CN101233268A - 通过离子束注入形成的纳米棒阵列 - Google Patents

通过离子束注入形成的纳米棒阵列 Download PDF

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CN101233268A
CN101233268A CNA2006800278665A CN200680027866A CN101233268A CN 101233268 A CN101233268 A CN 101233268A CN A2006800278665 A CNA2006800278665 A CN A2006800278665A CN 200680027866 A CN200680027866 A CN 200680027866A CN 101233268 A CN101233268 A CN 101233268A
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朱唯干
徐慧源
陈永松
杜立伟
萧庆廉
王雪梅
杜彦洁
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University of Houston
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Abstract

描述了一种使用离子束注入制备纳米棒阵列的方法,该方法包括在衬底上限定图案和然后使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子。接下来,在衬底上沉积薄膜。在薄膜生长期间,纳米沟槽形成并通过毛细凝结催化纳米棒的形成。所得纳米棒相对于支持基体排列并且没有晶格和热应变作用。通过改变离子束注入和薄膜生长条件可以改变纳米棒的密度、尺寸和纵横比,导致对发射效率的控制。

Description

通过离子束注入形成的纳米棒阵列
本申请依照35 U.S.C.§119(e)要求于2005年6月29日提出的美国临时专利申请No.60/696,020的权益,通过引用将其整体并入本文用于所有场合。
美国政府对本发明享有缴清许可,并且在有限的情形中具有要求专利所有人以合理的条款许可其他人的权利,正如能源部授权号DE-FG02-05ER46208和国家科学基金(NSF)授权号DMR-0404542的条款所规定的。
本发明涉及使用离子束注入形成纳米棒阵列的一般领域。
产生纳米棒阵列图案的当前方法使用金属催化剂来催化利用气-液-固工艺的生长。在衬底气相源的存在下,将加热到高于共晶温度的催化金属的薄层沉积到衬底上。气相在金属催化剂上的吸收产生消耗催化剂的共晶液相。衬底到液相中的进一步吸收引起导致纳米棒生长的过饱和。液滴在生长中的纳米棒之上形成以驱动进一步的气-液-固(VLS)生长。该方法所固有的问题包括:1)催化剂自身在纳米棒中产生不希望有的杂质,这些杂质使物理性质劣化;2)该结构通常具有引起机械不稳定的不支持的基体材料;3)这些纳米棒通常具有平台形的底面使得它们易受引起结构缺陷的应变影响;和4)这些纳米结构可能是非排列和随机分布的,产生变化的电场,这在场发射器件中产生发射无效。此外,典型纳米线的杂乱结构引起尺度上不可控和不希望有的变化,这会改变局部场。弯曲可能导致纳米线之间的完全电短路。
电子束平印(lithography)和干法刻蚀也可以用于制造纳米棒生长用的毛细管。然而,尺寸限制作用,限制了电子束平印中的毛细管的直径并且限制了干法刻蚀中的深度对直径的纵横比。另外,电子束平印技术利用扫描方法,这导致固有缓慢且昂贵的工艺,不适用于工业应用。
在本发明的一方面中,本发明提供了以设计的图案化阵列生长整齐(straightly)排列的单晶纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:提供衬底;在衬底上限定图案;使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子;和在衬底上沉积薄膜。
第二方面,本发明提供了以设计的图案化阵列生长整齐排列的单晶GaN纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:提供Si衬底;使用平印在衬底上限定图案;使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包含提供选自Si、N、SiN、Ga、GaN的离子及其组合;和通过分子束外延生长在衬底上沉积GaN薄膜,其中形成纳米沟槽用以通过Ga原子的毛细凝结催化GaN纳米棒的生长。
