CN101521411A - 能量系统 - Google Patents

能量系统 Download PDF

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CN101521411A
CN101521411A CN200910005389A CN200910005389A CN101521411A CN 101521411 A CN101521411 A CN 101521411A CN 200910005389 A CN200910005389 A CN 200910005389A CN 200910005389 A CN200910005389 A CN 200910005389A CN 101521411 A CN101521411 A CN 101521411A
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rectifier unit
energy
energy system
stator winding
storage circuit
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CN101521411B (zh
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菲利普·迈巴赫
马库斯·艾希勒
彼得·施泰默
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Abb Inc
ABB Schweiz AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/008—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations the wind motor being combined with water energy converters, e.g. a water turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/10—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy
    • F03D9/11—Combinations of wind motors with apparatus storing energy storing electrical energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K19/00—Synchronous motors or generators
    • H02K19/16—Synchronous generators
    • H02K19/34—Generators with two or more outputs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/48—Generators with two or more outputs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838—Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/76—Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Abstract

本发明描述一种能量系统，其包括：与发电机(2)连接的风力涡轮机(1)或水力涡轮机(1)，其中发电机(2)具有至少两个定子绕组(3)。为了实现没有变压器的简单而健壮的设计，每个定子绕组(3)具有相关的整流器单元(4)，每个定子绕组(3)被连接到相关的整流器单元(4)的交流电压侧。此外，每个整流器单元(4)具有各自相关的能量存储电路(5)，且每个整流器单元(4)在直流电压侧与相关的能量存储电路(5)并联连接，能量存储电路(5)彼此串联连接。

