CN103901465A - Design method of holographic three-dimensional seismic prospecting and observing system - Google Patents
Design method of holographic three-dimensional seismic prospecting and observing system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a design method of a holographic three-dimensional seismic prospecting and observing system. The method comprises the following steps that (a) geophysical parameters are determined; (b) according to the main frequency reflected by a target layer and the minimum size of the target body, the first surface element size range of a geological target layer as the minimum prospecting unit is determined; (c) the second surface element size of the geological target layer where noise can not generate alias frequency is determined; (d) the final surface element size is determined based on the step (b) and the step (c); (e) the largest offset is determined; (f) folds are determined; (g) the fold of each orientation area can meet a first shot line space and a first receiving line space of a preset fold; (h) a second shot line space and a second receiving line space are determined based on OVT domain analysis; (i) the final shot line space and the final receiving line space are determined; (j) the holographic three-dimensional seismic prospecting and observing system is designed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method for designing of stereo observing system of field of seismic exploration, relate in particular to a kind of method for designing of the stereo observing system that obtains comprehensive, perfect information, be object without the geological data of alias.
Background technology
Along with deepening continuously of the In Oil Field Exploration And Development of China, the structure of geologic objective body becomes increasingly complex, demand to seismic prospecting is more and more higher, seismic prospecting entering surface to the synthetically seismic exploration stage of geologic objective body, meticulous difficulties in exploration for little fault block, complex structure and lithology, oil-gas stratigraphic deposits is increasing, and " low, dark, thin, hidden, difficulty " problem that seismic prospecting faces is more and more outstanding.With regard to conventional seismic prospecting achievement, be difficult to accurate description structural feature, and be difficult to detailed predicting reservoir distribution, lithology, Accurate Prediction fracture distribution and trend, thus cause reserves to employ difficulty, production capacity, underproduce, the problem that prolific well quantity is few.Meanwhile, signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio), resolution, fidelity and the imaging precision etc. of the exploratory development of conventional gas and oil and unconventional petroleum resources (shale gas, coal-seam gas etc.) to seismic exploration data are had higher requirement.In addition, carry out seismic prospecting in some earth's surface subsurface picture complexity and the serious area of noise, also have the problems such as seismic data quality is not high, be difficult to underground objective body structure to carry out imaging accurately.
(track pitch is generally 20m-50m for the track pitch (track pitch is 2 times of bin length) that the general employing of common seismic exploration is larger and bin, line-spacing is generally 200m-500m), for effective wave field, (effectively wave field refers to the contributive wave field of imaging, it is a relative concept, here main digital reflex ripple) design, not only many achievements are obtained in the good region of topographic and geologic condition, in the seismic prospecting of petroclastic rock, limestone and high steep structure etc., also obtain good effect, development area and agensis district that can qualitative differentiation crack.But, describing take fracture density and trend estimate, thin reservoir, portray on river channel sand border, complex structure imaging etc. in the seismic exploration subtly of object, common seismic exploration is difficult to bring into play its effect.In seismic exploration subtly, the geological data that requirement collects is through processing and explain accurate trend and the accurate quantity of energy quantitative identification crack (containing micro-, gap), determine small tomography, fault block border, the thickness of describing reservoir and scope clearly, determines sand body border etc.If meet these requirements, need geological data to there is abundant azimuth information, and each bearing data is wanted evenly, is had compared with high s/n ratio, fidelity.Simultaneously, because noise and useful signal have overlapping, need to noise and useful signal, (useful signal refers to the contributive signal of imaging, it is a relative concept, here main digital reflex ripple signal) all to receive, and to avoid alias (the obscuring in the frequency that data from the sample survey produces of noise.When the sampling number in each cycle of input signal of a certain frequency is less than two, system output terminal will be counted as the sampling of another frequency signal) pollution to useful signal.
The dominant frequency of traditional recording geometry design considerations geologic objective layer size and zone of interest reflection is determined bin size, determine line-spacing according to interpolation authenticity and Fresnel zone radius, lateral resolution, according to definite maximum offsets such as the zone of interest degree of depth (the residing degree of depth of plane at bin place), nmo stretching, interference, the recording geometry parameters such as the full degree of covering of seismic data Analysis deterrmination are carried out design view examining system.But traditional recording geometry does not consider that whether point orientation degree of covering is enough and evenly, whether sampling interval can cause noise alias, whether the distribution of the resolution that line-spacing is corresponding and reflection coefficient density and different offset distances meets the factors such as imaging demand.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method for designing of the stereo observing system that can obtain comprehensive, perfect information, be object without the geological data of alias.