第三方面,本发明提供了以设计的图案化阵列生长整齐排列的单晶GaN纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:提供Si衬底;使用光刻在衬底上限定图案;使用离子束注入向衬底中注入Si离子,其中通过剂量、能量和离子注入过程的温度来控制阵列图案中纳米棒的密度和尺寸;和通过氮等离子增强分子束外延生长在衬底上沉积GaN薄膜,其中形成纳米沟槽用以通过Ga原子的毛细凝结催化GaN纳米棒的生长,其中GaN纳米棒阵列相对于衬底表面排列,其中通过生长时间、温度和Ga/N比例来控制GaN纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比。
第四方面,通过用掺杂剂掺杂整齐排列的单晶纳米棒的工艺制备的发射器器件,其中通过如下方法制造纳米棒:提供衬底;在衬底上限定图案;使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子;和在衬底上沉积薄膜。
第五方面,通过如下方法制造的设计图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒:提供衬底;在衬底上限定图案;使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子;和在衬底上沉积薄膜。
图1图解说明了依照本发明一个实施方案向衬底上的平印和离子注入;
图2图解说明了依照本发明一个实施方案在离子注入之后于初始薄膜生长期间形成的岛状模点(impingement);
图3图解说明了依照本发明一个实施方案在薄膜生长的第二阶段期间的纳米棒基础;和
图4图解说明了依照本发明一个实施方案在薄膜生长第三阶段期间的纳米棒。
本发明提出了一种用于以设计的图案化阵列生长整齐排列的单晶纳米棒的方法,该方法通过使用离子束辅助阵列图案来利用毛细凝结生长纳米棒。
根据本发明一个实施方案,通过如下步骤生长处于设计的图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒:提供衬底2,使用平印4来在衬底上限定图案,使用离子束6向衬底2中注入离子8,和在衬底2上沉积薄膜10来形成纳米沟槽14并通过毛细凝结来催化纳米棒12的生长。
参照图1,使用平印4来在衬底2上限定图案。衬底2可以是由诸如周期表IV族元素的任何元素或化合物构成的任何材料,包括但不限于Si、Ge、和Si1-xGex合金,以及III-V族与II-VI族的化合物和合金,包括但不限于ZnO、GaP、InN、AlN、Al1-xInxN、Ga1-xInxN、Ga1-xAlxN和GaAs。小写字母x代表0-1的任何值。另外,可以使用任何类型的平印来在衬底上限定图案,包括但不限于光刻、模板掩蔽、压印、电子束平印和x射线平印。
在平印之后,使用离子束6将离子8注入衬底。离子8在衬底中引起缺陷,这些缺陷随后在薄膜生长期间提供成核位置以便培育纳米棒生长。可以使用在衬底中引起缺陷的任何离子8,包括但不限于单独或者以结合方式注入的Si、N、SiN、Ga或GaN。可通过离子8的布局(placement)进一步限定用于纳米棒阵列的图案。另外,离子注入工艺的变量包括keV能量值、温度、剂量和离子种类,可以改变这些变量来控制阵列图案中的纳米棒的密度和尺寸。
在本发明的特定实施方案中,离子选择是薄膜10的组成和衬底2的组成的函数。下表I显示了用于每种薄膜组成和衬底组成的离子8的实例。小写字母x代表0-1的任何值。字母X、Y和Z分别代表衬底的第一、第二和第三元素。例如在衬底Al2O3中,X=Al、Y=O且Z不存在。在另一实例中,在衬底SrTiO3中,X=Sr、Y=Ti且Z=O。字母B和C代表任何元素。
表I.用于每种衬底和薄膜组合的示例离子选择
  薄膜   衬底   离子选择
  GaN   XYZ   Ga、N、GaN、XN、GaY、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  ZnO   XYZ   Zn、O、ZnO、ZnY、XO、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  GaAs   XYZ   Ga、As、GaAs、GaY、XAs、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  SiGe   XYZ   Si、Ge、SiGe、SiY、XGe、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  InN   XYZ   In、N、InN、InY、XN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  GaP   XYZ   Ga、P、GaP、XP、GaY、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  AlN   XYZ   Al、N、AlN、XN、AlY、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  Al1-xInxN   XYZ   Al、N、In、AlN、InN、XN、AlY、InY、Al1-xInxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  Ga1-xInxN   XYZ   Ga、N、In、GaN、InN、XN、GaY、InY、Ga1-xInxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
