CN101494118B - 用于电解电容器的经表面活性剂处理的烧结的阳极颗粒 - Google Patents
用于电解电容器的经表面活性剂处理的烧结的阳极颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101494118B CN101494118B CN2008101771665A CN200810177166A CN101494118B CN 101494118 B CN101494118 B CN 101494118B CN 2008101771665 A CN2008101771665 A CN 2008101771665A CN 200810177166 A CN200810177166 A CN 200810177166A CN 101494118 B CN101494118 B CN 101494118B
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- anode
- acid
- surfactant
- electrolytic capacitor
- electrolyte
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Abstract
提供一种阳极氧化时用表面活性剂处理的电解电容器阳极。不打算被理论限制,人们普遍相信该表面活性剂可以降低电解质的表面张力,抑制产生的氧化物的集聚并且让电介质层变得更均相的和在阳极体上均匀覆盖。得到的电介质层因而可以具有基本上相同的厚度,光滑表面,以及改良的泄漏电流稳定性。
Description
背景技术
电解电容器通常是由可被氧化成电介质层的阀作用材料形成。典型的阀作用金属是铌和钽。近年来,电容器已经发展为使用由导电性铌氧化物和五氧化二铌电介质制成的阳极。基于氧化铌的电容器与钽电容器相比具有显著的优点。例如,氧化铌使用更广泛并且比钽在工艺方面潜在地价格更低廉。与钽和铌相比,当过电压(或者过负载)时,氧化铌电容器还对进一步的氧化更稳定,因此热耗散较小。此外,与铌和钽相比,氧化铌具有高几个数量级的最低着火能。氧化铌电容器也可以同时拥有独特的高阻抗失效机制,限制泄漏电流到至低于电容器的热耗散点水平的独特的高电阻破坏机制。这些电容器中的电介质层主要是通过氧化阀金属或NbO来制备的。在适当的电压下阳极氧化已经制备阀金属氧化物并且,其可以通过产生氧气的水电解来完成。然而,由于阳极表面的氧化物的疏水性,其易于排斥水和产生聚集体,常常出现问题。这可能导致阳极生长电介质膜具有不均匀的和粗糙的表面,可能导致在加速温度和电压负荷下漏电流不稳定。
因而目前需要一种在电介质中缺陷减少的电解电容器阳极。
发明概述
根据本发明的一个实施方案,公开了一种形成电解电容器阳极的方法。该方法包括将含有阀金属组合物的粉末压成压丸;烧结压丸来形成阳极体;以及在电解质存在下阳极氧化该阳极体以形成电介质层。该电解质包括水性溶剂和表面活性剂。该表面活性剂是阴离子的或非离子的,占电解质的约0.01wt%到约20wt%。
本发明的其它特征和方面在下面给予了更详细的阐述。
附图简述
对于本领域普通技术人员来说,本发明完全和能够公开的内容,包括它的最佳方式,在说明书的其余部分更具体地进行了阐述,其中提到的附图:
图1是本发明电解电容器的一个实施方案的透视图;
图2是图1的电容器的剖视图;
图3是本发明激光焊接电容器到阳极终端的一个实施方案的示意图;
图4是根据本发明的一个实施方案形成的激光焊接的电容器的剖视图;
图5是实施例1获得的样品的泄漏电流稳定性的图表描述;
图6是实施例2获得的样品的泄漏电流稳定性的图表描述;
图7是实施例3获得的样品的泄漏电流稳定性的图表描述;
图8是实施例4获得的样品的泄漏电流稳定性的图表描述;以及
图9是实施例5获得的样品的泄漏电流稳定性的图表描述。
本发明说明书中参考特性和图的重复使用是用来表示本发明的相同的或类似的特征或要素。
代表性实施方案的详细说明
本领域普通技术人员可以明白现在的讨论仅仅是一种示范性的实施方案的叙述,但是并不意味着限制本发明更宽阔的范围,所述更宽阔的范围在示范的解释里得到体现。
一般而言,本发明涉及一种阳极氧化时用表面活性剂处理的电解电容器阳极。不欲限制于理论,据信该表面活性剂可以降低电解质的表面张力,抑制产生的氧化物的集聚并且让电介质层变得更均相,在阳极体上均匀覆盖。得到的电介质层因而可以具有基本上相同的厚度,光滑表面,以及改良的漏电流稳定性。
