deep strata oil-gas exploration in Nyima basin, using wideband, the wide line, high density, low frequency controlled source two dimension
Seismic prospecting scheme, for the imaging effect for improving objective body, design has small track pitch, antiaircraft gun track density, high effectively covering time
The observation system of number, high sampling rate feature.
To spatial sampling interval and the wide line width optimization design, the high steep shallow-layer imaging effect of guarantee, emphasis consideration road spacing,
Survey line width, road spacing should meet spatial sampling theorem, it is desirable that road spacing is less than the half of significant wave minimum apparent wavelength, the wide line
Data superposition shallow contribution is big, and deep influence is small, and the width of the wide line must assure that underground vertical is wide in the CDP face element of line direction
Spend reflected waves can in-phase stacking, general the wide line width is twice of CDP bin width, when the certain situation of degree of covering
Under, small patches have apparent advantage, but when stratigraphic dip increase, reflected energy rapid attenuation (Fig. 2).Therefore sampled point
Away from selection to comprehensively consider being mutually matched for each parameter of observation system.
To effective spread length optimization design, long array is conducive to formation imaging, is conducive to improve deep layer velocity analysis essence
Degree, but after greater than 2 times target geological body buried depths of spread length, reflected energy amplification is little, in the case that spread length is certain,
Reflected energy increases rapid decay (Fig. 3) with stratigraphic dip.For deep layer, steeper stratum, it can suitably increase spread length,
The selection of spread length is not more than 2 times of main exploration target buried depth.
To degree of covering optimization design, high degree of covering can improve the illuminance of complex geologic body, be conducive to Noise Elimination,
Noise Elimination power is small relative to the increased amount rank of degree of covering.When earthquake inclination angle is larger, degree of covering influences to reduce on data.Cause
This, combined structure complicated structure feature, the preferred degree of covering of noise development degree are wanted in degree of covering selection.
Labor intensity can effectively reduce using controlled source in Tibet plateau, protection is suitble to always compared with fragile ecological environment
The difficult area of floor exposure area, gravel buildup well-digging.Low frequency controlled source KZ28 (LFV3) lowest useful frequency reaches 1.5Hz,
Since low frequency signals decay is slow, penetration capacity is strong, is conducive to improve mid-deep strata data energy and signal-to-noise ratio (Fig. 4), reduces scanning
Frequency Design, effectively bass reflex energy in enhancing, improve low-frequency range imaging effect.
It can be seen that under the conditions of identical degree of covering by excitation condition Experimental Comparison section, 21 excitation sections
Slightly better than 11 time, compared with dynamite source, stimulation effect is better than the section effect of explosive in high speed layer.Experiments have shown that with
Degree of covering increases, and low frequency controlled source data image quality steps up, while divided scanning compares, low frequency controlled source
Section is more much broader than the dominant frequency band of dynamite source section, illustrates Tibet plateau basin area using low frequency controlled source high density
Wode line seismic acquisition greatly strengthens pressure and makes an uproar ability, is conducive to the raising of seismic data signal-to-noise ratio and resolution ratio.For area's earthquake
The determination of data collection scheme provides reliable basis.
The double complexity in the area earth's surface underground, reflection signal is weak, noise is relatively low, vertically and horizontally develops the interference wave of different characteristic,
According to feature of noise, targeted design detector array accomplishes detector array Noise Elimination and observation system Noise Elimination phase
Matching handles denoising by indoor data and geophone group combined pressure is made an uproar combinations, raising signal-to-noise ratio.Experiments have shown that laterally big combination
Side interference can be effectively suppressed, useful signal is protected, longitudinal big combination has also suppressed significant wave while suppressing interference, so
It is suppressed using laterally big the combination effectively interference of compacting side, Vertical Disturbing wave by subsequent processing, according to dry in data processing
It disturbs baud point and takes and targetedly denoise measure, data signal-to-noise ratio can be effectively improved.
