CN101203304A - 用于费托合成的负载的钴催化剂 - Google Patents
用于费托合成的负载的钴催化剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101203304A CN101203304A CNA2006800224595A CN200680022459A CN101203304A CN 101203304 A CN101203304 A CN 101203304A CN A2006800224595 A CNA2006800224595 A CN A2006800224595A CN 200680022459 A CN200680022459 A CN 200680022459A CN 101203304 A CN101203304 A CN 101203304A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- cobalt
- lithium
- carrier
- aluminium oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium aluminate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Al]=O YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical class [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PFQLIVQUKOIJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) formate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O PFQLIVQUKOIJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- CRHLEZORXKQUEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;cobalt(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Co+2].[Co+2] CRHLEZORXKQUEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbonate Chemical group N.N.OC(O)=O PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- HIYNGBUQYVBFLA-UHFFFAOYSA-D cobalt(2+);dicarbonate;hexahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O HIYNGBUQYVBFLA-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- 229910000001 cobalt(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHYGLAZPRJAEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(chloromethyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)-1,3-thiazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC(CCl)=CS1 QSHYGLAZPRJAEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCUFZILGIRCDQQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N N-[[(5S)-2-oxo-3-(2-oxo-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-1,3-oxazolidin-5-yl]methyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C1O[C@H](CN1C1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1)CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F VCUFZILGIRCDQQ-KRWDZBQOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O.O.O.[Al] Chemical compound O.O.O.