Ga1-xAlxN   XYZ   Ga、N、Al、GaN、AlN、XN、GaY、AlY、Ga1-xAlxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ、X、Y、Z
  InBC   XYZ   In、B、InX、InY、InZ、InXY、InXZ、InYZ、InXYZ、BX、BY、BZ、BXY、BXZ、BYZ、BXYZ、InBX、InBY、InBZ、InBXY、InBXZ、InBYZ、InBXYZ、InBCX、InBCY、InBCZ、InBCXY、InBCXZ、InBCYZ、InBCXYZ
  ZnBC   XYZ   Zn、B、ZnX、ZnY、ZnZ、ZnXY、ZnXZ、ZnYZ、ZnXYZ、BX、BY、BZ、BXY、BXZ、BYZ、BXYZ、ZnBX、ZnBY、ZnBZ、ZnBXY、ZnBXZ、ZnBYZ、ZnBXYZ、ZnBCX、ZnBCY、ZnBCZ、ZnBCXY、ZnBCXZ、ZnBCYZ、ZnBCXYZ
  GaBC   XYZ   Ga、B、GaX、GaY、GaZ、GaXY、GaXZ、GaYZ、GaXYZ、BX、BY、BZ、BXY、BXZ、BYZ、BXYZ、GaBX、GaBY、GaBZ、GaBXY、GaBXZ、GaBYZ、GaBXYZ、GaBCX、GaBCY、GaBCZ、GaBCXY、GaBCXZ、GaBCYZ、GaBCXYZ
参照图2,在本发明的特定实施方案中,在衬底上沉积GaN的薄膜10。注入的离子提供增加的成核位置,引起GaN的岛状物11形成。通过在薄膜生长期间改变分子束外延变量:时间、温度和Ga/N比例,可以将纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比控制在~10至~300的范围内。
依据本公开的实施方案使用如下薄膜生长方法:分子束外延、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、脉冲激光沉积和溅射。不管使用何种薄膜生长方法,可以改变时间、温度和气体混合物比例的变量来控制纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比。
参照图3,在本发明的特定实施方案中,当岛状物11生长时,纳米沟槽14形成。参照图4,Ga原子的毛细凝结发生在纳米沟槽1 4中并且催化纳米棒12的生长。一旦形成,则纳米棒12通过气-液-固生长继续生长。
依据本公开的其它实施方案使用ZnO、GaAs、SiGe、InN、GaP、AlN、Al1-xInxN、Ga1-xInxN、Ga1-xAlxN、Ga合金、Zn合金和In合金的薄膜代替GaN。小写字母x代表0-1的任何值。使用的薄膜由所需要的纳米棒决定。例如,为了制造ZnO纳米棒,使用ZnO薄膜,并且可以在薄膜生长期间控制Zn/O比例以便控制纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比。在使用ZnO薄膜的特定实施方案中,参照图4,Zn原子的毛细凝结发生在纳米沟槽14中并且催化纳米棒12生长。
所得纳米棒阵列可用于所有半导体材料,包括IV族元素例如Si、Ge和Si1-xGex合金,III-V族化合物和合金例如GaAs,以及II-VI族化合物和合金例如ZnO。小写字母x代表0-1的任何值。可以通过使In和Al合金化来调节纳米棒的直接带隙以便获得宽范围带隙的材料,这些材料适用于如电视机和计算机显示器的产品中所用的视频显示设备中的软X射线、紫外线(UV)、红外线(IR)和可见光颜色产生元件应用。
在本发明的特定实施方案中,向纳米棒中注入掺杂剂以制造发射器器件。纳米棒可以容易地用掺杂剂(也被称为杂质原子)掺杂变为n型半导体,其适合用作场发射器(冷阴极)和长波光发射器(光阴极);纳米棒也可以被掺杂变成p型半导体例如光发射器。
由于毛细凝结而非外部的金属催化剂充当纳米棒生长的催化剂,因此所得纳米棒与支持基体对齐。因此,基体吸收晶格和热应变作用导致没有结构缺陷的纳米棒。离子束注入步骤容许控制纳米棒的密度和导致可预测电场的图案,该电场可促进场发射器件的发射效率。薄膜生长步骤容许控制长度对直径的纵横比。因此,可以生长具有更高纵横比的纳米棒,这可提高电子发射器件如冷阴极、光子阴极和场发射器中的电子发射效率。