本发明的表面活性剂本质上可以是离子或非离子型的。例如阴离子表面活性剂可以用于本发明,如烷基硫酸盐、烷基芳基硫酸盐、烷基醚硫酸盐、烷基醚磺酸盐、烷基磺酸、烷苯氧基聚氧化乙烯乙醇的硫酸酯、α-烯属磺酸酯、β-烷氧基链烷磺酸盐、烷基氧金磺酸盐、烷基甘油单酸酯硫酸盐、烷基甘油单酸酯磺酸盐、碳酸烷基酯、烷基醚羧化物、脂肪酸、磺酸、磺基琥珀酸盐、肌氨酸盐、辛氧基酚或壬苯醇醚磷酸酯、氨基乙磺酸盐、脂肪氨基乙磺酸盐、脂肪酸酰胺聚氧化乙烯硫酸盐、羟乙基磺酸盐、它们的衍生物和/或盐,以及上述混合物。阴离子表面活性剂的特定的例子包括,但不限于,C8-C18的烷基硫酸盐、C8-C18的脂肪酸盐、1摩尔或2摩尔乙氧基化的C8-C18的烷基醚硫酸盐、C8-C18的氨基醇氧化物、C8-C18的烷酰基肌氨酸盐、C8-C18的磺基醋酸盐、C8-C18的磺基琥珀酸盐、C8-C18的烷基二苯醚二磺酸盐、C8-C18的碳酸烷基酯、C8-C18的α-烯烃磺酸盐、甲酯磺酸盐、以及它们的混合物。所述C8-C18的烷基可以是直链(如月桂基)或支链(如2-乙基己基)。阴离子表面活性剂的阳离子可以是质子、碱金属(如钠或钾)、铵、C1-C4的烷基铵(如单-、二-、三-)、或C1-C3的链烷醇铵(如单-、二-、三)。更具体地说,这种阴离子表面活性剂可能包括,但不限于,月桂基硫酸盐、辛基硫酸盐、2-乙基己基硫酸盐、月桂胺氧化物、癸基硫酸盐、十三烷基硫酸盐、椰子酸酯、月桂酰肌氨酸盐、月桂基磺基琥珀酸盐、线性C10二苯醚二磺酸盐、月桂基磺基琥珀酸盐、月桂基醚硫酸盐(1和2摩尔环氧乙烷)、肉豆蔻基硫酸盐、油酸盐、硬脂酸酯、树脂酸盐、蓖麻醇酸酯、十六(烷)基硫酸盐、以及类似的表面活性剂。
在一些例子中,导电性和/或支持电解质被用于适当的阳极氧化。在这种情况下,人们要求表面活性剂本质上是非离子型的,以最小化表面活性剂对电解质电荷的影响。合适的非离子型表面活性剂的例子包括乙氧基化的烷基酚、乙氧基化和丙氧基化的脂肪醇、环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物、脂肪(C8-C18)酸的乙氧基化酯、环氧乙烷与长链胺或酰胺的缩合产物、环氧乙烷与醇的缩合产物、炔二醇、和它们的混合物。合适的非离子型表面活性剂的各种具体例子包括,但不限于,甲基葡糖醇聚醚-10、PEG-20甲基葡萄糖二硬脂酸酯、PEG-20甲基葡萄糖倍半硬脂酸酯、C11-15的棕榈油醚-20、鲸蜡醇醚-8、鲸蜡醇醚-12、十二烷基苯酚聚醚-12、月桂醇聚醚-15、PEG-20蓖麻油、聚山梨酸酯20、硬脂醇聚醚-20、聚氧化乙烯-10十六(烷)基醚、聚氧化乙烯-10硬脂酰基醚、聚氧化乙烯-20十六(烷)基醚、聚氧化乙烯-10油烯基醚、聚氧化乙烯-20油烯基醚、乙氧基化的壬基苯酚、乙氧基化的辛基苯酚、乙氧基化的十二烷基酚、或包括3到20个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化的脂肪(C6-C22)醇、聚氧化乙烯-20异十六烷基醚、聚氧化乙烯-23丙三醇月桂酸酯、聚氧化乙烯-20甘油基硬脂酸酯、PPG-10甲基葡萄糖醚、PPG-20甲基葡萄糖醚、聚氧化乙烯-20脱水山梨糖醇单酯、聚氧化乙烯-80蓖麻油、聚氧化乙烯-15十三烷基醚、聚氧化乙烯-6十三烷基醚、月桂醇聚醚-2、月桂醇聚醚-3、月桂醇聚醚-4、PEG-3蓖麻油、PEG 600二油酸酯、PEG 400二油酸酯、和它们的混合物。市场上可买到的非离子型表面活性剂可以包括可以从Air Products和Chemicals,Allentown,Pennsylvania中获得的SURFYNOL类的炔二醇表面活性剂的SURFYNOL类;可以从Fisher Scientific,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania中获得的TWEEN类的聚氧化乙烯表面活性剂;和可以从Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co.,St.Louis,Missouri中获得的TRITON类的聚氧化乙烯表面活性剂(如TRITONX-100、聚氧化乙烯-10异辛基环己基醚)。
聚合的非离子型表面活性剂也可以用于某些溶于电解质的实施方案中。这种聚合物的例子包括,例如海藻酸钠、钾和钙、羧甲基纤维素、琼脂、明胶、聚乙烯醇、胶原质、果胶、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、聚(α-氨基酸)、聚酯、聚-1-己内酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚醚、多糖、聚氨酯类、多羟基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、葡聚糖、黄原胶、羟基丙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、以及N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基内酰胺、N-乙烯基丁内酰胺、N-乙烯基己内酰胺和其它具有极性侧基的乙烯基化合物的均聚物和共聚物、具有亲水性酯化基的丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯、羟基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸、以及它们的混合物。