It is tackled key problems by test, in conjunction with seismic geological codition, is seen in construction using 2 line, 3 big gun, 480 (2L3S480T) the wide line
Examining system (Fig. 5), i.e. observation system are 7185-15-30-15-7185, and track pitch 30m, big gun is away from 30m, reception line-spacing 60m, perpendicular offset of shot line
60m, spread length 7200m, degree of covering highest 1440 times；Low frequency controlled source KZ28 (LFV3) is swashed using 21 vibrations
Hair, drive amplitude 65%, sweep length 16s, scan frequency 1.5-84Hz are successfully realized lower than 3Hz signal excitation；Wave detector
Combination uses 20 wave detector 95m cardinal distance horizontal opens.As it can be seen that low frequency controlled source increases effective low-frequency information, imaging is improved
Resolution ratio is seen using the larger promotion of the methods of longer spread, small distance between receivers, the wide line, high density, high covering, the big combination of lateral wave detector
The pressure of examining system is made an uproar effect, is improved data signal-to-noise ratio, while increasing the sample space of seismic wave field, is improved the sky of seismic wave field
Between ability in sampling, for the development of this area fold, higher formation clination, overthrust fault develop the case where, its seismic wave can be improved
The playback effect of field increases the effective degree of covering of target zone, improves the energy of the weak reflective information of target geological, seismic data matter
Amount significantly improves, and in same position survey line, compared with old data, the structural configuration of new data stacked section is clearer, stratum
Abundant information, lineups are more continuous, and signal-to-noise ratio, wave group feature of data etc. are greatly improved, and are able to satisfy structure interpretation needs.
Therefore, by using low frequency operation by vibroseis, more meet the wide line, wideband, high-density seismic acquisition technology
It is required that acquisition degree of covering is greatly improved, the energy of the weak reflective information of target geological is enhanced, data quality is obvious
It improves.The case where for area's fold development, higher formation clination, overthrust fault development, the playback effect of seismic wave field obtains
Preferably improve.Relative to conventional controlled source, low frequency controlled source has good expansion, earthquake stimulation signal tool in low frequency end
For low frequency energy more abundant, by the feature strong using low frequency signal penetrability, decaying is slow, energy is passed under seismic wave and is mentioned
The imaging effect of height, target zone is preferably improved.Using wave detector, laterally big combination is received, and effectively suppresses side interference
Wave guarantees that significant wave information is not suppressed.From the point of view of current acquisition situation, by the comparison with old data, low frequency controllably shakes
The stimulation effect in the area Yuan Gai is more preferable than well gun excitation mode, and first arrival is more visible, achieves using preferable effect.The achievement of tackling key problem
Show that Tibet plateau basin area carries out the feasibility and validity of seismic prospecting using low frequency controlled source, breaches high crude oil
Gas exploration technique bottleneck, for the area, oil-gas exploration, which makes a breakthrough, plays effective impetus.Meanwhile low frequency controlled source is more pacified
Loopful is protected, and will not be affected greatly to environment, be obtained the recognition and acceptance of local government.
Structure Dynamics In The Qinghai-tibet Region is located at the most abundant Tethyan Tectonic Domain middle section of global Oil Gas yield highest, reserves, be China now
The petroliferous province that land area is maximum, oil-gas prospecting and research degree are minimum develops numerous Mesozoic and Cenozoic time deposition basins
Ground.Although achieving some achievements to Qinghai-Tibet oil-gas geology research in recent years, still due to geophysical exploration technology
The difficulty for not capturing complicated earth's surface and subsurface geology condition completely, constrains us to Qinghai-Tibet emphasis basin underground structure
The understanding of construction and petroleum-geologic condition.Especially there is permanent " frozen soil layer " for being different from other areas, Neng Gouping in Qinghai-Tibet Platean
It covers energy to propagate downwards, causes seismic data signal-to-noise ratio generally not high.
Qinghai-xizang Plateau Region first discovery petroleum starts from 1871.After the founding of the state, carried out more wheel oil gas in Structure Dynamics In The Qinghai-tibet Region to survey
Look into work.In recent years numerous studies confirm since, and Qinghai-Tibet Platean is using Qiangtang Basin as the Marine Basin of representative and with Lunpola Basin
For the continental basins hydrocarbon source rock thickness that represents is huge, organic matter type is good, organic matter is high post-mature, has and form larger hydrocarbon
The material base in field shows that Structure Dynamics In The Qinghai-tibet Region has wide Hydrocarbon Potential.
