CN101300058B - 柴油发动机废气过滤设备 - Google Patents

柴油发动机废气过滤设备 Download PDF

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CN101300058B
CN101300058B CN2006800405162A CN200680040516A CN101300058B CN 101300058 B CN101300058 B CN 101300058B CN 2006800405162 A CN2006800405162 A CN 2006800405162A CN 200680040516 A CN200680040516 A CN 200680040516A CN 101300058 B CN101300058 B CN 101300058B
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CN101300058A (zh
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Z·萨马拉斯
G·科尔察基什
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Veraingo Co ltd
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种基于金属泡沫的柴油发动机过滤设备。为了使用深床过滤金属泡沫来实现具有较低压降的较高过滤效率,基于“孔隙率梯度”使用了一种径向流动概念。也可以用催化活性材料来覆盖所述泡沫,以增强碳烟氧化(再生),同时减少其它废气污染物(CO、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物)。这可以根据目标应用通过在过滤器中使用非均匀数量的催化材料来实现。附加的次过滤段(13)可以被放置在主过滤段(8)的金属支撑件中。外部壳体(1)的入口和出口处的金属膜片(11、12、16)的设计方式使流动能够根据各自的流动阻力在主过滤段(8)和次过滤段(13)之间被分开。所述过滤器的设计方式使在清洁时,保证非常高的过滤效率,在由于各种原因,例如延长的低温操作,使装载于过滤器中的碳烟达到极高值的情况下,保证不出现阻塞现象。

Description

柴油发动机废气过滤设备
技术领域
本发明涉及基于金属泡沫的柴油发动机废气过滤器,包括限定具有进口管和出口管的腔室的金属壳体以及过滤设备本体,所述过滤设备本体由设置在所述进口管和出口管之间的连通通道中的分层金属泡沫板制成。
背景技术
所考虑的金属泡沫材料和制造工艺分别在国际专利申请WO2004089564和WO 2005037467中描述。根据这种工艺,所生产的金属泡沫为具有期望长度和宽度的板。
对于柴油颗粒过滤的应用,基于泡沫的过滤器是已知的,尽管大多数过滤器都基于陶瓷材料。典型地,由于具有大量的封闭孔,具有足够小的孔尺寸以实现良好过滤效率的陶瓷泡沫展示出相对较高的压降。此外,当更多碳烟(soot)在过滤器中积累时,已知的是这种泡沫的过滤效率将降低,直到观测到一种“吹走”(blow-off)行为,即负效率。
陶瓷泡沫的另一个缺点是对最终过滤器成形的限制。因此,在汽车应用中所需的有限空间内获得大的过滤区域是非常困难的。
不同于基于表面过滤机制工作的大多数商业化的柴油颗粒过滤器,泡沫过滤器基于深床过滤(deep-bed filtration)操作。这就意味着碳烟在泡沫结构中而不是在其表面上收集。根据基于发动机测试的目前的经验,具有小孔的高效过滤器会倾向于在其入口附近积累比朝向其出口更多的碳烟。由于过滤器的高度装载的区域会不成比例地增大压降,这种非均匀的碳烟分布是不利的。
在已知的现有技术中,所提出的材料通常是指多孔材料,并没有特别地说明生产工艺的细节。
此外,一些已知的实施方式由需求所限定,以通过使用电加热器来支持过滤器的热再生。因此,要求使用至少两个圆柱过滤器元件。由于材料方面的限制、过滤器元件的生产工艺以及多个过滤器元件的生产工艺的需求,过滤器元件的厚度被限制在0.5至20mm的范围内,优选地为1mm或更多。