An aspect of of the present present invention is to provide a kind of method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry, described method comprises the steps: that (a) determines maximum frequency and dominant frequency that predetermined geologic objective layer depth (may have multiple zone of interest), geologic objective body size, the geologic objective layer of geology objective body reflect, the stack velocity of zone of interest and interval velocity, the stratigraphic dip of zone of interest and double-pass reflection time; (b), according to dominant frequency, the minimum target body size of zone of interest reflection, determine the first surface elemental size scope as the geologic objective layer of exploration minimum unit; (c) determine that noise does not produce the second bin size of the geologic objective layer of alias; (d) carry out intersection operation for the first surface elemental size scope at the definite geologic objective layer of step (b) with in the second bin size of the definite geologic objective layer of step (c), thereby determine final bin size; (e) carry out velocity accuracy analysis and nmo stretching analysis, also carry out reflection coefficient stability analysis, interference wave analysis, the analysis of geologic objective layer depth of geologic objective layer, thereby determine maximum offset; (f) geological data is carried out to Analysis signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), determine degree of covering; (g) for big gun line line-spacing with receive line line-spacing and divide azimuthal bin degree of covering analysis, and first bombard line line-spacing and the first reception line line-spacing of the degree of covering of determining each azimuthal bin while meeting predetermined degree of covering; (h) based on offset distance vector sheet territory, analyze different big gun line line-spacings and receive the reflection coefficient density of the corresponding geologic objective layer of line line-spacing and the distribution situation on different offset distances, according to predetermined imaging requirements, determine that the second big gun line line-spacing and second receives line line-spacing; (i) according to step (g) and (h) and the lateral resolution of predetermined geologic objective layer, determine that the 3rd big gun line line-spacing and the 3rd receives line line-spacing; (j) receive line line-spacing based on described final bin size, described maximum offset, described degree of covering, the 3rd big gun line line-spacing and the 3rd, design hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry.
Preferably, at step (c), use geological data, the value of different track pitches is carried out to spectrum analysis, and based on corresponding track pitch in the time not having noisy folding frequency composition in the effective frequency range of the reflection wave in geological data, determine the second bin size without the geologic objective layer of alias, wherein, track pitch is the distance between adjacent two geophone stations that connected on the reception line of wave detector.
Preferably, the second bin size value of described geologic objective layer is the half of track pitch.
Preferably, at step (e), interference wave comprises direct wave and refraction wave.
Preferably, at step (a), also seismic exploration scope and will carry out proving a little of recording geometry parameter demonstration within the scope of seismic prospecting definitely.
Preferably, receiving line is arranged to move towards perpendicular to geologic objective body or along the structure of geologic objective body.
Preferably, described recording geometry parameter comprises bin size, line-spacing, degree of covering, maximum offset (maximum offset), track pitch etc.
Determine the track pitch while not having noisy folding frequency composition according to embodiments of the invention based on spectrum analysis, and then determined final bin size; In OVT territory, the big gun line line-spacing higher by Analysis deterrmination reflection coefficient density, matched curve possibility is less and reception line line-spacing, and then determine that the 3rd big gun line line-spacing and the 3rd receives line line-spacing, that the hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry therefore designing by embodiments of the invention can be obtained is comprehensive, perfect information, without the geological data of alias.
Accompanying drawing explanation
By the description to embodiment of carrying out below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, above-mentioned and/or other objects of the present invention and advantage will become apparent, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram that designs according to an embodiment of the invention hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry.
Fig. 2 is the process flow diagram take the parameter of recording geometry as deterministic process as index according to an embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
Seismic prospecting is the difference of utilizing underground medium elasticity and density, and the geophysical exploration method of the character and form of subterranean strata is inferred in the response of the destination layer by observation and analysis geologic objective body and geologic objective body to artificial excitation's seismic event.And seismic prospecting process was made up of these 3 stages of earthquake data acquisition, data processing and seismic data interpretation.Therefore, gather the basis that high-quality geological data is the accurately image to geology objective body, and the collection of geological data completes by seismic prospecting recording geometry, therefore, in seismic prospecting, design a rational seismic prospecting recording geometry particularly important.
