CN101371431B - 在干扰情况下关断电机的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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- B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
- B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于在干扰情况下关断具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的方法。当将电机(1)首先切换到脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)被打开的断开模式(Z2)下并且随后切换到与高电位(UBat)相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开而与低电位(地)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合的短路模式(Z3)下时,可以使在关断电机时的不受欢迎的副作用最小化并且使正规的电机运行(Z1)最大化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在干扰情况下关断具有脉冲逆变器(Pulswechselrichter)的电机的方法、以及一种相应的装置。
背景技术
例如在混合动力车辆中采用具有脉冲逆变器的电机,在混合动力车辆中电机选择性地在电动机运行或发电机运行中运行。在电动机运行中,电机生成例如在加速阶段中支持内燃机的附加的传动力矩,在发电机运行中,电机生成存储在诸如电池或超级电容(Super-Cap)的储能器中的电能。借助脉冲逆变器来调节电机的运行方式和功率。
已知的脉冲逆变器(PWR)包括一系列的开关,利用这些开关选择性地相对于高电位、即所谓的中间电路电压或相对于低参考电位、尤其是地来切换电机的各个相(U,V,W)。由外部的控制设备来控制开关,该控制设备根据司机愿望(加速或制动)来计算电机的额定运行点。脉冲逆变器与控制设备相连接,并从该控制设备获得相应的运行数据或控制指令。
在可能例如由于过高的电池电流或过高的引线电流而形成的干扰的情况下,将脉冲逆变器切换到安全状态下,以便防止电气元件的可能的损坏。从现有技术中主要已知两种替代地被应用的不同的关断方法:在第一种方法中,闭合所有与低电位相连接的开关(低侧开关),并且打开所有与高电位相连接的开关(高侧开关)。该运行方式也称为短路模式。在另一种关断方法中,打开脉冲逆变器的所有的开关。这也称为断开(Freischalt)模式。
已知的关断方法原则上适于保护储能器或连接在其上的电气元件,但是具有一些缺点。因此例如相电流可能在转换到短路模式之后还短时间(1-1.5个半波)上升。所以必须相应低地调节短路模式的触发阈值。除此之外,到短路模式的转换还引起机器力矩的跳跃式的改变,该改变可能对车辆特性产生干扰影响。此外,在短路模式下还在电机中生成可能导致过热的可观的电损耗功率。而断开模式尤其是具有以下缺点,即中间电路电压在转换到断开模式之后还可能上升50V和更多。因此可能使储能器和另外的电气元件过充电或损坏。
发明内容
因此本发明的任务是创造一种用于关断电机的方法,该方法在后续的电流上升或电压上升方面具有较小的副作用,并导致对机器力矩的较小的影响和电机的较少的发热。在此情况下,该方法应可以尽可能简单和低成本地实现。
根据本发明,该任务通过下面所说明的特征来解决。
根据本发明,提出了一种用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器的电机的方法,其中,在干扰情况下所述电机首先被切换到断开模式,并且随后被切换到短路模式,其中在所述断开模式下所述脉冲逆变器的所有开关都被打开,在所述短路模式下与高电位相连接的开关被打开,而与低电位相连接的开关被闭合。
根据本发明还提出了一种用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器的电机的装置,其中,设置有控制设备,该控制设备在干扰情况下控制所述脉冲逆变器,使得所述脉冲逆变器首先切换到断开模式,并且随后切换到短路模式,其中在所述断开模式下所述脉冲逆变器的所有开关都被打开,在所述短路模式下与高电位相连接的开关被打开,而与低电位相连接的开关被闭合。
本发明的一个主要的方面在于,顺序地利用两种已知的关断运行方式,并且首先将电机切换到断开模式,并且随后切换到短路模式。如果断开模式是足够短的并且相对快地转换到短路模式,则可以限制与断开模式相关联的负面效应。除此之外,仅还在显著更小的程度上出现与短路模式相关联的效应。断开模式和短路模式的顺序的耦合因此具有可以显著降低或完全消除上述缺点的主要优点。
优选地在预先给定的时间阈值之后进行从断开模式到短路模式的转换。该时间阈值应优选地与相应的应用相匹配,并且例如可以为10ms。可以简单地并且低成本地例如借助时间元件来实现时间阈值的预先给定。
上述的时间标准可以选择性地与一个或多个附加的标准、尤其是储能器或电机的电流状态和/或电压状态相关联。由此实现,脉冲逆变器较长时间地保持在断开模式下,并且只有当在电机上或在连接在该电机上的电网中达到临界电流和/或电压状态时,才从断开模式转换到短路模式。
根据本发明的第一实施形式,当满足了时间标准并且诸如电池电流的电流值附加地超过预先给定的阈值时,进行从断开模式到短路模式的过渡。因此只有当电池(充电)电流达到临界值时,才进行到短路模式的转换。