所述阳极通常是由比电荷为约25,000微法拉*伏特每克("μF*V/g")或更高的粉末形成,在一些实施方案中为约40,000μF*V/g或更高,在一些实施方案中约60,000μF*V/g或更高,以及在一些实施方案中,从约80,000到约2000,000mF*V/g或更高。该粉末包括含有阀金属(即能够氧化的金属)或基于阀金属的化合物的阀金属组合物,如钽、铌、铝、铪、钛、它们的合金、它们的氧化物、它们的氮化物等。例如,该阀金属组合物可以包含铌的导电性氧化物,如铌与氧的原子比为1:1.0±1.0的氧化铌,在一些实施方案中1:1.0±0.3,在一些实施方案中1:1.0±0.1,以及在一些实施方案中1:1.0±0.05。例如,氧化铌可以是NbO0.7、NbO1.0、NbO1.1、以及NbO2。在优选的实施方案中,组合物包括NbO1.0,一种甚至在高温烧结后可以保持化学稳定的氧化铌。此类阀金属氧化物的例子记载在Fife的美国专利6,322,912;Fife等人的美国专利6,391,275;Fife等人的美国专利6,416,730;Fife的美国专利6,527,937;Kimmel等人的美国专利6,576,099;Fife等人的美国专利6,592,740;以及Kimmel等人的美国专利6,639,787;以及Kimmel等人的美国专利7,220,397;和Schnitter的美国专利申请2005/0019581;Schnitter等人的美国专利申请2005/0103638;Thomas等 人的美国专利申请2005/0013765,此处引入的专利的其全文都是用于作为参考目的。
用于形成粉末的颗粒可以具有任何想要的形状或尺寸。例如,颗粒可以是薄片、有角的、小节的、以及它们的混合物或变体。所述颗粒同时一般具有至少约60目的筛分粒度分布,在一些实施方案中为约60到约325目,以及在一些实施方案中为约100到约200目。此外,其比表面积为约0.1到约10.0m2/g,在一些实施方案中为约0.5到约5.0m2/g,以及在一些实施方案中为约1.0到约2.0m2/g。术语"比表面积"是指按照Bruanauer、Emmet和Teller,Journal of American Chemical Society,Vol.60,1938,p.309中记载的物理气体吸附(B.E.T.)方法,以氮气作为吸附气体来测定的表面面积。同样地,本体(或Scott)密度一般为约0.1到约5.0克每立方厘米(g/cm3),在一些实施方案中为约0.2到约2.5g/cm3,以及在一些实施方案中为约0.5到约1.5g/cm3。
为了促进阳极的形成,其它组分可以被加到导电性颗粒中。例如导电性颗粒可以任选与粘合剂和/或润滑剂混合来保证颗粒当受到冲压形成阳极体时彼此充分粘附。合适的粘合剂可以包括樟脑、硬脂酸及其它皂化脂肪酸、聚乙二醇(联碳公司)、甘酞树脂(通用电气公司)、聚乙烯醇、萘、植物蜡、以及微晶蜡(纯化的链烷烃)。该粘合剂可以是溶解的以及分散在溶剂中的。溶剂的例子可以包括水、醇等。当使用时,粘合剂和/或润滑剂的百分比可以是总质量计为约0.1%到约8%。然而应该知道的是,在本发明中不需要粘合剂和润滑剂。
一经形成,得到的粉末可以使用任何常规粉末压模来压紧。例如,所述压模可以是使用口模和一个或多个冲压机单一位置压制。或者,也可以使用采用一个口模和单一下降冲压机的铁砧型压制压模。单一位置冲压模是以几种基本类型存在的,如具有不同功能如单动、复动、浮动压模、移动模板、对置活塞、螺旋、冲击、热压、精压或施胶的凸轮、肘杆/肘节和偏心/曲轴式压机。该粉末可以在阳极线(如钽丝)周围被压缩。此外还应该知道,在阳极体冲压和/或烧结之后,阳极线也可以被附着(如焊接)到阳极体上。压缩之后,可以通过在真空以及某些温度(如约150℃到约500℃)下加热颗粒几分钟来除去任何粘合剂/润滑剂。或者,通过让颗粒与水溶液接触来同时去除粘合剂/润滑剂,如Bishop等人的美国专利6,197,252所述,其在此处被全文引入以作参考。其后,颗粒被烧结来形成多孔,整块。例如,在一个实施方案中,颗粒可以在约1200℃到约2000℃的温度下,以及在一些实施方案中,从约1500℃到约1800℃在真空下被烧结。当烧结时,由于颗粒之间的键合的增大,颗粒收缩。除了上述的技术外,根据本发明用于形成阳极体的任何其它技术可以同时被使用,如Galvagni的美国专利4,085,435;Sturmer等人的美国专利4,945,452;Galvagni的美国专利5,198,968;Salisbury的美国专利5,357,399;Galvagni等人的美国专利5,394,295;Kulkarni的美国专利5,495,386;以及Fife的美国专利6,322,912中记载,此处引入其全文以作参考。
