CN101553598A - 在润滑状态下覆盖了薄层的滑动接触部件 - Google Patents

在润滑状态下覆盖了薄层的滑动接触部件 Download PDF

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CN101553598A
CN101553598A CNA2007800390778A CN200780039077A CN101553598A CN 101553598 A CN101553598 A CN 101553598A CN A2007800390778 A CNA2007800390778 A CN A2007800390778A CN 200780039077 A CN200780039077 A CN 200780039077A CN 101553598 A CN101553598 A CN 101553598A
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P·莫林-佩里尔
F·莱德拉皮尔
L·豪泽
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Abstract

薄层沉积在具有其参数与平均周期被测定的粗糙度轮廓的表面上，以便改进摩擦性能，因此如由法国标准ISO 4288所规定的，以μm表示的轮廓平均周期(PSM)的平方与以μm表示的粗糙度轮廓(Pa)之间的比A大于或等于5×105μm，即：A＝PSM 2/Pa≥5×105μm。

Description

在润滑状态下覆盖了薄层的滑动接触部件
本发明涉及在润滑介质中摩擦学的技术领域。
更具体地，本发明涉及用于减少磨损和将切向力传递降至最低的涂层和表面处理。
曾提出许多技术方案以改进机械部件的摩擦性能。基本上分为传统的表面硬化处理和通过不同方法得到的硬薄层的沉积物，所述方法如PVD方法(物理气相沉积)或PACVD方法(等离子体增强化学气相沉积)。
在这些硬薄层沉积物中，可以列举过渡金属氮化物(TiN、CrN、TiAIN等)的沉积物，无定形碳涂层(DLC)等。由于技术的原因，但也有机械的原因，显示出这些表面涂层沉积物一般不超过5μm。超过这个厚度，可能出现该层脆化和鳞片状脱落的危险。获得该薄层的完美粘附和随时间推移的强度也很重要。因此，本技术领域的技术人员要求具有约0.04μm粗糙度(Ra)的非常少的不平的表面状态。
因此，由现有技术可知，表面处理和真空沉积物的摩擦性能只是保证具有低粗糙度的表面。
例如可以提到专利US 6886521的教导，它根据DLC沉积物硬度及其本身厚度提出了表面粗糙度参数(Rz)的最大值。本技术领域的技术人员一般要求尽可能低的粗糙度，即例如Ra≤0.04μm。
因此，由现有技术分析得出，高的表面粗糙度不适合接受硬沉积物，这是因为由此会造成表面不规则效果，导致局部过压，可能引起对涂层的机械强度不利的过度塑性变形。另外，在润滑状态下，当粗糙度的幅度太大时，油膜被局部中断，处于相对运动的那些表面不再完美地分离，这导致摩擦系数升高与所述表面过早磨损。
在摩擦学技术领域中的一些科学出版物也提及粗糙度对润滑的影响。例如可以列举：“Occurrence of microelastohydrodynamic lubricationin simple sliding motion with transverse roughness″，J.Wang，M.Kaneta，F.Guo，P.Yang，《工程摩擦学杂志)》(Journal of Engineering Tribology)，第220卷，第J13期(2006年5月)，第273-285页。
由这些出版物得出，需要考虑表面粗糙度的幅度，并且得出结论，为了降低摩擦系数，必须寻求尽可能最低的粗糙度。
还要指出，如由科学出版物：“Influence of harmonic surfaceroughness on the fatigue life of elastohydrodynamic lubricated contact”，A.D.Chapkov、F.Colin、A.A.Lubrecht，《工程摩擦学杂志》(Journal ofEngineering Tribology)，第220卷，第J13期(2006年5月)，第287-294页，得出被处理为正弦轮廓(profils 
Figure A20078003907700041
的粗糙表面接触的数值分析揭示了与接触表面不规则性相关的超压作用，并指出这些超压可以通过提高轮廓周期(période de profil)而加以限制。不过，对具有长波长的轮廓的这种接触压力的这种降低可用该基体弹性变形进行解释。在采用PVD或PACVD方法得到硬沉积物的情况下，考虑到它们的高弹性模量及其高硬度，它们对基体变形适应较差，因此它们会很快损坏。
因此，由现有技术清楚地得出，在摩擦学领域中，例如在无定形碳的情况下，应该在具有非常高的精加工水平的表面上，其粗糙度(Ra)不超过几个百分之一微米，一般小于0.04μm，沉积这些薄层沉积物。
令人惊奇并出乎意料地，并与本技术领域的技术人员一般认识相反，显示出具有一定粗糙度的表面状态，其具有足够大的周期，能够采用PVD或PACVD方法得到薄沉积物，并且当这些部件在润滑状态下工作时也如此。