Qinghai-Tibet oil-gas exploration area landforms are mainly grassland, there is a small amount of marsh and old stratum exposure area, ground in basin
Gesture is gentle, and deposit is mainly gravel, how aqueous and drift sand, and drilling well difficulty is larger, and well completion rate is low, is not suitable for drilling machine operation.
Seismic survey work development in this area's is less, and mostly dynamite source, obtained seismic data quality are not satisfactory.And with country
Requirement to environmental protection and safety improves year by year, and dynamite source is no longer optimal selection.
To solve the difficulty that Qinghai-Tibet seismic prospecting faces, area's underground structure construction is verified, this test is using low
Frequency operation by vibroseis.Controlled source more meets the requirement of the wide line, high-density acquisition technique, and acquisition is greatly improved and covers
Lid number enhances the energy of the weak reflective information of target geological, can significantly improve data quality.Relative to conventional controllable shake
Source, low frequency controlled source have better expansion in low frequency end, and earthquake stimulation signal has low frequency energy more abundant, passes through
The feature strong using low frequency signal penetrability, decaying is slow, passes energy raising under seismic wave, the imaging effect of target zone can obtain compared with
Good improvement.High-density acquisition and low-frequency information can improve permanent " frozen soil layer " to a certain extent and make to the shielding of signal
With the mid-deep strata for improving seismic data is imaged.
Area belonging to this research work also belongs to Qinghai-Tibet seismic prospecting low signal-to-noise ratio area, and landform is with plateau hills
Based on level land, there are the types such as mountain front, grassland, marsh and frozen soil layer, subsurface geologic structures are complicated in area, rift structure development.
Previous earthquake data quality failed to obtain big breakthrough always, seriously constrained further surveying for area's oil gas and hydrate resource
It visits.2015, it is directed to mid-deep strata oil-gas exploration in Nyima basin, using wideband, the wide line, high density, low frequency controlled source two dimension
Seismic prospecting scheme, 3 line, 4 big gun, 480 channel width line observation system, track pitch 30m, big gun receive line-spacing 60m, big gun line away from 30m, 60m
Away from 60m, degree of covering is up to 2520 times；Using low frequency controlled source 21 time or 31 vibration excitations, 2 string wave detector transverse direction faces
Product combination receives.Centered on improving target zone signal-to-noise ratio, carry out earthquake data acquisition, integration of processing and interpretation tackling key problem.
Nyima basin research area's degree of prospecting is low, and oil-gas exploration only has the two-dimension earthquake survey line completed in 2012, can
It is seldom for the reference of reference.For this area's height above sea level in 4500m or more, frozen soil layer is widely distributed in this area.Frozen soil is by ice
The soil of consolidation, velocity of longitudinal wave are much larger than surface layer weathering zone and incomplete diagenesis stratum of underliing, and are a high-speed layers.Due to
The shielding of high-speed layer, seismic wave energy transmission are difficult.It is interfered additionally, due to serious static correction problem and line noise, previous institute
Seismic data is obtained to be difficult to be imaged substantially in deep position.
Linear disturbance development, original earthquake data signal-to-noise ratio are low.The main surface structure in the area is Quarternary deposit, and heavy
Product thickness difference is anisotropic big, and maximum gauge reaches 100m.Most of excitation energy is propagated along near surface, and energy dissipation is serious, and
Linear disturbance is caused to develop.
Frozen soil layer influences seismic data quality.Frozen soil layer is widely distributed in the area.Very due to surface layer frozen soil layer formation velocity
Height can mask and pass energy under most earthquake stimulation, it makes the seismic wave energy transmitted through this layer weak, ground receiver
Energy reflection pickup electrode to target zone is weak.
Complicated surface structure causes static correction problem serious.The region low velocity layer rise and fall acutely, surface structure thickness from
Several meters, more than ten meters to up to a hundred meters variations, without static correction interface is stablized, lateral speed change is big.