尽管不是必需的,可以选择阳极的厚度来改善电容器的电性能。例如阳极的厚度可以为约4毫米或更少,在一些实施方案中,为约0.2到约3毫米,以及在一些实施方案中,为约0.4到约1毫米。也可以选择阳极的形状来改善得到的电容器的电性质。例如,阳极可以具有曲线的、正弦曲线的、矩形、U形的、V字形等的形状。该阳极可以同时具有“凹槽”形状因为它包括一种或多种皱纹、凹槽、凹坑、或凹穴以增加表面和容积之比,来最小化电容的ESR和扩大电容的频率响应。该“凹槽”阳极记载在例如,Webber等人的美国专利6,191,936;Maeda等人的美国专利5,949,639;以及Bourgault等人的美国专利3,345,545,以及Hahn等人的美国专利申请2005/0270725,所有这些专利被全文引入以作参考。
一经形成,阳极可以被阳极化以便于在阳极上和/或内部形成电介质层。阳极氧化是通过氧化阳极来形成一种具有相对较高介电常数的材料的电化学法。例如,氧化铌(NbO)阳极可以被阳极氧化为五氧化二铌(Nb2O5)。一般地,阳极氧化是通过起初在阳极上使用电解质来完成的,如将阳极浸渍到电解质中。该电解质通常是以液体形式存在,如溶液(如含水或无水的)、分散体、熔体等。溶剂通常被用于电解质中,如水(如去离子水);醚(如二乙醚和四氢呋喃);醇(如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、以及丁醇);三酸甘油酯;酮(如丙酮、甲基乙基酮、以及甲基异丁基酮);酯(如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二甘醇醚乙酸酯、以及甲氧基丙基乙酸酯);酰胺(如二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基辛酸/癸酸的脂肪酸酰胺以及N-烃基吡咯烷酮);腈(如乙腈、丙腈、丁腈以及苄腈);亚砜或砜类(如二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和环丁砜)等。溶剂可以占电解质的约1wt%到约99.9wt%,在一些实施方案中为约20wt%到约99wt%,以及在一些实施方案中为约40wt%到约95wt%。尽管不一定需要,常常想要通过使用水性溶剂(如水)来促进氧化物的形成。事实上,用于电解质中的水可以占溶剂的约1wt%或更高,在一些实施方案中约10wt%或更高,在一些实施方案中约50wt%或更高,在一些实施方案中约70wt%或更高,以及在一些实施方案中约90wt%到100wt%。
该电解质在25℃温度下测定是导电性的,可以具有约1毫西门子(milliSiemens)每厘米("mS/cm")或更高的电导率,在一些实施方案中约30mS/cm或更高,以及在一些实施方案中约40mS/cm到约100mS/cm。为了增强该电解质的导电性,可以使用支持电解质。用于该目的的合适的离子化合物可以包括,例如酸,如氢氯酸、硝酸、硫酸、磷酸、多聚磷酸、硼酸、硼酸等;有机酸,包括羧酸类,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、水杨酸、磺基水杨酸、己二酸、马来酸、苹果酸、油酸、五倍子酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、甲酸、乙酸、乙醇酸、草酸、丙酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二酸、戊二酸、葡糖酸、乳酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、衣康酸、三氟乙酸、巴比妥酸、肉桂酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸等等;磺酸、如甲磺酸、苯磺酸、甲苯磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、萘二磺酸、羟基苯磺酸、十二烷基磺酸、十二烷基苯磺酸等;聚合酸,如聚(丙烯酸)或聚(甲基丙烯酸)酸以及它们的共聚物(如马来酸-丙烯酸、磺酸-丙烯酸、以及苯乙烯-丙烯酸系共聚物)、角叉酸、羧甲基纤维素、藻酸等。选择离子化合物的浓度来获得想的电导率。例如,酸(如磷酸)可以占电解质的约0.01wt%到约50wt%,在一些实施方案中为约0.05wt%到约20wt%,以及在一些实施方案中为约0.1wt%到约10wt%。如果需要,可以在电解质中同时使用离子化合物的混合物。