根据本发明的第二实施形式,当满足了所述的时间标准并且诸如中间电路电压的电压值超过预先给定的阈值时,进行到短路模式的转换。因此尤其可以防止损坏对电压敏感的元件。设置有合适的电流传感器或电压传感器,用于测量所述的电流或电压。这些电流传感器或电压传感器可以被集成在控制设备中。
根据本发明的第三实施形式,当满足了所述的时间标准并且电机的转速超过预先给定的阈值时,进行到短路模式的转换。如开始时已提及的那样,断开模式特别是在高转速时是关键的,因为在此情况下由电机生成可能损坏电池或储能器的相应高的电压。转速的阈值优选地为电机的最高转速的大约50%。优选地设置有合适的转速传感器,用于测量所述的转速。
附图说明
以下借助附图示例性地更详细地阐述本发明。
图1展示具有脉冲逆变器的三相电机的示意图;
图2展示在干扰情况下电机的不同运行状态的状态图;以及
图3展示与转速有关的到短路模式的转换的示例图。
具体实施方式
图1展示电机1和连接在其上的脉冲逆变器2的示意图。脉冲逆变器(PWR)2包括多个开关3a-3f,这些开关3a-3f与电机1的各个相U、V、W相连接,并相对于高的供电电位(电池电压UBat)或相对于低的参考电位(地)切换所述相U、V、W。与高的供电电位UBat相连接的开关3a-3c在此也称为“高侧开关”,而与地相连接的开关3d-3f称为“低侧开关”。脉冲逆变器2此外还包括多个以六脉冲整流器桥电路形式布置的自振荡二极管(Freilaufdiode)4a-4f。在此,各一个二极管4a-4f与开关3a-3f之一并联布置。
PWR2确定电机1的功率和运行方式,并由控制设备6来相应地控制。电机1因此可以选择性地在电动机运行或发电机运行中运行。在电动机运行中,它生成例如在加速阶段中支持内燃机的附加的传动力矩。而在发电机运行中将机械能转变成电能,并存储在储能器中,这里存储在电池5中。
主要用来稳定电池电压UBat的所谓的中间电路电容器C与脉冲逆变器2并联布置。
图2展示在关断电机1时不同运行状态的状态图。在此,状态Z1表示正规(正常)运行,状态Z2表示断开模式,而状态Z3表示短路模式。在系统的可能例如由过高的电流值或电压值或由过高的温度引起的干扰情况下,脉冲逆变器2(由控制设备6触发)自动切换到断开模式Z2下,以便避免损坏电机1或对电压敏感的元件。
转换条件在这里用B12来表示,并可以按照应用来自由选择。在断开模式Z2下打开所有的开关3a-3f。转换条件B12通常被表达为电压、电流或温度的函数。设置有(例如在控制设备6中集成)相应的传感器,用于测量所需要的电流值、电压值或温度值。
在出现条件B23时,电机1或脉冲逆变器2自动地从断开模式(Z2)转换到短路模式(Z3)下。对于到短路模式(Z3)下的转换,可以表达不同的条件B23。应选择转换条件B23,使得避免尤其是电池5的损坏。
第一可能性例如在于预先给定纯粹的时间条件。在此情况下,当断开模式Z2的持续时间已超出了譬如10ms的预先给定的时间阈值时,进行到短路模式Z3下的转换。该实现方案是特别简单的。优选地在持续时间t之后进行到短路模式Z3下的转换,其中:
t=L·K·Imax/[Uzk+R·Imax·K]
式中:
t=线性地到值零的衰减时间,
L/R电感/电阻(绕组星形连接)
Imax=在关断之前的最大的引线电流
K=系数(值1.5...2.0)
Uzk=中间电路电压
第二可能性在于,当满足了上述的时间条件并且电池充电电流(发电机运行)大于譬如20A的预先给定的阈值时,转换到短路模式Z3下。在此情况下,当电池充电电流已达到了临界值时,进行到短路模式的转换。
第三可能性在于,当满足了上述的时间条件并且中间电路电压Uzk超出了预先给定的阈值时,将脉冲逆变器2转换到短路模式Z3下。在此情况下,因此能够防止PWR 2的损坏。
第四可能性在于,当电机1中的转速n超出了预先给定的阈值时,将脉冲逆变器2转换到短路模式Z3下。该阈值在此优选地为最高转速的大约50%。
控制设备6包括读入并处理对于所实施的方法来说必需的量(电压和/或电流和/或温度和/或转速)的算法。控制设备优选地包括至少一个定时器,利用该定时器来检验所述的时间条件。该算法在此如上所述工作。当干扰被确定、即满足了条件B12时,控制设备6生成用于PWR 2的控制信号A,利用该控制信号A将PWR 2首先切换到断开模式。在出现条件B23时,控制设备6于是生成用于PWR 2的控制信号A,利用该控制信号A将PWR 2切换到短路模式Z3下。
图3展示根据电机1的转速n(或成比例的转速)从断开模式Z2到短路模式Z3下的转换。如可以识别的那样,电机1首先处于具有上升转速n的正规运行中。在时刻t0出现满足条件B12的干扰。于是将脉冲逆变器2切换到断开模式Z2下。在时刻t0之后不久达到10ms的时间阈值。电机1的转速n在此之后继续上升,直至它达到3000min-1的值为止。在时刻t1满足了条件B23(t>10ms并且n>3000min-1)。系统因此切换到短路模式Z3下。回跳条件B21和B31在这里是上级的,但是将不进一步加以论述。
Claims (10)
1.用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的方法,其特征在于,