[Al] MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);cobalt(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229960002163 hydrogen peroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEMMJPTUSSWOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;nitrate;trihydrate Chemical compound [Li+].O.O.O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IEMMJPTUSSWOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012634 optical imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L titanium(ii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ti+2] ZWYDDDAMNQQZHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/005—Spinels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/75—Cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种催化剂和制备该催化剂的方法,该催化剂包括5-75wt%负载在氧化载体上的钴,该氧化载体包括铝和0.01-20wt%的锂。该催化剂可用于烃的费-托合成。
Description
本发明涉及负载的催化剂,并且特别涉及适用于烃的费-托合成的负载的钴催化剂。
适于烃的费-托合成的钴催化剂是已知的,并且以其活性形态典型地包括负载在氧化载体如氧化铝、二氧化硅或二氧化钛上的元素或零价钴。
典型地通过将可溶钴化合物浸渍到预形成的氧化载体材料或通过在载体粉末或挤出物的存在下使钴化合物从溶液中沉淀,接着是在空气中加热步骤,然后在使用之前,通过典型地使用含氢气流将催化剂前体中得到的钴化合物还原到元素或零价态来活化催化剂,以此来制备适用于烃的费-托合成的负载型钴催化剂。在空气中加热的步骤使至少一些钴化合物转化成氧化钴Co3O4,而随后使用氢气还原将Co3O4转化成一氧化钴CoO,由此成为催化活性的钴金属。
然而,已经发现在制造期间在高温下长时间加热催化剂前体减少了得到的随后还原催化剂的钴表面积,这可能是由于增加的载体-金属相互作用导致形成不希望的尖晶石或其它络合氧化物。例如,在空气中加热氧化铝上的钴化合物能增加铝酸钴的形成。在随后的催化剂活化中,铝酸钴比氧化钴更耐氢气还原,需要延长的还原时间或提高的温度。这两者都可导致在得到的催化剂中钴表面积的减少。
尽管可以制备二氧化硅和二氧化钛负载的催化剂,然而氧化铝负载的催化剂呈现出一些超过其它负载催化剂的优点。例如,氧化铝负载的催化剂比二氧化硅、二氧化钛或氧化锆负载的催化剂更容易挤出成形,并且得到催化剂的机械强度通常较高。此外,在有水的反应中,二氧化硅不稳定。氧化铝在这种条件下更稳定。
已经发现钴表面积与催化剂活性成正比,因此希望耐铝酸钴形成的氧化铝载体。
因此,本发明提供一种催化剂,所述催化剂包括5-75wt%负载在氧化载体上的钴,所述氧化载体包括铝和0.01-20wt%的锂。
本发明进一步提供一种制备催化剂的方法,所述方法包括(i)通过使用锂化合物溶液浸渍氧化铝制备氧化载体,将浸渍的载体干燥并加热以使锂化合物转化成一种或多种锂氧化物,(ii)使用钴化合物溶液浸渍氧化载体或在载体存在下使不溶的钴化合物沉淀,和(iii)任选地锻烧得到的组合物。
通过在还原性气体存在下加热得到的催化剂前体以使至少一部分钴还原成元素态,可以将由此生产的催化剂前体转化为用于费-托反应的活性形式。
本发明进一步提供该钴催化剂在烃的费-托合成中的用途。
US 6184416描述了作为芳香胺铑催化氢化催化剂载体的铝酸锂。该铝酸锂具有提高的耐水性和改善的耐磨性。然而US 6184416既未描述钴费-托催化剂,也未考虑铝酸钴的形成问题。我们发现对于钴费-托催化剂,其中铝酸钴的形成是个问题,本发明提供改善的钴催化剂性能。氧化催化剂载体包括0.01-20%、优选0.5-10%、更优选1-5wt%的Li。锂与铝的原子比优选为0.08-0.8。锂氧化物可以是氧化锂(Li2O)的形式,但优选包括铝酸锂尖晶石(LiAl5O8)。更优选锂氧化物包括>75wt%的铝酸锂,特别是>90wt%的铝酸锂。因而优选锂主要是铝酸锂的形式。认为这样使催化剂具有改善的耐水性并且减少了铝酸钴的形成。氧化载体可以是粉末或成形单元如颗粒、片状或挤出物的形式。成形单元可以是细长圆筒形、球形、叶形或槽纹圆筒形或不规则成形粒子,所有这些在催化剂制造领域是已知的。或者载体可以是在如蜂窝状载体、整块料等结构上涂层的形式。
适合的粉末催化剂载体通常具有1-200μm的表面-加权平均直径D[3,2]。在特定应用如打算用于淤浆反应的催化剂中,使用具有1-20μm、例如1-10μm表面-加权平均直径D[3,2]的非常细小粒子是有利的。对于其它应用,例如作为流化床中进行的反应催化剂,也许希望使用较大粒子尺寸,优选50-150μm。术语表面-加权平均直径D[3,2],或者另外称为沙得平均直径,由M.Alderliesten定义于文章“A Nomenclature for Mean Particle Diameters”;Anal.Proc.,第21卷,1984年5月,第167-172页中,并且由粒度分析计算,所述粒度分析可通过激光衍射例如使用Malvern Mastersizer方便地完成。
氧化载体可以通过使用锂化合物溶液浸渍氧化铝制备。