本发明的表面活性剂也存在于电解质中以保证能够充分减少它的表面张力,以及由此增加得到的电介质层的均匀性。当将表面活性剂加入到电解质中时,表面活性剂一般以占电解质约0.01到约20wt%的量存在,在一些实施方案中约0.1到约10wt%,以及在一些实施方案中约0.5到约5wt%。当然,应当清楚的是,也可以应用其它技术来进行氧化以产生电介质层。
将电流通过电解质以形成电介质层。电压值决定着通过的电荷(电流乘以时间)以及电介质层的厚度。例如,电源可以最初在静电模式下建立,直到达到所需要的电压。其后,电源可以换到稳压器的模式以保证在阳极的表面形成想要的电介质厚度。当然,其它已知的方法也可以同时被使用,如脉冲法。电压一般为约4到约200V,以及在一些实施方案中为约9到约100V。在阳极氧化期间,电解质可以保持在高温下,如约30℃或更高,在一些实施方案中为约40℃到约200℃,以及在一些实施方案中为约50℃到约100℃。阳极氧化还可以在室温或更低温度下进行。得到的电介质层可以在阳极的表面上和/或它的孔隙内部合成。
一经形成该电介质层,可以任选应用防护层,例如其由相对绝缘的树脂类材料(天然的或合成的)制备。这种材料可以具有大于约0.05ohm-cm的电阻率,在一些实施方案中为大于约5,在一些实施方案中大于约1,000ohm-cm,在一些实施方案中大于约1x105ohm-cm,以及在一些实施方案中,大于约1x1010ohm-cm。在本发明中可以使用的部分树脂类材料包括,但不限于,聚氨酯类、聚苯乙烯、不饱和或饱和脂肪酸的酯(如甘油酯)等。例如,合适的脂肪酸的酯包括,但不限于,月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、桐酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、油桐酸、虫胶酸等的酯。已经发现这些脂肪酸的酯在用于相对复杂化合来形成“干性油”时是特别有用的,让得到的薄膜快速地聚合成为稳定层。这种干性油可以包括单-、二-、和/或三-甘油酯,它具有分别带有一个、两个、和三个酯化的脂肪酰基残基的丙三醇骨架。例如,部分可以被使用的合适的干性油包括,但不限于,橄榄油、亚麻子油、蓖麻油、桐油、豆油、和虫胶。这些和其它防护层材料更详细的记载在Fife等人的美国专利6,674,635中,在此处被全文引入以作参考。
阳极化部分随后根据传统方法经过一步骤来形成阴极。在一些实施方案中,例如阴极是通过多种技术来形成的,如硝酸锰(Mn(NO3)2)的热解来形成二氧化锰(MnO2)阴极。这种技术被记载在,例如Sturmer等人的美国专利4,945,452中,此处被全文引入以作参考。另外地,导电聚合物涂层可以被用来形成电容器的阴极。该导电聚合物涂层可以包括一种或多种聚杂环类(如聚吡咯;聚噻吩,聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDT);聚苯胺);聚乙炔;聚苯;聚酚盐;以及它们的衍生物。此外,如果需要,该导电聚合物涂层也可以由许多导电聚合物层组成。例如,在一个实施方案中,导电聚合物涂层可以包括由PEDT形成的一个层以及由聚吡咯形成的另一层。可以使用各种方法将导电聚合物涂覆到阳极部分上。例如,传统方法如电引发聚合、屏幕-打印、浸渍、电泳涂漆、以及喷涂,可以被用来形成导电聚合物涂层。在一个实施方案中,例如,用于形成导电聚合物的单体(如3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)可以最初与聚合催化剂混合来形成溶液。例如,合适的聚合催化剂是BAYTRON C,它是铁III甲苯磺酸盐并且由H.C.Starck出售。对BAYTRON M,3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩,一种也是H.C.Starck出售的PEDT单体来说,BAYTRON C是一种市场上可买到的用于BAYTRON M的催化剂。催化剂分散体一经形成,阳极部分可以被浸入到分散体中以便在阳极部分的表面形成聚合物。或者,催化剂以及单体也可以被独立应用到阳极部分。在一个实施方案中,例如催化剂可以溶于溶剂(如丁醇)中,然后被作为浸渍溶液应用到阳极部分。阳极部分可以随后被干燥以除去溶剂。此后,阳极部分可以浸入到含有适当单体的溶液中。一经单体与含有催化剂的阳极部分的表面接触,它在上面进行化学聚合。另外,催化剂(如BAYTRON C)也可以与用于形成任选的防护层(如树脂类材料)的材料混合。在这种情况下,阳极部分可以随后被浸入到含有单体(BAYTRON M)的溶液中。因此,该单体可以与防护层内部和/或表面上的催化剂接触并且随即反应以形成导电聚合物涂层。尽管上面已经叙述了多种方法,应该知道在本发明中还可以使用任何其它将导电涂层应用到阳极部分的其它方法。例如,应用导电聚合物涂层的其它方法可以记载在Sakata 等人的美国专利5,457,862,Sakata等人的美国专利5,473,503,Sakata等 人的美国专利5,729,428,以及Kudoh等人的美国专利5,812,367中,此处引入它们的全文以作参考。
