CN101455071B - 改进的全光照相机 - Google Patents
改进的全光照相机 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
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- H04N23/957—Light-field or plenoptic cameras or camera modules
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0075—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. increasing, the depth of field or depth of focus
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/95—Computational photography systems, e.g. light-field imaging systems
- H04N23/958—Computational photography systems, e.g. light-field imaging systems for extended depth of field imaging
- H04N23/959—Computational photography systems, e.g. light-field imaging systems for extended depth of field imaging by adjusting depth of field during image capture, e.g. maximising or setting range based on scene characteristics
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/0006—Arrays
- G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
- G02B3/0056—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses arranged along two different directions in a plane, e.g. honeycomb arrangement of lenses
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种捕获关于进入照相机内部的光的方向分布的信息的全光照相机(plenoptic camera)。这种全光照相机包括主透镜,其接收来自物视场内的物体的光,并将接收到的光导向照相机的像面。这种照相机还包括在该照相机像面上的光检测器阵列,其捕获接收到的光以产生图像。与传统照相机不同,全光照相机包括位于物视场和主透镜之间的光学元件阵列。该阵列中的每个光学元件从与该阵列中的其他光学元件不同的角度接收来自物视场的光,并将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜。这样,光检测器阵列从阵列中的每一个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及照相机。更特别地,本发明涉及一种捕获关于进入照相机内部的光线的方向分布的信息的“全光”照相机(plenoptic camera)的设计。
背景技术
传统照相机不能捕获大量的光学信息。特别是,传统照相机不能捕获关于进入照相机内部的光线的光圈位置的信息。在操作期间,传统数字照相机捕获表现了射到照相机内部光传感器上每个点的光的总量的二维(2D)图像。但是,这种2D图像没有包含关于射到光传感器上光的方向分布的信息。这种像素上的方向信息对应于光圈上的位置信息。
相比之下,“全光”照相机对四维(4D)光学相位空间或光场进行采样,在这样做的同时捕获关于光线的方向分布的信息。例如,参见[Adelson92]Adelson,T.,和Wang,J.Y.A.1992,“Single lens stereo with aplenopitc camera(全光照相机单透镜立体图像)”,IEEE Transactions onPattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14,2,1992年2月,pp99-106。还可以参见[Ng05]Ng,R.,Levoy,M.,Bredif,M.,Duval,G.,Horowitz,M.和Hanrahan,P.,“Light Field Photography with a Hand-Held PlenopticCamera(手持全光照相机的光场照片)”,Stanford University ComputerScience Tech Report CSTR 2005-02,2005年4月。这些文章描述了基于对传统数字照相机的修改的全光/光场照相机设计。