氧化铝可以是水合氧化铝如水铝矿(Al(OH)3)或勃姆石(AlO(OH)),但氧化铝优选为过渡型氧化铝,这样根据本发明的优选催化剂包括在含铝酸锂过渡型氧化铝载体上的钴物质。适合的过渡型氧化铝可以是属于γ-氧化铝组,例如η-氧化铝或χ-氧化铝。这些材料可以通过在400-750℃下煅烧氢氧化铝形成,并且通常具有150-400m2/g的BET表面积。或者,过渡型氧化铝可以是属于包括高温形态的δ-氧化铝组如δ-氧化铝和θ-氧化铝,其可以通过将γ组氧化铝加热到大约800℃以上温度形成。δ-组氧化铝通常具有50-150m2/g的BET表面积。或者,我们发现适合的催化剂载体可以包括α-氧化铝。过渡型氧化铝包含小于0.5摩尔水每摩尔Al2O3,实际水量取决于它们加热到的温度。
氧化铝的孔体积优选>0.4cm3/g。
其中过渡型氧化铝是沉淀的氧化铝,例如沉淀的γ氧化铝,我们发现在使用锂浸渍氧化铝之前,当使用水和/或酸和/或氨溶液洗涤沉淀的氧化铝以除去可溶污染物污染物如碱金属和/或硫和/或氯时,可获得改善的催化剂性能。特别是我们发现使用硝酸和氨溶液顺序洗涤沉淀的氧化铝,接着用水洗涤,能除去Na和S和Cl污染物,如果不除去的话,所述污染物可降低FT催化剂活性和/或对C5+烃的选择性。
浸渍可以使用一种或多种适合溶解的锂化合物,如硝酸锂、草酸锂或乙酸锂,优选硝酸锂。水是优选的溶剂。可以进行单次或多次浸渍以达到理想的锂水平。如果需要,可以在干燥之前将浸渍的载体从任何过量溶液中分离以除去溶剂。干燥之后,优选在空气中将浸渍的氧化铝加热以实现生理化学变化,藉此将锂化合物转化成锂氧化物。优选在20-150℃,优选在90-120℃进行干燥24小时。可以在空气中或在惰性气体如氮气或氩气下,或在真空烘箱中进行干燥。优选在空气或尽可能在另一种含氧气体中,在500-1500℃、优选在700-1000℃温度下进行煅烧,以确保形成锂氧化物。可以进行长达24小时,优选<16小时的煅烧。因此氧化载体可以描述为锂氧化物或铝酸锂涂覆的氧化铝,其中残留的氧化铝量取决于锂的存在量。
如果需要,在将载体与钴化合物结合之前,可以使用水和/或酸/和或氨溶液洗涤含锂氧化物的氧化载体,以除去可溶污染物如碱金属和/或硫或氯。
将钴与氧化载体结合以制备催化剂。催化剂包含5-75wt%的钴(原子)。优选催化剂包含15-50wt%的Co,更优选5-40wt%的钴。钴可以是元素、零价态,其中催化剂对于费-托反应是活性的,或者钴可以是钴化合物的形式,如氧化钴,其是活性催化剂前体。优选在使用之前通过使用还原性气体处理将前体转化为活性催化剂。因此术语“催化剂”在此涉及活性催化剂或催化剂前体。
可以通过使用适合的钴化合物溶液浸渍或通过从溶液中沉淀钴化合物使钴与氧化载体结合。浸渍特别适用于制备含5-40wt%钴的催化剂。可以通过碱作用于酸性钴盐如硝酸钴、乙酸钴或甲酸钴,或通过加热碳酸氨合钴溶液进行沉淀,例如WO 01/87480和特别是WO05/107942的描述。沉淀可用来制备含5-75wt%钴的催化剂,特别是含>20wt%钴的催化剂,尤其是含>40wt%钴的催化剂。
生产钴催化剂的方法是大家所熟知的,并且通常包括将催化剂载体与适合浓度的钴溶液例如硝酸钴、乙酸钴、甲酸钴、草酸钴或碳酸氨合钴结合。可优选使用初始润湿技术,从而向催化剂载体中添加足量的用于填充载体材料微孔的钴溶液。或者如果需要,可以使用较大量的钴溶液。尽管可以使用许多溶剂如水、醇、酮或其混合物,但优选使用水溶液浸渍载体。优选水性硝酸钴浸渍。可以进行单次或多次浸渍以在催化剂前体中达到理想的钴水平。在另一个优选实施方式中,不溶的钴化合物从碳酸氨合钴水溶液中沉淀到氧化载体上。
如果需要,可以干燥含钴载体以除去溶剂。干燥步骤可以在20-120℃、优选在95-110℃,在空气中或在惰性气体如氮气下,或在真空烘箱中进行。
然后优选在空气或另一种含氧气体中,在氧化条件下将干燥的含Co氧化载体煅烧,即加热,以使浸渍的或沉淀到锂氧化物涂覆的氧化铝上的钴化合物转化成氧化钴(Co3O4)。或者,特别是其中钴化合物为甲酸钴时,可以在非氧化条件下进行加热,在所述条件下至少一部分钴化合物将分解以形成钴金属。加热(煅烧)温度优选为130-500℃,但最高煅烧温度优选为≤450℃,更优选≤400℃,最优选≤350℃,尤其≤300℃,以使钴-载体相互作用最小化。煅烧时间优选≤24小时,更优选≤16小时,最优选≤8小时,尤其≤6小时。
或者,可以省去煅烧步骤,这样直接在干燥的浸渍或沉淀的钴化合物上进行随后的还原步骤。其中硝酸钴浸渍到氧化载体上,优选包括煅烧步骤,这样至少一些钴化合物转化成氧化钴。其中不溶钴化合物从碳酸氨合钴溶液中沉淀不需要煅烧步骤,因为沉淀的化合物可能已经包括Co3O4。
其中钴来源于硝酸钴,如果需要,可以在气体混合物存在下(所述气体混合物在惰性气体如氮气中包括0.1-10%体积的氢气)在冷却后将煅烧过的钴浸渍的载体加热到250℃以下,优选50-225℃,以实现催化剂载体的进一步脱氮。当在≤400℃,特别是在≤300℃下煅烧催化剂前体时,这是特别有用的。在这些条件下,基本不发生氧化钴还原。
可以分批或连续进行干燥、煅烧和/或随后的脱氮,取决于工艺设备和/或操作规模的可用性。
该催化剂除了钴还包括一种或多种适用于费-托催化的适合的添加剂或助催化剂。例如,催化剂可包括一种或多种改变物理性能的添加剂和/或影响催化剂还原性或活性或选择性的助催化剂。适合的添加剂选自金属化合物,其中所述金属选自钼(Mo)、铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、镧(La)、铈(Ce)、铬(Cr)、镁(Mg)或锌(Zn)。适合的助催化剂包括银(Ag)、金(Au)、铑(Rh)、铱(Ir)、钌(Ru)、铼(Re)、镍(Ni)、铂(Pt)和钯(Pd)。优选催化剂包括一种或多种选自Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pt、Pd、Ir、Re或Ru的助催化剂,更优选选自Ni、Pt、Pd、Ir、Re或Ru的助催化剂。可以通过使用适合的化合物如酸例如高铼酸、金属盐例如金属硝酸盐或金属乙酸盐、或适合的金属-有机化合物如金属醇盐或金属乙酰丙酮化物,经由前体将添加剂和/或助催化剂引入催化剂中。基于钴,助催化剂的典型量为0.1-10wt%金属。如果需要,可以向钴浸渍溶液中添加适合量的添加剂和/或助催化剂化合物。或者,它们可以在干燥/脱氮前后与催化剂前体混合。