在大多数的实施方案中,一经应用,导电聚合物即被修复。修复可以在导电聚合物层的每次应用之后出现,或者可以在整个导电聚合物涂层的应用之后出现。在一些实施方案中,例如,导电聚合物可以通过将颗粒浸渍到电解质溶液如磷酸和/或硫酸的溶液中来修复,以及此后将恒压应用到溶液中,直到电流还原成预选的程度。如果想要,这种修复可以在多个步骤完成。例如,在一个实施方案中,具有导电聚合物涂层的颗粒首先浸渍到磷酸中并且应用约20伏特,然后浸入硫酸中,以及应用约2伏特。在这个实施方案中,第二低压硫酸溶液或甲苯磺酸的使用有助于增加电容以及减少得到的电容器的损耗因子(DF)。在使用如上所述一部分或所有的层之后,如果想要的话颗粒可能随后被冲洗以去除各种各样副产物,过量催化剂等。此外,在有些情况下,在上述的一部分或所有的浸渍操作完成之后可以进行干燥。例如,在应用催化剂后和/或水洗颗粒后,为了让颗粒开孔以便它在浸渍步骤后可以接收液体,可以对其进行干燥。
阴极一经形成,该部分可以任选与炭黑层(如石墨)和镀银层分别应用。该镀银层可以,例如作为一种用于电容器元件的可软焊导体、接触层、和/或电荷收集器,以及该碳涂层可以限制镀银层与固体电解质的接触。这种涂层可以覆盖一部分或所有的固体电解质。
可以使用本领域所知的技术来随后终止得到的电容器元件。参见图1-2,例如,电容器元件30的一个实施方案显示,它具有一般矩形形状和包括正面36,背面38,顶部和底部分别是37和39,以及侧面32(仅仅举例一个)。阳极线34从电容器元件30的正面36的纵向("y"方向)伸出。图2进一步显示,电容器元件30包括阳极体50,覆盖在阳极体50上面的电介质层52,覆盖在电介质层52上面的固体电解质层54,覆盖在有机固体电解质层54上面的石墨层56,以及覆盖在石墨层56上面的镀银层58。当然,应当很清楚这种层可以应用于电容器的任何表面,以及没有必要在示例中现场应用。
当电容器元件30形成时,阳极和阴极终端可以分别电连接到阳极线34和固体电解质层54上(通过石墨和镀银层)。本领域中众所周知该终端的特定的构型可以变化。参见图3,例如,一个实施方案显示包括阳极终端70和阴极终端80。在这个特定的实施方案中,阴极终端包括第一部分82,其位置基本上垂直于另一个部分84。第一部分82与该电容器元件30的底面39电接触以及第二部分84与该电容器元件30的后表面38电接触。为了将电容器元件30附加于阴极终端80上,可以使用本领域已知的导电粘合剂。导电粘合剂可以包括,例如含有导电性金属微粒的树脂组合物。该金属微粒可以是银、铜、金、铂、镍、锌、铋等。树脂组合物可以包括热固性树脂(如环氧树脂)、固化剂(如酸酐)、和偶联剂(如硅烷偶联剂)。合适的导电粘合剂记载在Osako等人的美国专利申请2006/0038304中,此处全文引入以作参考。
阳极终端70含有基本上垂直于另一个部分74的第一部分76。第二部分74含有载有阳极线34的部位。在示例的实施方案中,部位51具有用于进一步增强线34的表面接触和机械稳定性的"U-形"。阳极线34随后用激光90焊在部位51上。电容器元件一经附于终端后,它被封闭到树脂容器的内部,该容器可以随后被含硅石树脂或任何其它已知的密封材料填充。该容器的宽度和长度可以根据计划的应用变化。然而,该容器的总厚度一般是小的以便所形成的组合件可容易引入到低糙度产品中(如“IC卡”)。例如,容器的厚度可以为约4.0毫米或更小,在一些实施方案中为约0.1到约2.5毫米,以及在一些实施方案中,为约0.15到约2.0毫米。合适的容器可以包括,例如"A"、"B"、"H"、或"T"容器(AVX公司)。参见图4,例如一个用于电容器组合件100的密封容器的特定的实例是元件88。该密封的容器88提供用于电容器组合件100的附加的结构和热防护。封铸之后,相应阳极和阴极终端的曝光部分可能老化、遮蔽、以及修整。如果想要,该曝光部分可以任选沿着容器88的外面弯曲两倍(如以大约90°角)。
根据本发明,形成的电容器可以显示出优良的电性质。例如,本发明的电容器一般具有低于约1000毫欧(mohms)的ESR,在一些实施方案中低于约500mohms,以及在一些实施方案中低于约100mohms。该电容器的等效串联电阻泛指像电阻器一样在电子电路中充电和放电的电容器,并且通常表示为与电容器串联的电阻。另外,得到的泄漏电流,泛指从一个导体通过绝缘体到相邻的导体的电流,可以维持在相对低的水平上。例如,本发明的电容器的正态化泄漏电流的数值是,在一些实施方案中,低于约0.1μA/μF*V,在一些实施方案中低于约0.01μA/μF*V,以及在一些实施方案中为低于约0.001μA/mF*V,其中μA是微安以及uF*V是电容和额定电压的乘积。同样地,本发明的电容器的击穿电压可以至少是约10伏特,在一些实施方案中至少为约15伏特,在一些实施方案中至少为约20伏特,并且在一些实施方案中为约20伏特到约100伏特。