因此由其得出，根据基于本发明的特征，将薄层沉积在具有粗糙度轮廓(其参数和平均周期被确定)的表面上以便改进所述摩擦性能。通过选择适当的机械加工(车削、铣)参数(拉刀旋转速度、走刀速度等)获得这些特定的粗糙度轮廓。
更具体地，根据基于本发明的特征，如由法国标准ISO 4288所规定的，以μm表示的该轮廓平均周期(PSM)的平方与以μm表示的粗糙度轮廓(Pa)之间的比A大于或等于5×105μm，即：
A = P SM 2 Pa ≥ 5 × 10 5 μm
由于参数(PSM)的高分散性，这个公式将应用于在由平行于滑动方向且在摩擦区域测量的8次测量结果所计算的平均参数。
一些摩擦试验也尤其给出了(A)大于106μm，甚至更好地(A)大于107μm的值得注意的结果。
因此，有可能仅利用波度周期而容许具有通常不被容许的轮廓高度的严重降质(dégradés)的表面状态。
上式用于粗糙度(Pa)为0.4μm的轮廓表明，当这个轮廓的平均周期(PSM)大于450μm时得到良好的结果。当这个轮廓的平均周期(PSM)大于2mm时得到更好的结果。
考虑到基于本发明的特征，与现有技术的教导相反，在需要得到具有高精加工水平的表面状态的情况下，因此有可能以较低成本得到具有等效，甚至极好的摩擦性能的部件。
于是，当由于经济或技术的原因不可能采用研磨、磨削等方法得到出色的表面状态时，根据本发明，对该表面简单地进行粗削，以便限制尖锐边缘和粗糙度峰的存在，同时只保持与上游机械加工方法相关的表面波度就足够了。后者加工方法甚至可被优化(旋转速度，进刀等)，以便使前面定义的参数(A)最大。这些波度可以得到适用于润滑的正弦轮廓，为了降低生产成本，其显示对于装配线的市场应用非常有意义的。
应该指出，获得这些粗糙度特征(les motifs de rugosité)的大周期的方法是多种的，这些方法通常易于使用常规机械加工方法(车削、铣等)来实施。
参看下表，该表列出本发明的不同处理示例。这些部件或样品是采用不同机械加工方法得到的平面试样，以便观察对表面准备与在润滑状态下的试验过程中摩擦系数的影响。这些表面采用PACVD方法覆盖了DLC沉积物。这些样品在加热到100℃的5W30油浴中相对于以不变速度旋转的未处理的100C6钢环在润滑状态下进行了试验。在试验过程中测量了面对该样品的环的摩擦系数。准备了四个样品(A)、(B)、(C)、(D)以便比较它们的摩擦系数。
  试样  Ra(μm)  Rz(μm)  Pa(μm)   PSM(μm)   A＝PSM 2/Pa(μm)   摩擦系数  降质面积(mm2)
  A   0.014   0.12   0.18   240   3×105   0.089   2.9
  B   0.042   0.25   0.23   1300   7×106   0.087   1.0
  C   0.036   0.20   0.23   2400   2.5×107   0.065   0.6
  D   0.12   0.79   0.34   578   106   0.088   2.1
这些结果证明了前面定义的比A比粗糙度参数(Ra)和(Rz)更影响摩擦系数。例如观察到，样品(A)尽管粗糙度非常低，但没有进入本发明的范围内，具有在这个表中最大的摩擦系数。相反，样品(C)尽管其(Ra)比试样(A)的(Ra)高得多，但具有非常高的比A，显示出低摩擦性能。
这些优点可清楚地由本说明书中得出。
本发明在汽车领域中，特别在发动机的摩擦部件的情况下有许多有利的应用。

Claims (6)

1.覆盖了具有摩擦功能的薄层，例如无定形碳(DLC)薄层的在润滑状态下的滑动接触部件，其特征在于该薄层被沉积在具有其参数与平均周期被确定的粗糙度轮廓的表面上，以便改进摩擦性能，因此如由法国标准ISO 4288所规定的，以μm表示的轮廓平均周期(PSM)的平方与以μm表示的粗糙度轮廓(Pa)之间的比A大于或等于5×105μm，即：
A = P SM 2 Pa ≥ 5 × 10 5 μm
2.根据权利要求2所述的部件，其特征在于比A大于106μm。
3.根据权利要求2所述的部件，其特征在于比A大于107μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的部件，其特征在于对于其粗糙度Pa是约0.4μm的轮廓，所述轮廓的平均周期PSM大于450μm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的部件，其特征在于对于其粗糙度Pa是约0.4μm的轮廓，所述轮廓的平均周期PSM大于2mm。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项权利要求所述的部件在汽车领域中，特别地在发动机的构成部件领域中的用途。
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US20100095923A1 (en) 2010-04-22
FR2907470A1 (fr) 2008-04-25
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