所提出的待使用的孔的尺寸范围特别优选地为从100至600μm,所述范围是相当小的。类似地,过滤厚度是非常窄的。此外,简单地参考“3-D捕获效果”缺乏对实际过滤机制的理解。
在其他已知的现有技术中,有两个元件被认为是基本的,包括所谓的“孔隙率梯度”(porosity gradient)原理以及使用未提出的催化覆盖泡沫材料。
其他已知的现有技术涉及导致陶瓷泡沫不具有梯度孔隙率的陶瓷泡沫的使用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服上述缺点,使用深床过滤金属泡沫来实现具有低压降的高过滤效率。这是基于径向流动概念,在轴向和/或横向方向使用“孔隙率梯度”。根据应用,所述泡沫还能够被催化活性材料所覆盖,以增强碳烟氧化(再生),同时减少其它废气污染物,例如CO、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物。优先地,这可以根据目标应用通过在过滤器中使用非均匀数量的催化材料来实现。在本发明的一个变化形式中,所述过滤器的设计方式使在清洁时能够保证非常高的过滤效率,并保证在由于各种原因(例如延长的低温操作)装载于过滤器中的碳烟达到极高值的情况下,不会出现阻塞现象。
迄今为止的实际测试已经证明,使用形状适合于允许径向流动的覆盖泡沫过滤器,具有可接受压降的80%至95%数量级的基于深床的颗粒过滤效率是可能的。由于主导性的基于扩散的过滤机制,对于较小的微粒尺寸,例如小于20nm,过滤效率是最高的,接近100%。估计所述过滤器的碳烟容量极限可以超过15克/升,这几乎是标准壁流(wall-flow)系统的两倍。已经证明,在低温条件下(250到450℃之间),这种过滤器的再生潜力要优于标准催化陶瓷壁流过滤器。在200℃级别的温度条件下,催化涂层也能够获得接近100%的CO和碳氢化合物的转化率。同时,在任何可能的实际行驶条件下,孔的尺寸在600微米或更小的基于泡沫的过滤器不会表现出吹走所积累的碳烟的倾向。
在一些应用中,例如对于不具有强制再生的可能性的改进的现有发动机,主要需求是过滤器不应通过施加极高的背压(backpressure)而阻碍发动机。这种很高的背压会出现在以高效率积累碳烟并在以100-250℃为例的低温条件下操作的任何过滤器中,典型地出现在城市行驶中。避免这个问题的一种可能性是使用在碳烟装载增加时表现出减小的过滤效率的过滤器。这种过滤器会倾向于在发动机的可接受的背压水平下达到平衡(零效率)。使用仔细选择的泡沫多孔结构的组合,可以设计过滤器达到上述目标。
本发明的目的是通过一种过滤设备实现的,所述过滤设备是上面序言中所提及的类型,值得注意的是所述过滤设备本体由至少一个过滤设备段制成,包括多层金属泡沫板,所述多层金属泡沫板绕壳体的纵向轴线设置,其设置方式在壳体内限定出外腔室和内腔室。所述腔室与所述进口管和所述出口管连通,其连通方式使在使用时,发动机的废气被迫从外腔室向内腔室流动,或者相反,这样相对于壳体的纵向轴线假定出速度的径向分量。
所述方案是基于管状过滤器设计而实现的,其中迫使流动通过横向方向。流动所能获得的高过滤区域与减小的气体速度有关。根据流体动力学可知,减小的流速会导致低得多的压力损失以及增大的过滤效率,特别是对于较小尺寸的微粒。所述过滤器通过使金属泡沫板绕轴对称的金属支撑件滚卷而形成,所述金属支撑件可以是多孔金属管。靠近流动入口的泡沫层由具有较大孔尺寸的泡沫制成,而靠近流动出口的层由具有较小孔尺寸的泡沫制成,以在装载状态在过滤器中达到均匀的碳烟分布。
于是,结合使用多孔管的根据本发明提出的过滤段绕多孔金属管支撑件滚卷。
选择性地,可以强制发动机废气从内腔室向外腔室流动(反之亦然)。
根据本发明的有利实施方案,泡沫的孔的尺寸可以在400到1800微米的范围内变化。于是,所提出的孔的尺寸范围比所述已知现有技术中使用的建议范围要大得多,已知现有技术中的这些限制对于本发明就不再起作用了。
有利地,对于具有最小孔尺寸的每一泡沫板,其厚度为1.5mm,而对于具有最大孔尺寸的每一泡沫板,其厚度为4mm。通过滚卷,可以很容易地使这种泡沫形成圆柱形结构。