本发明可以通过参考下列实施例来更好地理解。
测试方法
回流/高压锅/回流稳定性
为了测量高温下电流稳定性,根据回流温度分布图(在最大180℃,峰250℃到255℃下预热,并且回流梯度为3.75到4.25℃每秒),使用回流烘箱Heller并且在高压锅(120℃,100%湿度)中加热阳极。更具体地说,首先根据回流分布图加热阳极,然后在高压锅中加热2小时,以及最后再一次根据回流分布图加热。在20秒钟后,使用电源Hewlett Packard HP6634A和Mantracourt Electronics LTD,UK生产的MC157泄漏试验套件,于室温25℃下在整个过程之前和之后测量泄漏电流。
实施例1
80,000μFV/g的氧化铌粉末(HC Starck)被压成颗粒并且烧结形成多孔电极主体。然后于室温下在含有磷酸或作为支持电解质的烷基芳基磺酸以及含有1%聚乙二醇的磷酸的水溶液中进行阳极氧化。首先在恒电流下进行阳极氧化来达到想要的电压并且然后恒电势进行阳极氧化。具有支持电解质的电解质的电导率是4.5mS/cm。选择电压来得到100μF的像靶电容。阳极氧化后,颗粒涂上二氧化锰层、石墨涂层和镀银层。通过常规组合技术来将制成的部件加工为B容器(EIA3528)。然后测量回流/高压锅/回流DCL稳定性。结果如图5所示。
实施例2
80,000μFV/g的氧化铌粉末(HC Starck)被压成颗粒并且烧结形成多孔电极主体。然后在不同温度下在含有作为支持电解质的烷基芳基磺酸的水溶液中进行阳极氧化。阳极氧化后,颗粒涂上二氧化锰层、石墨涂层和镀银层。通过常规组合技术来将制成的部件加工为B容器(EIA 3528)。然后加热阳极并且进行如实施例1所述的测试。结果如图6所示。
实施例3
80,000μFV/g的氧化铌粉末(HC Starck)被压成颗粒并且烧结形成多孔电极主体。然后室温下,在含有作为支持电解质的烷基芳基磺酸的不同溶剂的溶液中进行阳极氧化。阳极氧化后,颗粒涂上二氧化锰层、石墨涂层和镀银层。通过常规组合技术来将制成的部件加工为B容器(EIA 3528)。然后加热阳极并且进行如实施例1所述的测试。结果如图7所示。
实施例4
80,000μFV/g的氧化铌粉末(HC Starck)被压成颗粒并且烧结形成多孔电极主体。然后室温下,在含有不同浓度的作为支持电解质的烷基芳基磺酸的水溶液中进行阳极氧化。阳极氧化后,颗粒涂上二氧化锰层、石墨涂层和镀银层。通过常规组合技术来将制成的部件加工为B容器(EIA 3528)。然后加热阳极并且进行如实施例1所述的测试。结果如图8所示。
实施例5
80,000μFV/g的氧化铌粉末(HC Starck)被压成颗粒并且烧结形成多孔电极主体。然后室温下,在含有作为支持电解质的烷基芳基磺酸和不同聚乙二醇浓度的的水溶液中进行阳极氧化。阳极氧化后,颗粒涂上二氧化锰层、石墨涂层和镀银层。通过常规组合技术来将制成的部件加工为B容器(EIA3528)。然后加热阳极并且进行如实施例1所述的测试。结果如图9所示。
本发明的这些和其它改进以及变化可以通过本领域技术人员进行实践,没有脱离本发明的精神和范围。而且,应当清楚的是各种实施方案的各方面可以完全或部分互换。此外,本领域技术人员知道上面的描述仅仅是作为示例的,其目的并不是限制本发明,本发明由权利要求书进行描述。
Claims (21)
1.一种用于形成电解电容器阳极的方法,该方法包括:
将含有阀金属组合物的粉末压成压丸,其中所述阀金属组合物含有钽或铌的导电性氧化物;
烧结压丸来形成阳极体;以及
在电解质存在下阳极氧化该阳极体以形成电介质层,其中所述电解质包括表面活性剂,其中所述表面活性剂是非离子的或阴离子的,占所述电解质的约0.1wt%到约10wt%;
其中所述表面活性剂抑制产生的氧化物的集聚以及使电介质层在阳极体上更均相和均匀。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是阴离子表面活性剂。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中所述阴离子表面活性剂是磺酸、磺酸衍生物、磺酸盐或磺酸衍生物、或上述物质的混合物。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是非离子表面活性剂。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述表面活性剂是聚合物。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述聚合物是聚乙二醇。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述电解质还含有酸。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述酸占所述电解质的约0.01到约50wt%。