Claims (37)

1.制造设计的图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:
a)提供衬底;
b)在衬底上限定图案;
c)使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子;和
d)在衬底上沉积薄膜。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中提供衬底的步骤包括提供半导体材料的衬底。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中提供衬底的步骤包括提供一种衬底,该衬底是选自由B、Al、Ga、In、Ti、Uut、N、P、As、Sb、Bi、Uup衍生的化合物组成的组中的至少一种III-V族化合物及其合金。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中提供衬底的步骤包括提供一种衬底,该衬底是选自由Zn、Cd、Hg、Uub、O、S、Se、Te、Pu、Uuh衍生的化合物组成的组中的至少一种II-VI族化合物及其合金。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述衬底包含至少一种IV族元素。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述衬底是Si。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述衬底是Ge。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上限定图案的步骤包括使用平印。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上限定图案的步骤包括使用光刻。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Si、N、SiN、Ga、GaN构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Ga、N、GaN、XN、GaY、XY、XZ、YZ和XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Zn、O、ZnO、ZnY、XO、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Ga、As、GaAs、GaY、XAs、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Si、Ge、SiGe、SiY、XGe、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由In、N、InN、InY、XN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Ga、P、GaP、XP、GaY、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
17.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Al、N、AlN、XN、AlY、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
18.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Al、N、In、AlN、InN、XN、AlY、InY、Al1-xInxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;
Z是衬底的第三元素;且
x是0-1的值。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Ga、N、In、GaN、InN、XN、GaY、InY、Ga1-xInxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;
Z是衬底的第三元素;且
x是0-1的值。
20.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由Ga、N、Al、GaN、AlN、XN、GaY、AlY、Ga1-xAlxN、XY、XZ、YZ、XYZ构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;
Z是衬底的第三元素;且
x是0-1的值。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包括提供选自由X、Y、Z构成的离子组中的至少一种离子及其组合,其中:
X是衬底的第一元素;
Y是衬底的第二元素;和
Z是衬底的第三元素。
22.权利要求1的方法,其中通过向衬底中注入离子的步骤期间所使用的掺杂剂种类、剂量、能量和温度来控制设计图案化阵列中的纳米棒的密度和尺寸。
23.权利要求1的方法,其中通过在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤期间所使用的时间、温度和气体混合物比例来控制设计图案化阵列中的纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比。
24.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括使用分子束外延。
25.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括使用化学气相沉积。
26.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括使用物理气相沉积。
27.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括使用脉冲激光沉积。
28.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括使用溅射。
29.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括沉积选自GaN、ZnO、GaAs、SiGe、InN中的至少一种薄膜及其组合。
30.权利要求1的方法,其中在衬底上沉积薄膜的步骤包括沉积选自GaN、ZnO、GaAs、SiGe、InN、GaP、AlN、Al1-xInxN、Ga1-xInxN和Ga1-xAlxN中的至少一种薄膜及其组合,其中x是0-1的值。
31.权利要求1的方法,其中设计图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒相对于衬底表面排列。
32.根据权利要求1的方法制造的设计图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒。
33.发射器器件,其通过包含如下的方法制成:用掺杂剂对根据权利要求1的方法制造的整齐排列的单晶纳米棒进行掺杂。
34.权利要求33的方法,其中对整齐排列的单晶纳米棒进行掺杂的步骤包括使用离子束注入。
35.权利要求33的方法,其中对整齐排列的单晶纳米棒进行掺杂的步骤包括使用扩散。
36.制造设计的图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶GaN纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:
a)提供Si衬底;
b)使用平印在衬底上限定图案;
c)使用离子束注入向衬底中注入离子,其中向衬底中注入离子的步骤包含提供选自Si、N、SiN、Ga、GaN中的至少一种离子及其组合;和
d)通过分子束外延生长在衬底上沉积GaN薄膜,其中形成纳米沟槽用以通过Ga原子的毛细凝结催化GaN纳米棒的生长。
37.制造设计的图案化阵列中的整齐排列的单晶GaN纳米棒的方法,该方法包括:
a)提供Si衬底;
b)使用光刻在衬底上限定图案;
c)使用离子束注入向衬底中注入Si离子,其中通过剂量、能量和温度来控制阵列图案中纳米棒的密度和尺寸;和
d)通过氮等离子增强分子束外延生长在衬底上沉积GaN薄膜,其中形成纳米沟槽用以通过Ga原子的毛细凝结催化GaN纳米棒的生长,其中GaN纳米棒阵列相对于衬底表面排列;其中通过时间、温度和Ga/N比例来控制纳米棒的长度对直径的纵横比。
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