参考图1A,[Ng05]中描述的系统使用了一个置于离CCD阵列108很小距离(0.5mm)处的由大约100000个小透镜所组成的微型透镜阵列106。每个小透镜将从主透镜104到自身的光束分裂成来自主透镜光圈108上不同“针孔”位置的(100条)光线。将这些光线中的每一条记录为一个像素,并且每个小透镜下的这种像素共同构成100-像素的图像。如果称这种100-像素图像为一个“宏像素”,那么该照相机捕获的全光照片将包含接近100000个宏像素。通过适当地从每个宏像素中选择像素,能够创建利用虚拟针孔照相机所照出的传统图片。此外,通过适当地混合这种图像,能够对原来在拍摄时失焦的图像重新对焦,减少噪点,以及实现其他“光场”效果,如上述文章所述。
在[Ng05]所述原型中,使用具有接近100000个小透镜的阵列的16-百万像素传感器创建接近300*300宏像素的最终输出,其中每个小透镜一个宏像素。每个小透镜创建的宏像素包括接近150个像素。但是,由于称作“晕影(vignetting)”的问题所导致的边缘像素的低质量,只有大约100个这种像素是有用的。每个宏像素包括的这100个像素使捕获的数据等同于100幅传统图像,每一幅对应于对宏像素内部的像素的一种选择。由这种照相机处理数据所产生的每幅图片的大小等于小透镜的数量,因此是300*300。
遗憾地是,对于大多数实际应用来说,只有300*300像素的图像没有足够的分辨率。可以通过增加小透镜数量并将它们做得更小来增加像素数目。遗憾地是,现有技术不能够使用每幅图像的边界像素。应当注意,取决于系统是采用Grayscale模式还是Bayer模式工作,将丢失沿着宏像素边界大约2到4个像素的一个小条。当图像比较小时,这些很少的边界像素占据了图像的很大百分比。例如,在一幅10*10的彩色图像中,每个边缘上4个像素可能丢失,只剩下2*2=4个中心像素。这种情况下,96%的信息丢失了!因为这个问题,[Ng05]中所述系统不能减少每个微型透镜的大小和透镜下图像的大小。因此,限制了微型透镜的数量,以及因此限制了图像分辨率(通常,在一个应用16-百万像素传感器的系统中,微型透镜的数量限制为少于100000)。
因此,需要一种克服上述问题的用于增加全光照相机分辨率的方法和设备。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供了一种捕获关于进入照相机内部的光的方向分布的信息的全光照相机。和传统照相机一样,这种全光照相机包括主透镜,接收来自物视场中的物体的光,并将接收到的光导向照相机的像面。它还包括一个位于照相机像面上的光检测器阵列,捕获接收到的光以产生图像。但是,与传统照相机不同,全光照相机额外包括位于物视场和主透镜之间的光学元件阵列。这个阵列中的每个光学元件从与阵列中的其他光学元件不同的角度接收来自物视场的光,并从而将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜。以这种方式,光检测器阵列从阵列内的每个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图。
在这个实施例的一种变化中,光学元件阵列中的给定光学元件包括:透镜;棱镜;或透镜和棱镜。
在另一种变化中,透镜是具有负焦距的负透镜。
在另一种变化中,透镜是消色差透镜,以及棱镜是消色差棱镜。
在这个实施例的一种变化中,光检测器阵列是电荷耦合器件(CCD)阵列。
本发明的一个实施例额外地包括处理机制,配置用于处理光检测器阵列接收到的物视场的不同视图,以产生最终图像
在另一种变化中,当产生最终图像时,处理机制被配置用于使用物视场的不同视图来调整下列的一项或多项:最终图像的焦面;最终图像的视角;以及最终图像的景深。
在另一种变化中,当处理物视场的不同视图时,处理机制被配置用于完成不同视图之间的视图变形或插值操作,以产生物视场的附加视图,该附加视图看上去是从阵列中各光学元件位置之间的位置处获得的视图。
附图说明
图1A示出了现有技术的全光照相机。
图1B示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的全光照相机。
图2示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的全光照相机中附加的透镜和棱镜的布局。
图3示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的透镜和棱镜的阵列。
图4示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的透镜阵列和棱镜阵列。
图5示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的一个示例性场景。
图6呈现了通过根据本发明的一个实施例的透镜阵列获得的示例性场景的图像。
图7呈现了通过根据本发明的一个实施例的棱镜阵列获得的示例性场景的图像。
图8呈现了通过根据本发明的一个实施例的透镜阵列和棱镜阵列获得的示例性场景的图像。
图9A示出了根据本发明的一个实施例所生成的前景和背景同时对准焦距的示例性场景的图像。
图9B示出了根据本发明的一个实施例所生成的前景对准焦距的示例性场景的图像。
图9C示出了根据本发明的一个实施例所生成的背景对准焦距的示例性场景的图像。