9.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述酸占所述电解质的约0.1到约10wt%。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述电解质含有水性溶剂。
11.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述阳极体是通过压紧粉末形成压丸以及烧结所述压丸形成的。
12.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述阳极体被浸入电解质中。
13.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述阀金属组合物含有铌原子与氧原子的原子比为1∶1.0±0.3的氧化铌。
14.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述阀金属组合物含有铌原子与氧原子的原子比为1∶1.0±0.1的氧化铌。
15.根据权利要求1的方法形成的电容器阳极。
16.包含权利要求15的电容器阳极的固体电解电容器,还进一步包括覆盖在电介质层上面的固体电解质层。
17.根据权利要求16的固体电解电容器,还至少包括覆盖在固体电解质层上面的附加层,所述附加层包括炭黑层、镀银层、或它们的组合。
18.根据权利要求17的固体电解电容器,还包括从阳极体伸出的阳极线。
19.根据权利要求18的固体电解电容器,还包括:
与所述固体电解质层电连接的阴极终端;
与所述阳极体电连接的阳极终端;以及
密封电容器并且暴露至少一部分阳极和阴极终端的容器。
20.根据权利要求16的固体电解电容器,其中所述固体电解质层含有导电聚合物。
21.根据权利要求16的固体电解电容器,其中所述固体电解质层含有二氧化锰。
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US12/017,481 US7760488B2 (en) | 2008-01-22 | 2008-01-22 | Sintered anode pellet treated with a surfactant for use in an electrolytic capacitor |
US12/017,481 | 2008-01-22 |
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JP (1) | JP2009177175A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20090080905A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101494118B (zh) |
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- 2008-12-04 CN CN2008101771665A patent/CN101494118B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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GB0821005D0 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
CN101494118A (zh) | 2009-07-29 |
JP2009177175A (ja) | 2009-08-06 |
US20090185941A1 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
DE102008043235A1 (de) | 2009-07-23 |
GB2456857A (en) | 2009-07-29 |
US7760488B2 (en) | 2010-07-20 |
KR20090080905A (ko) | 2009-07-27 |
GB2456857B (en) | 2012-01-18 |
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