仍然有利地,如果过滤器以管状方式成形,其成形方式使其被废气流径向地穿过,则可以获得较大的过滤面积。对于本发明所考虑的金属泡沫的情况,这在技术上是可行的。
另一方面,使用各种泡沫结构的组合可以实现过滤的碳烟的更加均匀的分布,较大的孔靠近流动入口而逐渐变小的孔靠近泡沫板的流动出口。对于这里考虑的金属泡沫材料,称为“孔隙率梯度”的这种配置方式在技术上是可行的。根据本发明的设备的值得注意的特征包括金属泡沫层的孔隙率沿过滤深度是变化的。
此外,根据本发明的优选实施方案,所述泡沫可以很容易地被典型地在汽车应用中使用的催化活性材料所覆盖,产生催化覆盖泡沫,其能够以催化方式启动过滤器再生。根据本发明的设备被设计为最大限度地使用催化效果,从而不再需要用于热再生的任何附加支撑件,例如电加热器,我们也不受制于使用至少两个圆柱元件。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,在主过滤器的金属支撑件中放置附加的次过滤器。外部壳体的入口和出口处的金属膜片的设计方式使流动能够根据各自的流动阻力在主过滤器和次过滤器之间被分开。对于给定的外部过滤器的体积,这种配置方式进一步增加了流动面积,在压降方面提供了额外的好处。这可以通过在过滤器厚度上作出折衷而实现。在过滤效率上产生的负作用可以通过选择合适的泡沫孔隙率而被最小化。
仍然选择性地,所述过滤本体进一步包括至少一个次过滤段和内腔室,每一次过滤段包括多层金属泡沫板,其按所述方式绕所述纵向轴线设置,所述腔室与所述进口管和所述出口管连通,在使用时,其连通方式迫使发动机的废气从中央腔室以及从外腔室向所述内腔室流动,或者相反。
在后一种情况下,有利地可以提供的是,所述壳体具有壁,所述壁在一端连接至具有限定出前述进口管的颈部的结构,所述结构在其相对的端部被一膜片所封闭,所述膜片具有外围开口,所述外围开口迫使进入壳体的气流进入设置在过滤设备段外侧的外腔室,圆柱壁的相对端部被一膜片所封闭,所述膜片具有限定出口管并与内腔室连通的中央颈部。
然而在前一种情况下(反之亦然),迫使所述气流离开壳体。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,所述实施方案适合于在装载条件下以降低的过滤效率进行低温应用,可以选择次过滤器的孔结构,以在装载条件下表现出减小的过滤效率。对于延长的低温操作的情况,针对高效率设计的主过滤器可以达到阻塞条件,即非常高的流动阻力。从而,由于次过滤器的更加开放的结构和其受限的碳烟装载能力,流动可以自己引导至表现出较小流动阻力的次过滤器。
附图说明
图1描述了本发明的第一实施方案。
图2描述了本发明的第二实施方案,所述第二实施方案与图1中所示的实施方案类似,在流动方向中过滤器的放置是相反的。
图3描述了本发明的第三实施方案。
图4描述了本发明的第四实施方案,所述第四实施方案与图3中所示的实施方案类似,在流动方向中过滤器的放置是相反的。
具体实施方式
以图1为参考,金属壳体1限定出具有进口管2和出口管3的腔室以及过滤本体4,所述过滤本体4由设置在所述进口管2和出口管3之间的连通通道中的分层金属泡沫板制成。它包括一个过滤段,其中废气被迫从所述过滤段的外径向出口管流动。
在图1中,过滤本体4由一个段8制成,包括多个金属泡沫板,绕多孔金属支撑件9滚卷,优选地具有大于40%的孔隙率。对于可用的泡沫是几毫米厚的泡沫板的情况,则应绕多孔金属支撑件9滚卷多个泡沫板,直到在径向流动方向获得需要的厚度,所述厚度典型地为几厘米。在泡沫材料已经具有其内径等于金属支撑件的外径的管状形式的情况下,其可以容易地卷绕在金属支撑件上。
过滤段绕壳体1的纵向轴线5设置,其设置方式在壳体1内限定出外腔室6和内腔室7,所述腔室与所述进口管2和所述出口管3连通,在使用时,该连通方式迫使发动机的废气从外腔室6向内腔室7流动,于是相对于壳体1的纵向轴线5假定出速度的径向分量。
图2中所示的系统具有与图1中系统相同的几何配置方式,但在流动方向中过滤器的放置是相反的。它包括一个过滤段,其中废气被迫从过滤器本体4的内径向出口管3流动。