Description

能量系统
技术领域
本发明涉及可更新能源领域，且基于独立权利要求的前序语句中要求的能量系统。
背景技术
作为当今越来越多地用作逐渐消失的能源的可替代能源，风能系统传统上被安装在陆地上或在靠近岸的海中。而潮汐电力能量系统典型地安装在海底，这是由于潮汐的变化或海水的流动被用作主要能源。
在E.Ghianiet等人的“Power Quality Measurements Performed on aLarge Wind Park at low and Medium Voltage Level”，InternationalConference on Power System Transients，June 4-7，2007中说明了这种普通类型的风能系统。在本文件中，风能系统具有与发电机连接的风力涡轮机，其中发电机典型地具有至少两个定子绕组。定子绕组与用来产生高交流电压的变压器连接，结果，与此相关的电能于是可以被无损耗且有效地向前传送。
然而，特别是在被安装在近海处的风能系统的情况下，或者在被典型地安装在水面之下的潮汐电力能量系统的情况下，出于安装原因以及维护原因，变压器，特别是油浸变压器是不受欢迎的。此外，如果没有对变压器进行充分的和定期的维护，则能量系统故障的故障率和敏感性急剧上升，因此可用性下降。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的在于说明简单设计的能量系统，该能量系统是健壮的，且不需要变压器。该目的通过权利要求1的特征来实现。本发明的有益改进在从属权利要求中说明。
根据本发明的能量系统包括与发电机连接的风力涡轮机或水力涡轮机，其中发电机具有至少两个定子绕组。根据本发明，现在每个定子绕组具有各自相关的整流器单元，且每个定子绕组被连接到相关的整流器单元的交流电压侧。因此，整流器单元的数量对应于定子绕组的数量。此外，每个整流器单元具有各自相关的能量存储电路，且每个整流器单元在直流电压侧与相关的能量存储电路并联连接。因此能量存储电路的数量对应于整流器单元的数量。此外，能量存储电路彼此串联连接。至少两个整流器单元在各自的直流电压侧即跨越相关的能量存储电路产生直流电压，并且能量存储电路的串联连接导致直流电压被施加，这样，有益地导致了跨越能量存储电路的高的总直流电压。因此，用于产生高交流电压的变压器变得多余，并可以被有益地省去。举例来说，借助于中压直流传输或高压直流传输(HVDCT)，与此相关的电能可以被无损耗地和有效地向前传送。由于根据本发明的能量系统不具有变压器，这也省去了复杂的安装和维护，结果，总的来说，该能量系统更加简单及更加健壮，并且由于高可用性而变得与众不同。
根据以下结合附图对本发明的优选的示例性实施例的详细描述，本发明的其它目的、优点和特征将变得明显。
附图说明
在附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明的能量系统的第一实施例；
图2示出了根据本发明的能量系统的第二实施例；
图3示出了根据本发明的能量系统的第三实施例；以及
图4示出了根据本发明的能量系统的第四实施例。
附图中使用的附图标记以及这些附图标记的意义在附图标记列表中以总结的形式列出。理论上，在附图中，相同的部分被提供有相同的附图标记。所描述的实施例代表根据本发明的主题的实例，其不具有限制性效应。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的能量系统的第一实施例。该能量系统包括例如在风能系统情况下的风力涡轮机1，或者例如在潮汐电力能量系统情况下的水力涡轮机1，该风力涡轮机1或水力涡轮机1与发电机2连接，其中该发电机2具有至少两个定子绕组3。例如同步电机、异步电机、永磁电机、磁阻电机等任何类型的发电机是可行的。根据本发明，现在通常每个定子绕组3具有各自相关的整流器单元4，且每个定子绕组3被连接到相关的整流器单元4的交流电压侧。因此，整流器单元4的数量对应于定子绕组3的数量。此外，每个整流器单元4具有各自相关的能量存储电路5，且每个整流器单元4在直流电压侧与相关的能量存储电路5并联连接。因此，能量存储电路5的数量对应于整流器单元4的数量。此外，能量存储电路5彼此串联连接。例如，图1所示的实施例具有5个定子绕组3，因此也具有5个整流器单元4，于是还具有5个能量存储电路5。通常，至少有两个整流器单元4在各自的直流电压侧即跨越相关的能量存储电路5产生直流电压，而能量存储电路5的串联连接导致直流电压被施加，这样，有益地导致了跨越能量存储电路5的高的总直流电压。因此，用于产生高交流电压的变压器变得多余，并可以被有益地省去。此外，减少了需要放置在能量系统连接点的所需线缆的数量和横截面。举例来说，特别是在风能系统的情况下或在潮汐电力能量系统的情况下，借助于中压直流传输或高压直流传输(HVDCT)，与此相关的电能可以例如在该情况下被无损耗地和有效地向前传送到陆地。由于根据本发明的能量系统不具有变压器，这也省去了复杂的安装和维护，结果，该能量系统整体上更加简单及更加健壮，并且由于高可用性而与众不同。每个整流器单元4为两个半桥电路即一个全桥电路的形式。根据如图1所示的根据本发明的能量系统的第一实施例，或根据将在下文中进行更加详细描述的分别如图2、图3和图4所示的第二、第三和第四实施例，每个整流器单元4通常为具有可控功率半导体开关的有源整流器单元4的形式，也就是说，全桥电路包括可控功率半导体开关。有源整流器单元4的优点在于，在例如由于阵风或流的变化导致负荷改变的情况下，发电机2可以被更好地控制。此外，可以驱动发电机4作为电动机，以便放置转子星(rotor star)用于安装转动叶片。作为可替选方案以及作为另一个简化方案，特别是为了减小驱动复杂性，通常，每个整流器单元4也可以是具有无源非可控功率半导体开关的无源整流器单元4的形式，也就是说，全桥电路仅包括无源非可控功率半导体开关，例如功率二极管。如果整流器单元4是无源整流器单元4的形式，且发电机例如是永磁电机的形式，则电容器8优选地串联连接在定子绕组3和无源整流器单元4之间，这样使得可以实现具有高功率因数的操作。如此的电容器8的电路在如图4所示的第四实施例中示出。此外，通常，每个整流器单元4可以是用于切换多个开关电压电平的多点换流器的形式。
根据图1，能量存储电路5具有容性能量存储器，这使得可以产生非常简单的能量存储电路。作为对于此的可替选方案，并根据如图2所示的根据本发明的能量系统的第二实施例，以及根据如图3所示的根据本发明的能量系统的第三实施例，对于能量存储电路5来说，具有第一容性能量存储器和与第一容性能量存储器串联连接的第二容性能量存储器是可行的，这有益地使得可以实现针对每个能量存储电路5的更高的直流电压。
根据图2，每个定子绕组3具有第一连接部A和第二连接部B，其中第一连接部A与相关的整流器单元4的交流电压侧连接，第二连接部B与第一容性能量存储器和第二容性能量存储器的结点连接。如图2所示的各整流器单元4可以优选地为单个半桥电路的形式，结果，可以省去用于全桥电路形式的各整流器单元4的功率半导体开关。总的来说，这于是进一步简化了能量系统。
如图3所示，每个定子绕组3由三个绕组元件3a、3b、3c形成，且每个绕组元件3a、3b、3c被连接到与各定子绕组3相关的整流器单元4的交流电压侧。这三个绕组元件3a、3b、3c优选地连接成星型电路，如图3所示。
在例如整流器单元4故障的情况下，且如图1、图2、图3和图4所示，短路装置6与每个能量存储电路5并联连接，于是使得相关的能量存储电路5能够被短路。有益地，对于能量系统的另外的操作是可能的，即使当然跨越全部能量存储电路5的总的直流电压于是被减小了。在故障情况下的总直流电压的减小可以通过对能量系统进行合适的设计来实现，使得即使一个G能量存储电路5被短路，加权的总直流电压可以通过剩余的整流器单元4来产生。此外，如图1、图2、图3和图4所示，隔离装置7在每个连接处与定子绕组3连接，其中隔离装置7用于对定子绕组3进行电隔离。例如，在定子绕组3故障的情况下，该定子绕组3可以有益地被隔离。此外，通过借助于相关的短路装置6来对一个能量存储电路5进行短路，以及同时通过借助于隔离装置7来隔离相关的定子绕组3，相关的整流器单元4可以被隔离，例如为了维护或测试的目的，以及/或者为了替换相关的整流器单元4。