图10呈现了根据本发明的一个实施例的如何在全光照相机内部引导光的流程图。
具体实施方式
为了使本领域中任何人能够做出和使用本发明,呈现下列描述,并且下列描述是在特殊应用以及这些应用的要求的上下文中提供的。在不偏离本发明精神和范围的条件下,本领域中的技术人员很容易想到对公开实施例的各种改变,以及将这里定义的基本原理应用于其他实施例和应用。这样,本发明不限于所示实施例,而是与权利要求所构成的宽范围相一致。
将详细描述中的数据结构和编码描述典型地存储在计算机可读存储介质中,该计算机可读存储介质可能是计算机系统使用的任何能够存储编码和/或数据的装置或介质。这包括,但不限于,磁性和光学存储装置例如磁盘驱动器,磁带,CD(压缩光盘),DVD(数字通用光盘或数字视频光盘),或任何计算机可用的能够存储数据的装置。
在[Ng05]所述系统中,每个宏像素的图像大小受限于照相机的设计。本发明提供了一种新的更容易构建的照相机,在视图数量和每幅视图图像大小之间的权衡上给予设计者更多灵活性。更特别地,本发明的一个实施例能够捕获少量(10幅)高分辨率图像,而[Ng05]中所述系统捕获大量(100幅)低分辨率图像。
因此,本发明的一个实施例提供了一种设计,其中将少量传统透镜置于照相机主透镜前面,而不是如[Ng05]中所公开的将大量微型透镜置于主透镜后面,因此使得更容易建立全光照相机。
应当注意,本发明使得在不丢失边缘像素质量的同时减少捕获的有效图像数量(从现有技术的100幅降到20幅,甚至10幅)成为了可能。这是[Ng05]所公开系统的主要问题,其将图像分辨率限制为300*300宏像素。使用相同类型的光学传感器,本发明能够为最终图像实现高得多的分辨率(例如,五倍的分辨率)。换句话说,本发明提供了用3D信息细节换取2D图像细节的灵活性。对于由少量3D表面组成的简单场景,少量图像足以捕获完整的3D细节。(例如,人类视觉系统只用两幅图像。)这说明希望减少图像数量,因为100幅图像可能太多了,10或20幅图像可能更合适。本发明的实施例使之成为了可能,而在现有技术中是不可能的。
代替将透镜阵列置于主透镜后面,如图1A所示的现有技术系统中那样,本发明将透镜阵列114置于主透镜116之前,如图1B所示。更具体地,本发明的一个实施例通过将19个透镜/棱镜置于主透镜之前代替将90000个透镜置于主透镜之后来实现更高分辨率的结果。
在图1B示出的本发明实施例中,将(大约10个到100个)透镜的阵列114和棱镜阵列112置于传统照相机主透镜116之前200mm到500mm处。应当注意,(棱镜阵列宽度)/(距主透镜的距离)的比值理想地等于主透镜116的f-值。
将每个透镜耦合到对应的消色差棱镜,其中取决于透镜位置,棱镜对不同透镜具有不同角度。特别地,选择每个棱镜,产生一个等于主照相机透镜观看棱镜的角度的角度偏移。以这种方式,所有棱镜创建了场景中同一物体的多个图像。应当注意,精确实现棱镜的角度和棱镜排列不是必须的,因为小错误不会影响最终图像的质量。但是,应该避免大错误以确保没有由图像的随机移位导致的像素浪费,这种像素浪费会产生缝隙和/或交迭。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所有透镜具有相同的负焦距,例如-100mm。这个焦距控制视野。应当注意,如果想要很好地定焦,所有透镜具有相同焦距很重要。
将照相机的主透镜116定焦在出现于负透镜之前的虚拟图像阵列上。应当注意阵列中每个透镜/棱镜从与阵列中的其他透镜/棱镜不同的角度接收来自图像区域110的光,并因此将图像区域110的不同视图导入照相机主透镜116。以这种方式,CCD阵列118捕获了一组图片,其中每幅图片提供了来自阵列中不同透镜/棱镜的物视场的不同视图。
通过处理装置120处理由CCD阵列118捕获的图片阵列以产生最终图像122。(应当注意处理装置120能够集成在照相机内也能位于照相机外)。通过适当地混合这些图像,处理装置120能够实现各种“光场”效果,例如图像重新对焦,减少噪点,调整视角,以及调整最终图像的景深。(关于这些光场效果中的某一些的详细描述,请参看[Adelson92]和[Ng05],也可以参看发明人为Edward H.Adelson的美国专利No.5076687“Optical Ranging Apparatus”。)
在本发明的一个实施例中,处理装置120被额外配置用于完成不同视图之间的视图变形或插值操作,以产生物视场的附加视图,该附加视图看上去是从阵列中各透镜/棱镜位置之间的位置处获得的视图。以这种方式,本发明能够使用更少量的透镜(20个)产生大量图像(100幅)。(在发明人为Todor Georgiev的美国专利No.6351269“Multiple ImageMorphing”中描述了这种类型的视图变形操作。)
应当注意,生成这些附加视图极大地拓展了设计空间,因为所得到的系统生成了大量的“高分辨率”图像。这是相对于[Ng05]所述的捕获大量“低分辨率”图像的系统的进步。
示例性实施例