为了使催化剂对于费-托反应具有催化活性,可以将至少一部分氧化钴还原成金属。优选在高温下使用含氢气体进行还原。优选将>75%的钴还原。
在还原步骤之前,如果需要,可以使用本领域技术人员已知的方法使催化剂形成适用于需要使用该催化剂的方法的成形单元。
可以通过使含氢气体如氢气、合成气或氢气与氮气的混合物或其它惰性气体在高温下流过氧化组合物进行还原,例如使含氢气体在300-600℃高温下流过催化剂前体1-16小时,优选1-8小时。优选还原性气体包括>25%体积的氢气,更优选>50%体积,最优选>75%,尤其>90%体积的氢气。可以在环境压力或提高的压力即还原性气体压力可适合地为1-50、优选1-20、更优选1-10巴绝对压力值下进行还原。>10巴绝对压力的高压更合适,其中可以原位进行还原。
还原态的催化剂难以处理,因为它们可以在空气中与氧气自发反应,这可导致不希望的自热和活性损失。对于适用于费-托法的催化剂,优选通过使用适合的阻挡涂层封装还原的催化剂粒子来保护还原的催化剂。就费-托催化剂来说,适合的阻挡涂层是FT-烃蜡。或者,可以以氧化的未还原态提供催化剂并使用含氢气体原位还原。无论选择哪种路线,由于本发明方法获得的前体制备的钴催化剂具有高金属表面积每克还原的金属。例如,当通过氢气在425℃还原时,通过在150℃的H2化学吸附测量,钴催化剂前体的钴表面积优选为≥20m2/g钴。更优选钴表面积≥30m2/g钴和最优选≥40m2/g钴。为了在费-托法中获得适合的催化剂体积,优选催化剂的钴表面积/g催化剂≥5m2/g催化剂,更优选≥8m2/g催化剂。
钴表面积可以由H2化学吸附测定。优选方法如下:首先通过在流动的氦气中以10℃/min加热到140℃并在140℃保持60分钟将大约0.2-0.5g样品材料例如催化剂前体脱气并干燥。然后在50ml/min氢气流下以3℃/min速度将其从140℃加热到425℃并在425℃保持氢气流6小时来还原脱气并干燥的样品。还原后,在真空下以10℃/min加热样品至450℃并在这些条件下保持2小时。然后将样品冷却到150℃并在真空下进一步保持30分钟。然后在150℃使用纯氢气进行化学吸附分析。使用自动分析程序测量100mmHg高至760mmHg氢气压力内的完全等温线。进行两次分析:第一次测量吸收的氢气“总数”(即包括化学吸附的氢气和物理吸附的氢气),紧接第一次分析后,将样品放在真空(<5mmHg)下30分钟。然后重复分析以测量物理吸附吸收。然后将线性回归应用于“总”吸收数据,外推到零压力以计算化学吸附的气体体积(V)。
然后使用下列公式计算钴表面积:
Co表面积=(6.023×1023×V×SF×A)/22414
其中V=H2吸收量,单位为ml/g
SF=化学计量因子(对于H2在Co上化学吸附假定为2)
A=一个钴原子占据的面积(假定为0.0662nm2)
该公式描述于Operators Manual for the Micromeretics ASAP2010 Chemi System V 2.01,Appendix C,Part No.201-42808-01,1996年10月中。
该催化剂可用于烃的费-托合成。
使用钴催化剂的烃的费-托合成沿用已久。费-托合成将一氧化碳和氢气的混合物转化为烃。一氧化碳和氢气混合物典型地是氢气:一氧化碳的比为1.7-2.5∶1的合成气。可以使用一种或多种搅拌淤浆反应器、气泡-柱式反应器、环管反应器或流化床反应器连续或分批进行反应。该方法可以在0.1-10Mpa压力和150-350℃温度下操作。连续操作的气时空速(GHSV)为100-25000hr-1。本发明的催化剂由于它们的高钴表面积/g催化剂而具有特定效用。
现在将通过参考下列实施例和通过参考附图1和2进一步描述本发明,附图1和2分别描述了使用锂/氧化铝和未涂覆γ氧化铝制备的氧化钴涂覆催化剂前体的FTIR谱图。
实施例1-制备催化剂载体
将硝酸锂三水合物(4.18g,33.5mmol Li)溶于16ml软化水中。然后向其中添加15.8g γ-氧化铝(来自Sasol,HP14-150等级),并且充分搅拌得到的混合物。将潮湿的固体转入400ml烧杯中并在105℃干燥3.5小时。将干燥材料转入陶瓷盘并通过在空气中加热到800℃、在800℃保持4小时然后冷却到室温煅烧。加热和冷却速率都是10℃/min。Li含量=2.7%,并且Li∶Al=0.22。X-射线衍射(XRD)表明Li基本全部以铝酸锂LiAl5O8存在。
实施例2-制备催化剂
(a)使用硝酸钴溶液浸渍
将硝酸钴六水合物(18.90g,64.9mmol Co)溶于8.6ml软化水中,得到红色溶液。将根据实施例1方法制备的锂氧化物涂覆的氧化铝(15.30g)作为一份添加到钴溶液中,搅拌产生粉红色固体。将潮湿的固体转入400ml烧杯中并在105℃干燥3小时。将干燥的固体转入陶瓷盘,并通过在空气中以2℃/min加热到400℃,在400℃保持1小时然后冷却到室温煅烧。产品为黑色固体。钴含量为18.9wt%和锂含量为1.07wt%。
为了测定对于形成蓝色铝酸钴的相对稳定性,在空气中以10℃/min将少量催化剂前体(大约1.4g)和使用未改性γ氧化铝制备的对比催化剂前体加热到800、850或900℃,保持在该温度下两小时然后以10℃/min冷却到室温。