In an embodiment of the present invention, can obtain comprehensive, perfect information, stereo observing system without the geological data of alias in order to design one, (1) while determining geophone station line-spacing and shot point line-spacing, based on the different reception line line-spacing of offset distance vector sheet (OVT) domain analysis (connecting the distance between the reception line of geophone station) and big gun line line-spacing (having connected the distance between the big gun line of shot point) corresponding reflection coefficient density and the distribution situation on different offset distances, to select suitable reception line line-spacing and big gun line line-spacing; (2), while determining the bin size of intended target layer of track pitch and geologic objective body, whether analysis there is alias when noise is sampled with different track pitches.
It should be noted that at this, receive line and claim again survey line, be by a certain percentage chi along straight line arrange observation station (, geophone station) composition the line of observation, arrange that survey line generally should be perpendicular to ore body (, geologic objective body) or move towards along tectonic structure (, the structure of geologic objective body): main profile generally should be perpendicular to structure trend, and cross-track generally should be parallel to structure trend.Conventional observation is to carry out along straight line survey line, earthquake information in the geological data reaction survey line below two dimensional surface of gained, the geological data form of this two dimension is difficult to determine the problems such as side-reflected existence and fault strike direction, for meticulous, at length check the situation of geologic objective body and utilize seismic data to carry out reservoir description, sometimes in certain area on ground, arrange some surveys line, to obtain the seismic data volume of three dimensional form of sufficient density, this method of work is called 3-d seismic exploration.The survey line of 3-d seismic exploration is distributed with different forms, but be all generally utilize reflection spot be positioned at focus (, shot point) and geophone station mid point under this fact design focus and geophone station position, make within mid point is distributed in certain area.
Below, describe embodiments of the invention in detail with reference to accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram that designs according to an embodiment of the invention hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry.Fig. 2 is the process flow diagram take the parameter of recording geometry as deterministic process as index according to an embodiment of the invention.
Known with reference to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, at step S100, based on geologic information, seismic data and well-log information, determine geophysical parameters.Wherein, described geophysical parameters comprises dominant frequency and maximum frequency and the double-pass reflection time etc. that stratigraphic dip, geologic objective body size, the geologic objective layer of the predetermined geologic objective layer depth of geologic objective body, described geology zone of interest stack velocity and described geology zone of interest speed, geology zone of interest reflect.
And, in seismic prospecting, predetermined geologic objective layer for same geologic objective body or same geologic objective body can carry out the repeatedly exploration that precision is different, therefore in seismic exploration subtly of the present invention, can use the existing geologic information, seismic data and the well-log information that have carried out geologic prospecting above and obtain.In addition, the double-pass reflection time, to be seismic event started to the time when directly returning to and be detected device reception after the reflection of geologic objective layer from shot point, and dominant frequency refers to the frequency corresponding to mid point of the dominant frequency band (frequency range that energy is comparatively concentrated) of the signal being reflected by geology zone of interest.And the method for the definite various seismologic parameters in step S100 is the routine techniques that Exploration Domain is generally used, therefore omit detailed description thereof at this.Further, the old data in Fig. 2 comprise geologic information, seismic data and well-log information.
In addition, seismic exploration scope and will will carry out proving a little of recording geometry parameter demonstration within the scope of seismic prospecting definitely in step S100.Its reason is, because of seismic prospecting area larger, so cannot explore and the demonstration of seismologic parameter at the Zone Full of geologic objective layer, therefore can only choose on the ground representational efforts will be concentrated on prospecting scope and several point carries out seismologic parameter demonstration, these are selected the point of proving and are " proving a little ".Described recording geometry parameter comprises bin size, line-spacing, degree of covering, maximum offset (maximum offset), track pitch etc.
Then,, at step S200, based on the dominant frequency of geologic objective body size, the reflection of geologic objective layer, determine the first surface elemental size scope as the geologic objective layer of exploration minimum unit.As shown in step S100, geologic objective body size and geologic objective layer dominant frequency can obtain from known earthquake material analysis, and, bin refers to each unit when plane of the intended target layer of geologic objective body is divided into the individual identical unit of N, be to be more than or equal to 1 natural number at this N, obviously N equals there is no too large Research Significance at 1 o'clock.
