CN101130109A - 医学植入物的承载材料及其制造方法 - Google Patents
医学植入物的承载材料及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开的是一种医学植入物承载材料,该材料是一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合物。该复合物包含,例如,UHMWPE和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物。也公开的是承载材料的制备方法。该承载材料有一种或多种有利性能,包括减少免疫反应、减少磨损、和/或增加润滑作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医学植入物的承载材料及其制造方法。
背景技术
[0001]超高分子量聚乙烯(“UHMWPE”)常用于制造医学植入物或矫形外科植入物,例如人造髋关节。该植入物包含一种与硬配合面例如金属或陶瓷配合部件接合的承载材料。UHMWPE作为一种承载材料,当该承载材料与硬配合面接合时,同时提供韧性和耐磨蚀性。近年来,日益变得显而易见的是,矫形外科植入物和宿主骨的界面上的组织坏死和骨质溶解是修复关节长期松驰性故障的主要贡献者。矫形外科医生和生物材料科学家公认的是,这种组织坏死和骨质溶解至少部分地是由于装配该UHMWPE部件期间产生的UHMWPE微观微粒的存在的缘故。身体对这些微粒的反应例如免疫反应包括组织尤其用来锚固矫形外科植入物的骨的炎症和恶化。终究,该矫形外科植入物变得疼痛和/或松驰,而且必须加以修改和/或更换。人们希望改善矫形外科植入物,使得能减少或消除免疫反应。本发明提供这样一种植入物。
发明内容
[0002]上述需要是由提供医学植入物的承载材料的本发明解决的。该承载材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合物。该承载材料有降低的磨损率和/或引起减少或最低限度免疫反应。该复合物包含UHMWPE和一种共聚物。例如,该共聚物有一条聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂。本发明也提供承载材料制备方法。
具体实施方式
[0003]本发明期待在该植入物的承载材料与硬配合面之间的界面上提供一种亲水环境,例如侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂。不想受理论或机理约束,相信该亲水环境降低了身体的免疫反应。随着本发明的承载材料在使用期间磨损,所发生的亲水微粒可以被身体吸收并通过肾脏排出。因此,该承载材料所产生的微观碎屑不能被体内巨噬细胞得到,从而减少引起有害免疫反应的可能性。替而代之,或除此之外,该侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂减少了该承载材料与该配合面之间的界面上的摩擦。进一步替而代之,或除此之外,该侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂改变了生理流体中存在的大分子例如蛋白质与该承载材料的表面的相互作用。
[0004]因此,在一种实施方案中,本发明提供一种医学植入物承载材料,包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和与该聚合物主链连接的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的一种复合物,其中该承载材料适配得能与该医学植入物的硬配合面接合。
[0005]“UHMWPE”这一术语系指有约400,000amu或更高的重均分子量的聚乙烯聚合物。较好,该UHMWPE的重均分子量为约1,000,000(例如约2,000,000或约3,000,000)amu或更大。典型地,该UHMWPE的重均分子量是约10,000,000amu或以下、更好约6,000,000amu或以下。适合于本发明中使用的UHMWPE包括但不限于市售UHMWPE,例如Ticona公司(新泽西州Summit)的GUR 1050和GUR 1020粉末状UHMWPE(重均分子量为约2,000,000~约6,000,000amu)。该UHMWPE可以是无交联的或交联的。
[0006]可以是诸如金属股骨球或髋臼杯的硬配合面,例如,可以由金属例如不锈钢、钴铬合金、或钛合金制成,也可以由陶瓷例如氧化铝或氧化锆制成。
[0007]按照本发明的一种实施方案,该侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂可以是以直接或者经由一种介入或连接基团连接到该聚合物主链上的方式存在的。该侧链亲水基团或表面活性剂可以是经由共价键、离子键、和/或配位键、较好共价键连接到该聚合物主链上的方式存在的。