目视检查显示出与未改性的γ-氧化铝负载的催化剂相比,铝酸锂负载的催化剂保持其深色。这表明更多的钴以更易还原的黑色Co3O4形态残留,并未转化成蓝色的铝酸钴。
使用Datacolor International Spectraflash 500比色计获得比色法数据。记录样品的L、a、b、c和h值。L=亮度,黑色为0和白色为100;a=绿色-红色,负值绿色和正值红色;b=蓝色-黄色,负值蓝色和正值黄色,c=颜色强度和h=色彩角。结果如下:
样品 | 加热T(℃) | L | a | b | c | h |
在未改性氧化铝上的Co | 800 | 13.56 | -5.10 | -15.79 | 16.59 | 251.12 |
850 | 21.46 | 2.90 | -38.59 | 38.70 | 274.30 | |
900 | 30.96 | 8.54 | -41.00 | 41.88 | 281.77 | |
实施例2(a) | 800 | 11.84 | -2.81 | -0.94 | 2.96 | 198.50 |
850 | 14.06 | -4.94 | -9.48 | 10.69 | 242.48 | |
900 | 17.75 | -7.67 | -16.93 | 18.56 | 245.64 |
比色法证实根据本发明的催化剂前体比未改性的材料更少倾向于形成蓝色铝酸钴。
图1(根据本发明的Co3O4/LiAl5O8)和图2(不是根据本发明的Co3O4/Al2O3)描述了在400-800cm-1之间的催化剂前体样品FTIR。FTIR谱图显示了样品之间、特别是在400℃煅烧后的显著差别。
将一部分根据本发明制备的催化剂前体转入玻璃管中,在氦气流中以10℃/min加热到140℃并在140℃保持1小时。改变气流为氢气并以3℃/min将温度升高到425℃,以使钴还原成元素态。将温度在425℃保持6小时。在425℃还原后通过在150℃氢气化学吸附测量的钴表面积为8.8m2/g还原的催化剂,相当于46.6m2/g钴。
(b)从碳酸氨合钴溶液沉淀
通过下列方法制备钴含量为~2.9w/w%的六氨合钴溶液。称取碳酸铵碎片(198g,30-34w/w%NH3)放入5升圆底烧瓶中。然后添加软化水(1877ml)和氨溶液(1918ml,Sp.Gr.0.89),并且搅拌混合物直到所有碳酸铵碎片溶解。保持连续搅拌,以大约25g等分试样添加碱式碳酸钴(218g,45-47w/w%Co)并使之溶解。将最终溶液搅拌最少1小时以确保所有碱式碳酸钴溶解。通过向搅拌的溶液中逐滴添加67ml过氧化氢溶液(30%浓度)氧化得到的六氨合钴溶液。在氧化过程期间,ORP(氧化/还原电位)从-304mV升到-89mV。添加完过氧化物后,继续搅拌另外10分钟,经过这段时间ORP值跌至-119mV。然后过滤溶液。
将1960ml六氨合钴溶液转入位于加热套(isomantle)中的圆底烧瓶内。连续搅拌溶液,逐步添加42.63g根据实施例1方法制备的、但Li含量为1.40wt%的含锂γ-氧化铝载体(载体∶钴=0.75)。封闭体系并实施加热。当温度升高超过65℃时开始蒸馏氨。在整个制备期间监测温度和pH。当pH达到7.5时,认为钴完成沉淀并且制备结束。立即将催化剂过滤,然后使用大约2升软化水洗涤。最后将滤饼在105℃下干燥过夜。干燥的催化剂前体的钴含量为40.5wt%。
使用较大量含锂γ-氧化铝重复上述实验以获得具有29.5wt%和20.0wt%Co的催化剂前体。使用ICP AES测定钴含量和使用氢气在150℃下在根据以上给出方法于425℃还原的前体上的化学吸附测定钴表面积(CoSA)和重量损失%(WLOR)。结果如下:
样品 | 钴含量wt% | Co SAm2·g-1催化剂 | %WLOR | Co SAm2·g-1钴 |
2(b)(i) | 20.0 | 21.0 | 15 | 89.3 |
2(b)(ii) | 29.5 | 29.5 | 20 | 80.0 |
2(b)(iii) | 40.5 | 31.2 | 28 | 55.5 |
获得了催化剂的程序升温还原(TPR)曲线。在含氢气流下以设定速率将催化剂样品加热到100-1000℃,并且气流的热传导率差转化成分布曲线,所述曲线表明了氢气的消耗与Co3O4还原成CoO以及然后CoO还原成Co金属相一致。与使用未改性氧化铝制备的对比催化剂相比,CoO到Co金属峰的形状和温度最大值(与650℃相比,Tmax 550℃)具有显著变化,这表明了本发明催化剂改善的还原性。
在含20%Co的加热前体和含20%Co的对比催化剂前体上获得了比色法数据,所述对比催化剂前体通过在未改性氧化铝上使用相同的碳酸氨合钴方法制备。结果如下:
样品 | 加热T(℃) | L | a | b | c | h |
在未改性氧化铝上的Co | 800 | 16.62 | -3.27 | -23.38 | 23.60 | 262.04 |
850 | 22.37 | 4.69 | -41.30 | 41.56 | 276.48 | |
900 | 22.52 | 4.88 | -41.58 | 41.56 | 276.48 | |
实施例2(b)(i) | 800 | 5.66 | -2.34 | -0.78 | 2.47 | 198.54 |
850 | 9.41 | -7.80 | -6.50 | 10.16 | 219.79 | |
900 | 15.05 | -12.59 | -16.62 | 20.86 | 232.85 |
比色法再一次证实根据本发明的催化剂前体比未改性的材料更少倾向于形成蓝色铝酸钴。
实施例3催化剂试验