Then, at step S300, described existing geological data is analyzed, determined that noise does not produce the second bin size of alias.Particularly, use existing geological data, the value of different track pitches is carried out to spectrum analysis, and in the effective frequency range of the reflection wave based on when in existing geological data, do not have noisy folding frequency composition (, alias) time corresponding track pitch, determine without the second bin size of alias.At this, track pitch is the distance between adjacent two geophone stations that connected on the reception line of wave detector, and spectrum analysis is used existing technology, and effective frequency is the main frequency of the reflection wave in existing seismic data, can from existing seismic data, obtain.And preferably, track pitch is 2 times of bin length, (, bin size value is the half of track pitch) determined that track pitch can determine bin size thus.
Then, at step S400, for the definite first surface elemental size scope of step S200 and and step S300 determine the second bin size carry out intersection operation, thereby determine final bin size.The intersection operation is here mathematical logic and operation.
Then, at step S500, carry out velocity accuracy analysis and nmo stretching analysis based on geophysical parameters, also carry out reflection coefficient stability analysis, interference wave analysis, the analysis of geologic objective layer depth of geologic objective layer, thereby determine maximum offset.At this, it should be noted that, interference wave is a relative concept, in reflection wave exploration, direct wave and refraction wave belong to interference wave.And maximum offset is in the time that any one shot point produces seismic event, the ultimate range in the distance of the wave detector of this shot point and all reception data.In Exploration Domain, geophone offset is very important observed parameter, velocity accuracy difference corresponding to different geophone offsets, the NMO stretching rate that different geophone offsets are corresponding is also different, variation according to velocity accuracy error with geophone offset, nmo stretching, with factors such as the variations of geophone offset, can comprehensively be determined maximum offset.And the various analyses that use at step S500 are used the prior art of Exploration Domain (to analyze the parameter of collecting based on the first step).
Then, at step S600, existing geological data is carried out to Analysis signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), determine degree of covering.At this, the easy understanding of concept of signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) has just repeated no more, and the concept of degree of covering is, seismic wave propagation is a ray hypothetically, pass through next reflection spot back reflection from shot point and be recorded to geophone station, the bin at this reflection spot place just by " covering " once.
Then, at step S700, for big gun line line-spacing with receive line line-spacing and divide azimuthal bin degree of covering analysis, and first bombard line line-spacing and the first reception line line-spacing of the degree of covering of determining each azimuthal bin while meeting predetermined degree of covering.At this, big gun line line-spacing is the distance connecting between the big gun line of shot point, receives the distance between the reception line that line line-spacing is tie geophone.
At this, the concept of azimuthal bin is, is divided equally into n region by 0 ° to 360 °, and each region is exactly an azimuthal scope, i.e. an azimuthal bin, and n is more than or equal to 1 natural number.For example, be divided into 12 regions, every 30 ° is exactly an azimuthal bin.
Then, at step S800, based on offset distance vector sheet (OVT) territory, analyze different big gun line line-spacings and receive line line-spacing corresponding geologic objective layer reflection coefficient density and the distribution situation on different offset distances, according to predetermined imaging requirements, determine that the second big gun line line-spacing and second receives line line-spacing.
Concrete, can obtain offset distance-reflection coefficient relation in OVT territory through calculating, can provide different reflection coefficient errors (domain of walker) according to the distribution density of reflection coefficient, can be by into a line reflection coefficient matching according to processing task of explanation, for different imaging requirements, the precision of this line (uniqueness) requires different.In the time of different big gun line line-spacings and reception line line-spacing, the density of reflection coefficient is different with estimable error, the result difference of energy matching, for higher imaging requirements, should select the big gun line line-spacing that reflection coefficient density is higher, matched curve possibility is less and receive line line-spacing.
And, for different exploration objects, there is different imaging requirements, each imaging requirements has certain acceptable error scope, different line-spacings can calculate the distribution relation of different reflection coefficients on offset distance, these relations can in order to determine error corresponding to current line-spacing, thereby determine suitable line-spacing.Wherein, offset distance is the distance of each wave detector to shot point.