对于图1和图2中所示的两种配置方式,优选地泡沫层的孔隙率是可变的,靠近流动入口的层具有较大的孔,而靠近流动出口的层具有较小的孔。这将保证在泡沫结构中碳烟的分布更加均匀,从而在压降方面产生益处。优选地,泡沫材料由基于Pt的催化剂覆盖。装载待用的Pt的优选量在入口附近为每升泡沫2-5克的级别,在中间为1-2克/升,并且在流动出口附近降到零。这将保证在实际操作中大部分催化剂与所积累的碳烟非常接近,这可以使在必需的Pt量最小化的情况下增加对催化活性的利用。
图3中所示的过滤器设计的变化形式包括两个过滤段、外腔室、中央腔室和内腔室,所述内腔室与进口管和出口管连通,该连通方式迫使发动机废气从中央腔室以及从外腔室向内腔室流动。可以具有穿孔的金属锥,以控制两个过滤段之间的期望流动分布。过滤本体4由至少一个主过滤段8和优选地至少一个次过滤段13组成,每一个过滤段都包括多层金属泡沫板,其绕壳体的纵向轴线5设置,其设置方式在壳体1内限定出外腔室6、中央腔室14和内腔室7,所述腔室与所述进口管2和所述出口管3连通,在使用时,其连通方式迫使发动机废气从中央腔室14以及从外腔室6向内腔室7流动,于是相对于壳体1的纵向轴线5假定出速度的径向分量。
对于相同的整体体积,这种设计在过滤深度上采取折衷,从而实现了更高的过滤面积。这种设计对于相对较低的孔尺寸的情况是有利的,其中1-2cm级别的过滤深度通常足够保证高于80%的过滤效率。根据各自的流动阻力,废气流会在主过滤段和次过滤段之间分布。由于主过滤段的较高表面积,至少在过滤器清洁或者适度地装载碳烟的时候,流动会优先地通过这一段。考虑到过滤和压降的要求,可以对主过滤段和次过滤段的内尺寸和外尺寸进行适当的设计,以实现优选的流动分布。关于泡沫的孔隙率和催化剂的分布,在图1和图2的情况下已经提到的考虑同样适用。
图4中所示的系统具有与图3中系统相同的几何配置方式,但在流动方向中过滤器的放置是相反的。
为了以图3的配置方式实现较高的过滤效率,优选的情况是只要主过滤段的流动阻力可接受地低,使流动尽可能多地通过主过滤段8。如图3中所示,通过在过滤器入口使用穿孔金属锥17可以使这一点得到增强。这个锥的作用首先是在流动入口附近使流动分离最小化并将流动引导到主过滤段8,其次是通过施加通过小孔的附加流动阻力来降低通过次过滤段13的流速。因此,在正常操作情况下,大于60%的流动的最大部分会被引导通过主过滤段。对于主过滤段阻塞的情况,例如在延长的城市行驶过程中由于过多碳烟积累而产生的不可接受的高流动阻力,流动会优先地通过穿孔金属锥的孔和次过滤段13。通过过滤段尺寸和锥孔的适当设计,可以调节流动分布,从而使过滤器在正常操作情况下绝不阻塞,而其过滤效率在正常行驶条件下会比较高。
图3和图4中所示的实施方案基于引用的现有技术中未提到的操作原理。它们适合于低温应用,在装载条件下具有降低的过滤效率。

Claims (15)

1.一种柴油发动机废气过滤设备,包括限定具有进口管(2)和出口管(3)的腔室的金属壳体(1)以及过滤装置本体(4),所述过滤装置本体由设置在所述进口管(2)和出口管(3)之间的连通通道中的分层金属泡沫板制成,其中,所述过滤装置本体由至少一个过滤设备段(8)和至少一个次过滤设备段(13)制成,每个过滤设备段包括多层金属泡沫板,所述多层金属泡沫板绕壳体的纵向轴线(5)设置,其设置方式在壳体(1)内限定出外腔室(6)、中央腔室(14)和内腔室(7),所述外腔室(6)、中央腔室(14)和内腔室(7)与所述进口管(2)和所述出口管(3)连通,在使用时,该连通方式迫使发动机的废气从中央腔室(14)以及从外腔室(6)向内腔室(7)流动,或者相反,这样相对于壳体(1)的纵向轴线(5)假定出速度的径向分量,其特征在于,所述过滤设备进一步包括金属锥(17),所述金属锥将进入壳体(1)的流动引导并分布至中央腔室(14)和外腔室(6)。
2.如权利要求1所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,所述过滤设备段(8、13)由金属泡沫板的层组成。