在实验室规模反应器中将实施例2(b)(iii)的钴催化剂用于烃的费-托合成。将大约0.1g与SiC混合的未还原催化剂放入床(大约4mm内径,50mm深度)中并在430℃下在30ml/分钟的氢气流中还原420min。然后在210℃/20巴下使氢气和一氧化碳以2∶1摩尔比通过床。30小时后调节空速以获得尽可能接近50%的CO转化率。使用已知的气相色谱(GC)技术测量催化剂对CH4、C2-C4和C5+烃的活性和选择性。
在相同条件下使用标准催化剂进行对比试验(对比例1),所述催化剂在还原之前包括浸渍在氧化铝载体上的20wt%Co和1wt%Re。该标准催化剂通过使用硝酸钴和高铼酸铵溶液浸渍γ氧化铝(PuraloxHP14/150),和在200℃煅烧1小时之前使用烘箱在110℃干燥固体6.5小时制备。以0.1g将催化剂添加到SiC中。
在相同条件下使用催化剂进行另一个对比试验,所述催化剂通过在未改性氧化铝上使用碳酸氨合钴法制备,其钴含量为40%Co(对比例2)。
通过记录相关催化剂的组成和达到理想转化率需要的空速,可以计算本发明催化剂的相对活性。结果如下:
实施例 | 相对活性 | CO2(%) | CH4(%) | C2-C4(%) | C5+(%) | C5=/C5(%) |
对比例1 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 7.50 | 4.0 | 87.80 | 0.78 |
对比例2 | 2.12 | 1.37 | 8.90 | 7.78 | 81.95 | 0.47 |
2(b)(iii) | 2.19 | 0.19 | 8.35 | 4.68 | 86.80 | 0.34 |
结果表明了本发明催化剂的高活性以及尤其是C5+烃的高选择性。
Claims (21)
1.一种催化剂,包括5-75wt%负载在氧化载体上的钴,所述氧化载体包括铝和0.01-20wt%的锂。
2.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其中氧化载体包括铝酸锂。
3.根据权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中氧化载体是表面-加权平均直径D[3,2]为1-200μm的粉末。
4.根据权利要求3的催化剂,其中氧化载体的表面-加权平均直径D[3,2]为1-20μm。
5.根据权利要求3的催化剂,其中氧化载体的表面-加权平均直径D[3,2]为50-150μm。
6.根据权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中氧化载体为成形单元形式。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项的催化剂,其中氧化载体的Li含量为0.5-10wt%。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项的催化剂,其中催化剂包含15-50wt%的钴。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项的催化剂,其中催化剂包括一种或多种选自Cu、Ag、Au、Ni、Pt、Pd、Ir、Re或Ru的助催化剂。
10.根据权利要求1-9任一项的催化剂,其中钴至少部分为元素态。
11.一种制备钴催化剂的方法,包括步骤:
(i)通过使用锂化合物溶液浸渍氧化铝制备氧化载体,将浸渍的载体干燥并加热以使锂化合物转化成一种或多种锂氧化物,
(ii)使用钴化合物溶液浸渍氧化载体或在载体存在下使不溶的钴化合物沉淀,和
(iii)任选地锻烧得到的组合物。
12.根据权利要求的11的方法,其中氧化铝是过渡型氧化铝。
13.根据权利要求的12的方法,其中氧化铝是γ氧化铝。
14.根据权利要求11-13任一项的方法,其中氧化铝的孔体积>0.4cm3/g。
15.根据权利要求11-14任一项的方法,其中在使用锂化合物溶液浸渍氧化铝之前,使用水和/或酸和或氨溶液洗涤氧化铝。
16.根据权利要求11-15任一项的方法,其中锂化合物选自硝酸锂、硫酸锂、草酸锂或乙酸锂。
17.根据权利要求11-16任一项的方法,其中使用钴化合物溶液浸渍氧化载体,所述钴化合物选自硝酸钴、乙酸钴、甲酸钴、草酸钴或碳酸氨合钴。
18.根据权利要求11-16任一项的方法,其中不溶的钴化合物从碳酸氨合钴溶液中沉淀到氧化载体上。
19.根据权利要求11-18任一项的方法,进一步包括在还原性气体存在下加热得到的催化剂前体,以将至少一部分钴还原成元素态。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中在300-600℃温度下使含氢气体流过催化剂前体1-16个小时。
21.一种通过费托法合成烃的方法,包括在根据权利要求10或通过权利要求19和20制备的催化剂存在下,使一氧化碳和氢气的混合物在高温和高压下反应。
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CN102441393A (zh) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-05-09 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种以改性氧化铝为载体的费托合成催化剂及其应用 |
CN104923252A (zh) * | 2008-10-30 | 2015-09-23 | 约翰森·马瑟公开有限公司 | 钴催化剂 |