在本发明的一个示例性实施例中,透镜阵列114包含19个透镜(f=-100mm),和排列成六边形图案的18个棱镜,如图2和图3所示。应当注意,中心透镜没有棱镜,因为它位于照相机的主轴上。照相机主透镜的f值是f/2,对应于14度。为了适应该f值,如图2所示,选择偏移角度为4度、7度和8度的棱镜。在这个示例性实施例中,透镜的直径是25mm,透镜阵列114的总宽度是125mm。此外,将此阵列放在与主透镜116相距250mm处。(应当注意这个距离能够调整。)利用一个16-百万像素的CCD阵列,这个实施例能够捕获大约600*600像素的最终图像,在相同的照相机分辨率下,像素比[Ng05]所述照相机多4倍。
应当注意,一个看起来像长焦镜头的管筒可以从主透镜延伸到透镜阵列,防止光从侧面进入系统并防止在棱镜和透镜上形成反射点。
透镜和棱镜
本发明的一个实施例能够只使用棱镜操作和只使用透镜进行操作,但是优选地同时使用透镜和棱镜进行操作。为了说明这一点,通过在图4中示出的7个负透镜的阵列和对应的6个棱镜的阵列得到了多个图片。使用这些透镜和棱镜捕获图5中所出现的示例性场景的图像。
图6示出了只通过透镜阵列所得到的示例性场景的图像。应当注意,这些图像相对于彼此发生移位,并且不捕获场景的同一区域,尽管管帽附近有很小一片场景出现在所有的图像中。
图7呈现了只通过棱镜阵列所得到的示例性场景的图像。应当注意,这些棱镜使图像发生移位从而在每幅图像中捕获了场景的相同部分。但是,所得到的视野相当窄。
最终,图8呈现了同时通过透镜阵列和棱镜阵列所得到的示例性场景的图像。应当注意,棱镜使图像移位从而使所有图像居中,并且透镜扩展了视野。还应当注意,每两幅图像形成一幅立体图像对。
通过使用负透镜代替正透镜,形成图像的平面会离照相机更远。这样使得所得到的系统更加紧凑,因为它允许透镜阵列更靠近主透镜。生成结果图像
如上面所提及的,本发明可以实现各种“光场”效果,例如重新对焦,减少噪点,调整视角,以及调整图像景深。例如,图9A-图9C示出了根据本发明的一个实施例,在得到图片之后,系统的一个实施例如何能够虚拟地定焦在不同像面上。在图9A中,图像的景深很大,所以前景中的瓶子和背景中的管子都对准了焦距。在图9B中,减少了景深,将图像的焦面设置为更接近照相机,所以前景中的瓶子对准了焦距,而背景中的管子失焦了。在图9C中,将图像的焦面设置为更远离照相机,所以背景中的管子对准了焦距,而前景中的瓶子失焦了。
光学流程
图10提供了一个流程图,用于说明光如何在根据本发明的实施例的全光照相机内部传导。第一,在位于照相机主透镜和物视场之间的光学元件阵列处接收来自物视场中物体的光(步骤1002)。这个阵列中的每个光学元件从不同角度接收来自物视场的光,以及因此将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜。
接着,在主透镜处接收来自光学元件阵列的光,主透镜将接收到的光导向照相机的像面(步骤1004)。
然后,在位于照相机像面上的光检测器阵列处接收来自主透镜的光(步骤1006),其中光检测器阵列从阵列中每个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图。
最后,处理光检测器阵列接收到的物视场的不同视图以产生最终图像(步骤1008)。
仅仅为了说明和描述的目的,提供了前面的对本发明实施例的描述。这些描述并不旨在穷尽本发明或将本发明限制为所公开的形式。相应地,对于本领域中的技术人员来说,许多改变和变化是很明显的。另外,上面的公开内容并不旨在限制本发明。通过权利要求定义本发明的范围。
Claims (20)
1.一种照相机,包括:
主透镜,其接收来自物视场中的物体的光,并将接收到的光导向照相机的像面;
位于照相机的像面上的光检测器阵列,其捕获接收到的光以产生图像;以及
位于物视场和主透镜之间的光学元件阵列,其中每个光学元件包括透镜,所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件从与所述光学元件阵列中的其他光学元件不同的角度接收来自物视场的光,并从而将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜,由此光检测器阵列从所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图;
其中所接收的所述物视场的不同视图相对于彼此发生位移,并且不捕获所述物视场的同一区域。
2.根据权利要求1所述的照相机,其中光学元件阵列中的给定光学元件包括:
透镜;
棱镜;或者
透镜和棱镜。
3.根据权利要求1所述的照相机,其中所述光学元件的透镜是具有负焦距的负透镜。
4.根据权利要求1所述的照相机,其中所述光学元件的透镜具有相同的负焦距。
5.根据权利要求1所述的照相机,其中光检测器阵列是电荷耦合器件(CCD)阵列。
6.根据权利要求1所述的照相机,还包括处理机制,其被配置用于处理光检测器阵列接收到的物视场的不同视图,以产生最终图像。
7.根据权利要求6所述的照相机,其中当产生最终图像时,处理机制被配置用于使用物视场的不同视图来调整下列的一项或多项:
最终图像的焦面;
最终图像的视角;以及
最终图像的景深。
8.根据权利要求6所述的照相机,其中当处理物视场的不同视图时,处理机制被配置用于完成不同视图之间的视图变形或插值操作,以产生物视场的附加视图,所述附加视图看上去是从所述光学元件阵列中各光学元件位置之间的位置处获得的视图。
9.一种采集光的方法,包括:
在位于物视场和照相机主透镜之间的光学元件阵列处接收来自物视场中物体的光,其中每个光学元件包括透镜,所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件从与所述光学元件阵列中的其他光学元件不同角度接收来自物视场的光,以及从而将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜;
在主透镜处接收来自光学元件阵列的光,主透镜将接收到的光导向照相机的像面;以及
在位于照相机的像面上的光检测器阵列处接收来自主透镜的光,其中光检测器阵列从所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图;
其中所接收的所述物视场的不同视图相对于彼此发生位移,并且不捕获所述物视场的同一区域。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中光学元件阵列中的给定光学元件包括:
透镜;
棱镜;或者
透镜和棱镜。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述光学元件的透镜是具有负焦距的负透镜。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述光学元件的透镜具有相同的负焦距。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中光检测器阵列是电荷耦合器件(CCD)阵列。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括处理光检测器阵列所接收到的物视场的不同视图,以产生最终图像。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中产生最终图像包括使用物视场的不同视图来调整下列的一项或多项:
最终图像的焦面;
最终图像的视角;以及
最终图像的景深。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中处理物视场的不同视图包括完成不同视图之间的视图变形或插值操作,以产生物视场的附加视图,所述附加视图看上去是从所述光学元件阵列中各光学元件位置之间的位置处获得的视图。
17.一种成像系统,包括;
主透镜,其接收来自物视场中的物体的光,并将接收到的光导向像面;
光检测器阵列,其位于所述像面上,捕获接收到的光以产生图像;
位于物视场和主透镜之间的光学元件阵列,其中每个光学元件包括透镜,所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件从与所述光学元件阵列中的其他光学元件不同的角度接收来自物视场的光,以及从而将物视场的不同视图导入主透镜,由此光检测器阵列从所述光学元件阵列中的每个光学元件接收物视场的不同视图;以及
处理机制,其被配置用于处理光检测器阵列接收到的物视场的不同视图,以产生最终图像;
其中所接收的所述物视场的不同视图相对于彼此发生位移,并且不捕获所述物视场的同一区域。
18.根据权利要求17所述的成像系统,其中光学元件阵列中的给定光学元件包括:
具有负焦距的负透镜;以及
棱镜。
19.根据权利要求17所述的成像系统,其中当产生最终图像时,处理机制被配置用于使用物视场的不同视图来调整下列的一项或多项:
最终图像的焦面;
最终图像的视角;以及
最终图像的景深。
20.根据权利要求17所述的成像系统,其中在处理物视场的不同视图时,处理机制被配置用于完成不同视图之间的视图变形或插值操作,以产生物视场的附加视图,所述附加视图看上去是从所述光学阵列中各光学元件位置之间的位置处获得的视图。
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KR20090016453A (ko) | 2009-02-13 |
US7620309B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 |
EP2008445B1 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
CN101455071A (zh) | 2009-06-10 |
JP2009532993A (ja) | 2009-09-10 |
JP4981124B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 |
EP2008445A1 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
WO2007115281A1 (en) | 2007-10-11 |
US20100020187A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
US8238738B2 (en) | 2012-08-07 |
US20070230944A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
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