By analyzing the previous seismic data in the area and geology characteristic, the factor for influencing this area's earthquake data quality is mainly
Static correction, linear disturbance and frozen soil layer signal shielding.Static correction problem reduces image quality, the letter of linear disturbance and frozen soil layer
Number shielding causes seismic data signal-to-noise ratio relatively low, and data quality is poor.To solve the problems, such as that signal-to-noise ratio is lower, with width in collection process
Bandwidth line high density is theory, enhances useful signal energy using the strong penetration capacity of low frequency signal and high degree of covering, utilizes
High degree of covering Attenuating Random Noise enhances useful signal.Simultaneously during processing using targetedly denoising method, as far as possible
Reduce influence of noise；For static correction problem, comprehensive static correction technology is chromatographed using full first break information, reaches meticulous depiction surface layer
The purpose of model and the high precision computation for realizing static correction.
1. the wide line high density two-dimensional observation technology.In the acquisition of the wide line high density two dimension, covered using small distance between receivers, the wide line, height
The pressure that the methods of lid is able to ascend observation system is made an uproar effect, and the interference wave of extensive development in research area is suppressed very well,
Raising data signal-to-noise ratio；The sample space for increasing seismic wave field simultaneously, the spatial sampling ability for improving seismic wave field increase mesh
The effective degree of covering of layer, improve the weak reflective information of target geological energy.
The effective degree of covering of target zone is significantly promoted by the observation of high density the wide line, increases space excitation dot density,
It can effectively improve frozen soil layer energy barrier, improve the weak reflection signal energy of deep layer target zone.By establishing frozen soil layer forward model,
This problem is illustrated well.It can be seen that frozen soil layer acts on the energy barrier of deep formation, by increasing space excitation
Dot density can improve frozen soil layer to the energy barrier of deep formation.
2. low-frequency excitation technology.Time frequency analysis has been carried out to the single-shot seismic data of area acquisition in 2012, it can be seen that
Area's seismic wave energy decays quickly (Fig. 6), the shielding action along with frozen soil layer to energy, mid-deep strata target zone it is effective anti-
It is weak to penetrate energy, signal-to-noise ratio is low.Therefore for Jurassic system, Cretaceous System target zone effective reflection energy is weak and with low frequency response is
Main feature, need to be using protection low frequency, the excitation technique of the weak reflected energy of raising.
Low-frequency excitation technology is primarily referred to as being excited using special low frequency controlled source, relative to conventional controllable shake
Source, low frequency controlled source have good expansion in low frequency end, and earthquake stimulation signal has low frequency energy more abundant, can be with
The feature strong using low frequency signal penetrability, decaying is slow, preferably overcomes superstratum energy barrier and to effective reflected energy
Attenuation by absorption improves and passes energy under seismic wave, the recognition capability of the weak reflective information for mid-deep strata target zone is promoted, to make
The energy of the target zone back wave received enhances, the preferable imaging effect for improving target zone.
3. full first break information chromatographs comprehensive static correction technology.Wideband the wide line high density two-dimensional observational system have track pitch it is small,
Feature more than reception channel number is conducive to obtain high-precision first break information, and from the point of view of the previous single-shot data in the area, single-shot can be obtained
More visible first break information, therefore comprehensive static correction technology is chromatographed using full first break information in the implementation process of this project, it is real
The high precision computation of the meticulous depiction and static correction value of existing surface-level model, solves the problems, such as the static correction in the research area.
This technology includes the surface layer control point investigation based on model constraint, the high-precision surface layer modeling based on artillery first arrival
Be based on high density first arrival tomographic statics.Surface layer control point technique for investigation based on model constraint is the surface layer according to research area
Situation of change, scientific and reasonable laying points for investigation；High-precision surface layer modeling technique based on artillery first arrival is adopted using high density
Collection obtains first break information feature abundant, is constrained using surface layer information, establishes accurate surface structure model, reach meticulous depiction
The purpose of surface-level model and the high precision computation for realizing static correction.
Research area's topography is relatively flat, and single-shot data entirety difference is little.Study area west and south QN2015-01 line earth's surface
Exposure igneous rock, shooting-receiving condition is poor, single-shot inferior quality.It studies relatively flat, low up to then wrong lakeside topography in the middle part of area
Reduction of speed band is lateral, longitudinal all relatively stable, and data noise is relatively high, and effective band is wider.