CN109562370A (zh) * | 2016-08-11 | 2019-04-02 | 南非沙索有限公司 | 含钴催化剂组合物 |
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UA106739C2 (uk) * | 2009-02-26 | 2014-10-10 | Сесол Текнолоджі (Пропрайєтері) Лімітед | Спосіб одержання каталізаторів фішера-тропша та їх застосування |
RU2476583C1 (ru) * | 2011-08-19 | 2013-02-27 | ЮГ Инвестмент Лтд. | Способ переработки углеродосодержащего сырья и катализатор для его осуществления |
RU2493914C1 (ru) * | 2012-08-24 | 2013-09-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенный центр исследований и разработок" | Способ получения кобальтового катализатора |
KR101298783B1 (ko) | 2012-12-14 | 2013-08-26 | 한국가스공사 | 피셔-트롭쉬 촉매의 제조방법 |
MY171504A (en) | 2013-07-24 | 2019-10-16 | Shell Int Research | Process for preparing a chlorine comprising catalyst, the prepared catalyst, and its use |
CN105392558B (zh) | 2013-07-24 | 2021-05-07 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 制备含氯催化剂的方法、所制备的催化剂及其用途 |
RU2610523C1 (ru) * | 2015-10-28 | 2017-02-13 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт катализа им. Г.К. Борескова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук | Способ приготовления катализатора получения углеводородов из синтез-газа и способ его использования |
RU2638217C1 (ru) | 2016-12-15 | 2017-12-12 | Публичное акционерное общество "Нефтяная компания "Роснефть" | Компактный реактор для получения синтетических углеводородов в процессе Фишера-Тропша, способ активации катализатора Фишера-Тропша и способ осуществления синтеза Фишера-Тропша в компактном варианте с его использованием |
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US20020010221A1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2002-01-24 | Olga Ionkina | Fischer-tropsch processes and catalysts with promoters |
FR2792550B1 (fr) * | 1999-04-26 | 2001-06-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur comprenant un element des groupes 8,9 et 10 presentant une bonne accessibilite et son utilisation dans un procede de deshydrogenation des paraffines |
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US6858769B2 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2005-02-22 | Uop Llc | Lithium aluminate layered catalyst and a selective oxidation process using the catalyst |
JP2004230312A (ja) * | 2003-01-31 | 2004-08-19 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 炭化水素の改質用触媒 |
GB2410449B (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2008-05-21 | Statoil Asa | Fischer-Tropsch catalysts |