3.如权利要求2所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,所述金属泡沫板的层基本是同心的。
4.如权利要求1或3所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,金属泡沫层的孔隙率在垂直于所述纵向轴线(5)的方向上是可变的,和/或金属泡沫层的孔隙率在沿所述纵向轴线(5)的方向上是可变的,和/或金属泡沫层的孔隙率是可变的,靠近流动入口的层具有较大的孔,而靠近流动出口的层具有较小的孔。
5.如权利要求1所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,过滤设备段(8)绕多孔金属管支撑件(9)滚卷。
6.如权利要求1所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,金属泡沫层由催化活性材料所覆盖。
7.如权利要求6所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,金属泡沫层由基于贵金属的催化活性材料所覆盖。
8.如权利要求7所述的过滤设备,其特征在于所述贵金属是铂。
9.如权利要求6所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,金属泡沫层的催化剂装载在垂直于所述纵向轴线(5)的方向上是可变的,和/或金属泡沫层的催化剂装载在沿所述纵向轴线(5)的方向上是可变的,和/或金属泡沫层的催化剂装载是可变的,靠近流动入口的层具有较高的装载,而靠近流动出口的层具有较低的装载。
10.如权利要求1所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,所述壳体(1)具有壁,所述壁在其一端连接至具有限定出所述进口管(2)的颈部的结构(10),所述结构(10)在其端部被膜片(11)封闭,所述膜片具有外围开口,所述外围开口迫使分别进入或者离开壳体(1)的气流进入设置在过滤设备段(8)外侧的外腔室(6),所述壁的相对端部被另一膜片(12)封闭,所述膜片具有中央颈部,所述中央颈部限定出口管(3)并与内腔室(7)连通。
11.如权利要求1所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,所述金属锥(17)是穿孔的。
12.如权利要求1或11所述的过滤设备,其特征在于,每一泡沫板由金属合金制成,所述金属合金具有合适的机械性质以使其能够以管状设计形成。
13.一种柴油发动机废气过滤设备系统,包括多个过滤设备组合,其中每一组合包括如权利要求1所述的过滤设备。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统,包括多个组合,每一组合包括串联布置的设备,和/或每一组合包括并联布置的设备,和/或每一组合包括同时串联分别并联布置的所述设备。
15.如权利要求13或14所述的系统,进一步包括具有腔室的导管,所述腔室由一内表面限定,其中每一组合都容纳在所述腔室中。
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CA2627107A1 (en) 2007-05-10
KR20080091091A (ko) 2008-10-09
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US7935163B2 (en) 2011-05-03
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WO2007052084A1 (en) 2007-05-10
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CN101300058A (zh) 2008-11-05
US20080209872A1 (en) 2008-09-04

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