The big portion in the region is covered by Quaternary Strata, has part Gu Xin-Eocene series ox fort group always in research area the north
Layer exposure, studies area's mid portion exposure Middle Jurassic series E Mengle group, and there are part Paleogene System (ox fort group, Dingqing in research area south
Lake group) old stratum exposure.From the point of view of the inverse model of surface layer, although area's earth's surface is gentle, the absolute drop of landform is little, sinking speed
With it is very thin (overwhelming majority at 15m or less), very thin surface layer, speed moment reach high speed, most areas reach
3000m/s, laterally, on longitudinal direction big, the unstable refracting layer of velocity variations, earth's surface show as strong heterogeneous high speed characteristics.?
Quarternary deposit region, there is also lateral acute variations for surface layer speed, may be influenced, are distributed with by up to then wrong water system coombe
Transmeridional small-sized alluvial fan, static correction problem are more serious.From common offset profile analysis it is found that first arrival is shaken, distorted sternly
Weight, high frequency static correction outstanding problem, from the point of view of the QN2015-01 survey line near-surface model of tomographic inversion, weathering zone is thin, low speed
Leukorrhagia is directly exactly that high speed is pushed up, and it is violent that high speed pushes up lateral speed change.
By the careful analysis to firsthand information, this research area feature of data is mainly reflected in following two aspect:
1. signal-to-noise ratio is low, noise development: area's topography and geomorphology cross directional variations are violent, and shooting-receiving condition has differences, and freeze
Soil layer and near surface boulder bed have shielding action to the propagation of seismic energy；Due to the difference of shooting-receiving condition, in earthquake original
The feature of surface wave, refracted wave and secondary disturbances wave etc. on beginning single shot record is had nothing in common with each other；In terms of the analysis of firsthand information, money
Expect that signal-to-noise ratio is low.
2. high frequency static correction outstanding problem: the absolute drop of local area landform is big, and high speed top velocity variations are big, and low velocity layer is thin,
In terms of tomographic inversion velocity profile, in, static correction problem caused by long wavelength it is smaller, and high frequency static correction is very prominent.
Signal-to-noise ratio is the basis of seismic data imaging, since research area's surface infrastructure is complicated so that surface wave, refraction involve it is scattered
Ejected wave development, the interference of gobi area controlled source data resonance, abnormal interfering energy are strong, and as earth's surface changes, noise characteristic
Difference is larger, causes difficulty to the compacting of prestack noise.
By analyzing, various noise development characteristics in area are main to interfere wave for surface wave, shallow refraction, anomalous amplitude interference.
For characteristics of interference waves, denoising method is combined using multiple domain, weak after first strong, first random after rule, high frequency after first low frequency, integration
Preferably, the method gradually denoised improves data signal-to-noise ratio, implements bad ground structural configuration for identification, multi-method combination, improves money
Expect signal-to-noise ratio.Especially to reinforce the protection of low frequency end and front end useful signal, optimize prestack trace gather, form mating prestack pressure and make an uproar
Technology.
According to the above roadmap, it is contemplated that the distribution rule of disturbance, energy rank carry out a variety of denoising methods
Combination, forms the prestack noise compact technique for Nyima basin: 1. in big gun domain using adaptive surface wave attenuation Surface Wave Elimination；
2. being decayed using frequency dividing anomalous amplitude decaying to residual surface wave and anomalous amplitude；3. utilizing prestack line in big gun domain and detection domain
Property disturbance suppression suppresses linear disturbance wave；4. using earth surface consistency vibration amplitude compensation and frequency dividing anomalous amplitude decaying in big gun
Domain is iterated, and gradually suppresses various remaining high energy anomalous amplitudes；5. residual by frequency dividing anomalous amplitude decaying compacting in the domain CMP
Anomalous amplitude is stayed, data signal-to-noise ratio is further increased.
It is relatively stable to study area's surface structure, but static correction high frequency accuracy is inadequate, how to solve high frequency imaging problem is this
The emphasis of secondary processing.By acquiring, handling integrated static correction tackling key problem work, in conjunction with micro-logging data, research area surface layer is established
Structural model solves datum static correction using quasi- three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics, eliminates high fdrequency component to the maximum extent and cause
Imaging problem, guarantee reflected wave in phase superposition, improve the image quality of data.Pass through the remaining quiet school of integrative global optimization simultaneously
The mating residual static correction technology such as just further improves high frequency imaging problem.