在干扰情况下所述电机(1)首先被切换到断开模式(Z2),并且随后被切换到短路模式(Z3),其中在所述断开模式(Z2)下所述脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)都被打开,在所述短路模式(Z3)下与高电位相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开,而与低电位(U0)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合,当超出预先给定的时间阈值时,所述电机(1)从所述断开模式(Z2)被切换到所述短路模式(Z3)。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,根据以下关系式来选择所述时间阈值:
t=L·K·Imax/[Uzk+R·Imax·K],其中
t=线性地到值零的衰减时间,
L/R=电感/电阻
Imax=在关断之前的最大的引线电流
K=系数
Uzk=中间电路电压。
3.用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的方法,其特征在于,
在干扰情况下所述电机(1)首先被切换到断开模式(Z2),并且随后被切换到短路模式(Z3),其中在所述断开模式(Z2)下所述脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)都被打开,在所述短路模式(Z3)下与高电位相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开,而与低电位(U0)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合,当超出预先给定的时间阈值并且电池电流(IBat)超出预先给定的阈值时,所述电机(1)从所述断开模式(Z2)被切换到所述短路模式(Z3)。
4.按照权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,根据以下关系式来选择所述时间阈值:
t=L·K·Imax/[Uzk+R·Imax·K],其中
t=线性地到值零的衰减时间,
L/R=电感/电阻
Imax=在关断之前的最大的引线电流
K=系数
Uzk=中间电路电压。
5.用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的方法,其特征在于,
在干扰情况下所述电机(1)首先被切换到断开模式(Z2),并且随后被切换到短路模式(Z3),其中在所述断开模式(Z2)下所述脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)都被打开,在所述短路模式(Z3)下与高电位相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开,而与低电位(U0)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合,当超出预先给定的时间阈值并且中间电路电压(Uzk)超出预先给定的阈值时,所述电机(1)从所述断开模式(Z2)被切换到所述短路模式(Z3)。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,根据以下关系式来选择所述时间阈值:
t=L·K·Imax/[Uzk+R·Imax·K],其中
t=线性地到值零的衰减时间,
L/R=电感/电阻
Imax=在关断之前的最大的引线电流
K=系数
Uzk=中间电路电压。
7.用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的方法,其特征在于,
在干扰情况下所述电机(1)首先被切换到断开模式(Z2),并且随后被切换到短路模式(Z3),其中在所述断开模式(Z2)下所述脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)都被打开,在所述短路模式(Z3)下与高电位相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开,而与低电位(U0)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合,当超出预先给定的时间阈值并且转速(n)超出预先给定的阈值时,所述电机(1)从所述断开模式(Z2)被切换到所述短路模式(Z3)。
8.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,根据以下关系式来选择所述时间阈值:
t=L·K·Imax/[Uzk+R·Imax·K],其中
t=线性地到值零的衰减时间,
L/R=电感/电阻
Imax=在关断之前的最大的引线电流
K=系数
Uzk=中间电路电压。
9.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述阈值为最高转速的大约50%。
10.用于在干扰情况下运行具有脉冲逆变器(2)的电机(1)的装置,其特征在于,
设置有控制设备(6),该控制设备(6)在干扰情况下控制所述脉冲逆变器(2),使得所述脉冲逆变器(2)首先切换到断开模式(Z2),并且随后切换到短路模式(Z3),其中在所述断开模式(Z2)下所述脉冲逆变器(2)的所有开关(3a-3f)都被打开,在所述短路模式(Z3)下与高电位相连接的开关(3a-3c)被打开,而与低电位(U0)相连接的开关(3d-3f)被闭合,当超出预先给定的时间阈值时,所述电机(1)从所述断开模式(Z2)被切换到所述短路模式(Z3)。
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