Claims (11)

1.一种能量系统，包括：
与发电机(2)连接的风力涡轮机(1)或水力涡轮机(1)，其中发电机(2)具有至少两个定子绕组(3)，各整流器单元(4)与每个定子绕组(3)相关，每个定子绕组(3)被连接到相关的整流器单元(4)的交流电压侧；
其特征在于：
每个整流器单元(4)具有各自相关的能量存储电路(5)，且每个整流器单元(4)在直流电压侧与相关的能量存储电路(5)并联连接；以及
能量存储电路(5)彼此串联连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的能量系统，其特征在于：能量存储电路(5)具有容性能量存储器。
3.如权利要求1所述的能量系统，其特征在于：能量存储电路(5)具有第一容性能量存储器和与第一容性能量存储器串联连接的第二容性能量存储器。
4.如权利要求3所述的能量系统，其特征在于：每个定子绕组(3)具有第一连接部(A)和第二连接部(B)；以及第一连接部(A)与相关的整流器单元(4)的交流电压侧连接，第二连接部(B)与第一容性能量存储器和第二容性能量存储器的结点连接。
5.如权利要求1到3中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：每个定子绕组(3)由三个绕组元件(3a、3b、3c)形成；以及每个绕组元件(3a、3b、3c)被连接到与各定子绕组(3)相关的整流器单元(4)的交流电压侧。
6.如权利要求1到5中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：短路装置(6)与每个能量存储电路(5)并联连接。
7.如权利要求1到6中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：隔离装置(7)在每个连接处与定子绕组(3)连接，其中隔离装置(7)用于对定子绕组(3)进行电隔离。
8.如权利要求1到7中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：每个整流器单元(4)采取具有可控功率半导体开关的有源整流器单元(4)的形式。
9.如权利要求1到7中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：每个整流器单元(4)采取具有无源非可控功率半导体开关的无源整流器单元(4)的形式。
10.如权利要求9所述的能量系统，其特征在于：电容器(8)在定子绕组(3)和无源整流器单元(4)之间串联连接。
11.如权利要求8到10中的任一个权利要求所述的能量系统，其特征在于：每个整流器单元(4)采取用于切换多个开关电压电平的多点换流器的形式。
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