1. quasi- three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics.Datum static correction is by earth's surface excitation, receives the earthquake record school obtained
Just to an imaginary plane, to eliminate influence of the surface relief variation to seismic data.Method mainly has elevation correction, open country
External model static correction, tomographic statics, refraction static correction.For datum static correction, using quasi- three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics
It solves the problems, such as datum static correction, improves target zone imaging precision, quasi- three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics method refers to all two
Dimension data applies the three-dimensional grid of entire block, and the wide line and vertical, horizontal two-dimensional line both participate in static correction and pick up, calculate, protect in this way
Statistics road number when static correction calculates is demonstrate,proved；Solves closed-ended question by the calculating of big grid three dimensional pattern, by three-dimensional small
Grid solves imaging problem, both solves closed-ended question very well, has also satisfactorily resolved imaging effect.
By the above comparative analysis, it can be seen that quasi- three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics, it being capable of more acurrate reflection low velocity layer
Variation tendency solves the problems, such as other datum static correction amount large errors, chromatographs using the wide line of field multi information constraint
After static correction, common offset first arrival twisted phenomena has obtained very good solution, stacking image effect better than other methods at
As effect, section stacking image precision is improved well.
2. integrative global optimization residual static correction.Research area's surface conditions are various, low velocity layer thickness is very thin, velocity variations
Acutely, static correction problem is serious, after application datum static correction amount, however it remains certain high frequency residual statics problem,
Remaining static correction value can be sought with traditional residual static corrections.But since this area noise is relatively low, velocity pick is tired
Difficulty, model trace needed for earth's surface-consistent residual static correction can not be established accurately, low effort.Therefore, it is sought using the comprehensive overall situation
Excellent residual static correction, while by velocity analysis successive ignition, it can solve the residual static correction problem of the whole district, made to reflect same phase
Axis reaches best in-phase stacking.
Integrative global optimization residual static correction technology is a kind of new static correction calculation method, it is comprehensive ceiling capacity
Method, simulated annealing, the advantage in three kinds of methods of genetic algorithm, form new alternative expression mixing optimizing Value of residual static correction and seek
Algorithm.Its basic ideas is the initial population solved as genetic algorithm for generating maximum energy method and simulated annealing, so that
Individual in body is with strong points, is effectively controlled the scale of group, has higher efficiency search.Simultaneously in genetic algorithm
Maximum energy method and simulated annealing search are carried out after evolution, strengthens local search ability, are made up genetic algorithm and are lacked concentration of local
The defect of search is finally reached the purpose for rapidly converging to optimal solution (i.e. optimal static correction amount).It is surplus by integrative global optimization
After remaining static correction, south and the complicated region lineups continuity of central and north construction are remarkably reinforced, and high frequency static correction problem is into one
Step is addressed.Signal-to-noise ratio is greatly improved.
Pass through the use intended three-dimensional the wide line tomographic statics, divide domain multistep comprehensive prestack noise-removed technology, Precise imaging technology
And processing-explanation integration combines, and finds the problem timely feedback rectification during processing, complete this processing preferably
Geological tasks, end result data can better meet the requirement of structure interpretation.
Old data structural configuration is unintelligible, and image quality is poor.New data is compared with old data, the construction shape of end result
State, signal-to-noise ratio, wave group feature etc., which have, to be obviously improved, simultaneously because the contribution of low frequency, deep imaging quality are more preferable.
This test carries out highdensity earthquake data acquisition using low frequency controlled source, and is set up by experimental study
A set of effective permafrost region Seismic Data Processing Technique.It is suppressed by the static correction of high precision reference face, multiple domain integrated noise, is fine
The integrated application of imaging technique steps up the signal-to-noise ratio of data and resolution ratio, obtains the achievement section of higher quality,
Achieve some understanding.
(1) data is deep layer using two-dimentional wideband the wide line high density low frequency controlled source acquisition, low frequency end abundant information
It was found that having laid a good foundation.Integration tackling key problem is explained by acquisition process, obtains better quality in Nyima, Tibet, China basin
Seismic profile.