FR2879478B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-17 | 2007-10-26 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur a base de cobalt pour la synthese fisher-tropsch |
-
2005
- 2005-06-23 GB GBGB0512791.5A patent/GB0512791D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2006
- 2006-06-08 US US11/993,542 patent/US20100048742A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-06-08 WO PCT/GB2006/050143 patent/WO2006136863A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-06-08 EP EP06744344A patent/EP1893332A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-06-08 AU AU2006260683A patent/AU2006260683B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-06-08 EA EA200800110A patent/EA014214B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-06-08 CN CN2006800224595A patent/CN101203304B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-08 JP JP2008517608A patent/JP5052510B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-12-13 ZA ZA200710856A patent/ZA200710856B/xx unknown
-
2012
- 2012-04-04 US US13/439,210 patent/US20120190758A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104923252A (zh) * | 2008-10-30 | 2015-09-23 | 约翰森·马瑟公开有限公司 | 钴催化剂 |
CN102441393A (zh) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-05-09 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种以改性氧化铝为载体的费托合成催化剂及其应用 |
CN102441393B (zh) * | 2010-10-12 | 2016-01-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种以改性氧化铝为载体的费托合成催化剂及其应用 |
CN109562370A (zh) * | 2016-08-11 | 2019-04-02 | 南非沙索有限公司 | 含钴催化剂组合物 |
CN109562370B (zh) * | 2016-08-11 | 2021-12-24 | 南非沙索有限公司 | 含钴催化剂组合物 |
US11278870B2 (en) | 2016-08-11 | 2022-03-22 | Sasol South Africa Limited | Cobalt-containing catalyst composition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2006260683B2 (en) | 2011-05-12 |
EA200800110A1 (ru) | 2008-06-30 |
US20120190758A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
AU2006260683A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
JP2008546527A (ja) | 2008-12-25 |
WO2006136863A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
JP5052510B2 (ja) | 2012-10-17 |
EA014214B1 (ru) | 2010-10-29 |
CN101203304B (zh) | 2011-12-14 |
US20100048742A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
ZA200710856B (en) | 2008-12-31 |
EP1893332A1 (en) | 2008-03-05 |
GB0512791D0 (en) | 2005-07-27 |
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