At step S900, according to the lateral resolution of step S700 and S800 and predetermined geologic objective layer, determine final big gun line line-spacing and the final line line-spacing that receives.Concrete, receive line line-spacing at the definite first bombard line line-spacing of step S700 and first and carry out " logical and " computing with the second big gun line line-spacing of determining at step S800 and the second reception line line-spacing, and then also carry out logic and operation with the lateral resolution of predetermined geologic objective layer, thereby determine final big gun line line-spacing and the final line line-spacing that receives.
Then, at step S1000, receive line line-spacing based on described final bin size, maximum offset, described degree of covering, the 3rd big gun line line-spacing and the 3rd, design hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry.
Determine the track pitch while not having noisy folding frequency composition according to embodiments of the invention based on spectrum analysis, and then determined final bin size; In OVT territory, the big gun line line-spacing higher by Analysis deterrmination reflection coefficient density, matched curve possibility is less and reception line line-spacing, and then determine that the 3rd big gun line line-spacing and the 3rd receives line line-spacing, that the hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry therefore designing by embodiments of the invention can be obtained is comprehensive, perfect information, without the geological data of alias.
Claims (8)
1. a method for designing for hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry, is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps:
(a) based on geologic information, seismic data and well-log information, determine geophysical parameters, wherein geophysical parameters comprises geologic objective body size and dominant frequency;
(b) dominant frequency based on described geologic objective body size, the reflection of described geologic objective layer, determines the first surface elemental size scope as the geologic objective layer of exploration minimum unit;
(c) described geological data is analyzed, determined that noise does not produce the second bin size of the geologic objective layer of alias;
(d) for the first surface elemental size scope at the definite geologic objective layer of step (b) and and carry out intersection operation in the second bin size of the definite geologic objective layer of step (c), thereby determine final bin size;
(e) carry out velocity accuracy analysis and nmo stretching analysis based on geophysical parameters, also carry out reflection coefficient stability analysis, interference wave analysis, the analysis of geologic objective layer depth of geologic objective layer, thereby determine maximum offset;
(f) geological data is carried out to Analysis signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), determine degree of covering;
(g) for big gun line line-spacing with receive line line-spacing and divide azimuthal bin degree of covering analysis, and first bombard line line-spacing and the first reception line line-spacing of the degree of covering of determining each azimuthal bin while meeting predetermined degree of covering;
(h) based on offset distance vector sheet territory, analyze different big gun line line-spacings and receive the reflection coefficient density of the corresponding geologic objective layer of line line-spacing and the distribution situation on different offset distances, according to predetermined imaging requirements, determine that the second big gun line line-spacing and second receives line line-spacing;
(i) according to step (g) and (h) and the lateral resolution of predetermined geologic objective layer, determine final big gun line line-spacing and the final line line-spacing that receives;
(j) based on described final bin size, described maximum offset, described degree of covering, final big gun line line-spacing and reception line line-spacing, design hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry.
2. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, at step (c), use geological data, the value of different track pitches is carried out to spectrum analysis, and based on corresponding track pitch in the time not having noisy folding frequency composition in the effective frequency range of the reflection wave in geological data, determine the second bin size without the geologic objective layer of alias
Wherein, track pitch is the distance between adjacent two geophone stations that connected on the reception line of wave detector.
3. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 2, is characterized in that, the second bin size value of described geologic objective layer is the half of track pitch.
4. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 1, is characterized in that, at step (e), interference wave comprises direct wave and refraction wave.
5. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 1, is characterized in that, at step (a), and also seismic exploration scope and will carry out proving a little of recording geometry parameter demonstration within the scope of seismic prospecting definitely.
6. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 2, is characterized in that, receives line and is arranged to move towards perpendicular to geologic objective body or along the structure of geologic objective body.
7. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 5, is characterized in that, described recording geometry parameter comprises bin size, line-spacing, degree of covering, maximum offset, track pitch.
8. the method for designing of hologram three-dimensional seismic prospecting recording geometry according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described geophysical parameters comprises the stratigraphic dip of the predetermined geologic objective layer depth of geologic objective body, described geology zone of interest stack velocity and described geology zone of interest speed, geology zone of interest, maximum frequency and the double-pass reflection time of geologic objective layer reflection.
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