(2) it by analysis Experimental comparison and processing tackling key problem, has preliminarily formed in Nyima, Tibet, China basin with quasi- three-dimensional the wide line layer
It analyses static correction technology and prestack multiple domain integrated noise compact technique is the permafrost region processing technique of core.
(3) seismic profile quality is obviously improved compared with old data, but some areas are by subsurface seismic geology item
The influence of part complexity, seismic data quality is not still high, needs to continue to study.
The above is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention in any form, it is all according to
According to technical spirit any simple modification, equivalent change and modification to the above embodiments of the invention, still belong to the present invention
The protection scope of technical solution.
Claims (8)
1. it is a kind of obtain earthquake reflected wave acquisition and processing method, it is characterised in that: itself the following steps are included:
(1) exploratory area geological model is established；
(2) geophysical parameters are assigned for the exploratory area geological model；
(3) to the exploratory area geological model for assigning geophysical parameters, illumination forward modeling is carried out using excitation wavelet, according to illumination intensity
Determine that corresponding model obtains effective excitation wavelet of ceiling capacity；
(4) excitation wavelet selected in applying step (3) to assigned in step (2) the exploratory area geological models of geophysical parameters into
Row illumination forward modeling, the reception of seismic wave is carried out using the survey layout for being equivalent to 3-4 times of target zone buried depth, to illumination forward modeling data
It is analyzed and processed, obtains the spread length pair of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(5) spread length pair obtained in the excitation wavelet and step (4) selected in applying step (3), using imparting earth object
The exploratory area geological model of reason parameter carries out illumination forward modeling, using the maximum frequency and geophysical parameters of selected excitation wavelet
Stratum smallest tier speed calculate vertical minimum resolution, sampled as space sampling frequency, to illumination forward modeling data into
Row analysis processing obtains the space sampling densities of geologic objective layer optimal imaging effect；
(6) parameter that will be determined in step (3)-(5) carries out pilot test as field test parameter；
(7) the test data data in step (6) is analyzed and processed, obtains the sensitivity for influencing geologic objective body imaging effect
The sensitive parameter of parameter and cost factor；
(8) according to the sensitive parameter obtained in step (7), the effective scheme of designing technique, using value engineering principle to each
Scheme carries out economic evaluation, obtains the effectively economically viable acquisition scheme of technology.
2. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 1 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: the step
(1) exploratory area geological model includes the typical seismic data depth migration section in exploratory area, has gauffer construction on these sections, together
When gauffer geologic body under cover stratum be exploration target zone；Exploratory area geological model also includes surficial geology structural model；Exploratory area geology
Model is (x, y, z) spatial model.
3. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 2 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: the step
(2) speed of geophysical parameters is depth migration velocity field or acoustic logging, VSP velocity field in；Geophysical parameters it is close
Degree is the density of density log or the density of lithology investigation.
4. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 3 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: the step
(3) effective excitation wavelet determines in, is the seismic wave for meeting exploratory area seismic geological codition；Seismic geological codition determines specific spy
The effective band of area's seismic wave, by the model illumination forward modeling of different effective band seismic wavelets, according to energy maximization principle,
And then determine the effective band of exploratory area seismic wave.
5. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 4 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: the step
(4) spread length that seismic wave is received in gets about 70 degree of stratigraphic dip or so of seismic reflection according to Fermat's principle satisfaction
Wave, the back wave according to diffraction theory stratigraphic dip greater than 70 degree are received；For high steep folded strata, this spread length is
3-4 times of target zone buried depth.
6. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 5 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: the step
(7) in, sensitive parameter analysis method includes to carry out different observation system parameter Prestack Imaging precision to the seismic data of acquisition, protect
True degree, resolution analysis, and the matching analysis of excitation, reception and observation system.
7. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 1-6 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: should
Method uses low frequency operation by vibroseis.
8. the acquisition and processing method according to claim 7 for obtaining earthquake reflected wave, it is characterised in that: low frequency controllably shakes
Source is two-dimentional wideband the wide line high density low frequency controlled source.
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| CN102313900A (en) * | 2011-09-01 | 2012-01-11 | 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 | Excitation position determination method of three-dimensional seismic acquisition observation system |
| CN105510958A (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2016-04-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Three-dimensional VSP observation system designing method suitable for complex medium |
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