[0008]该聚乙烯共聚物和UHMWPE可以以任何适当比例存在于该承载材料中,例如,该聚乙烯共聚物的存在量可以是该承载材料的约0.1wt%或以上、典型地约20~约80wt%、较好约30~约70wt%、更好约45~约65wt%。
[0009]该聚乙烯共聚物可以有任何适当分子量,例如,重均分子量为约50,000amu或以上、例如约100,000~约500,000amu。该聚乙烯共聚物可以有任何适当熔体粘度。在一种实施方案中,该聚乙烯共聚物的熔体指数等于或大于0.5g/10min、较好0.5~约5g/10min。
[0010]任何适用亲水基团都可以存在。按照一种实施方案,该侧链亲水基团是对水或润湿介质或极性介质有亲合力例如能形成氢键的基团,例如,羟基、羧基、酮基、醛基、氨基、酰胺基、醚基、和氟,或非离子型基团例如羟基。任何适用表面活性剂都可以存在于该聚合物主链上,例如一种非离子型表面活性剂,如聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇的共聚物。
[0011]任何适用的连接基团都可以存在。按照本发明的实施方案,该连接基团可以选自下列组成的一组:羧烷基、羧羟烷基、羧羟烷氧基、羧烷氧基、和羧烷氧烷基。在一种实施方案中,该侧链亲水基团可以以无连接基团就连接到该聚合物主链上的形式存在。
[0012]该连接基团可以通过反应化学的适当选择来提供。例如,使侧链羟基连接到聚合物主链上的羧烷基可以通过使一种聚乙烯共聚物例如聚乙烯共丙烯酸与乙二醇反应产生。使侧链羟基连接到聚合物主链上的羧烷氧烷基可以通过使一种聚乙烯共聚物例如聚乙烯共丙烯酸与二甘醇反应产生。使侧链羟基连接到聚合物主链上的羧羟烷基可以通过使一种聚乙烯共聚物例如聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)与一种多醇例如乙二醇或甘油反应产生。使侧链羟基连接到聚合物主链上的羧羟烷氧基可以通过使一种聚乙烯共聚物例如聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)与一种多醇例如山梨糖醇或甘露糖醇反应产生。
[0013]按照本发明的实施方案,该UHMWPE和该聚乙烯共聚物可以是掺和的、该聚乙烯共聚物可以作为表面涂层存在、或者该聚乙烯共聚物可以浸渍到该UHMWPE基体中。在该聚乙烯共聚物是一种表面涂层或表面层的一种实施方案中,该表面涂层或表面层是没有磷酰胆碱基的。在该表面涂层或表面层含有UHMWPE和聚乙烯共聚物的缠结的一种实施方案中,这样的表面涂层或表面层是没有多羟基聚合物例如聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇以及多羧基聚合物的。
[0014]按照本发明的实施方案的承载材料可以用任何适当方法制备。例如,一种有侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的承载材料可以通过使UHMWPE与一种有所需侧链基团的聚乙烯共聚物共混制备。
[0015]该侧链基团可以通过聚乙烯共聚物上的反应性官能团与亲水润湿剂或表面活性剂的末端官能团之间的反应结合到该主链上。该反应可以在一种适当温度、较好在压塑成形期间的高温、例如约300~约450、更好约375~约425进行。
[0016]按照本发明的一种实施方案,为了制备一种包含UHMWPE和有侧链亲水基团例如羟基的聚乙烯共聚物的承载材料,UHMWPE粉末可以与一种有缩水甘油基的聚乙烯共聚物例如聚(乙烯共缩水甘油酯)(如聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯))和一种多醇(如山梨糖醇)共混。该聚乙烯共聚物和该多醇可以以任何适当比例存在,即该多醇的羟基可以以小于、等于、或较好大于该聚乙烯共聚物的缩水甘油基的摩尔比存在。将所得到的共混物压塑成形。成形产品可以机加工成所希望的尺寸和形状,随后用适当方法包装该产品和灭菌。例如,该产品可以包装到一种聚乙烯包装(TYVERTM)中并以气体等离子体或环氧乙烷灭菌。
[0017]在本发明的另一种实施方案中,为了制备一种包含UHMWPE和侧链表面活性剂的承载材料,UHMWPE粉末可以与一种有侧链羧基的聚乙烯共聚物例如聚(乙烯共丙烯酸)和一种聚乙二醇-聚丙二醇共聚物(如PLURONICTM 68)共混。该聚乙烯共聚物和聚乙二醇-聚丙二醇共聚物可以以任何适当比例存在,即该聚乙二醇-聚丙二醇共聚物的羟基可以以小于、等于、或较好大于该聚乙烯共聚物的羧基的摩尔比存在。所得到的共混物压塑成形。所得到的产品可以包装在真空箔中,且任选地用γ辐射交联。该产品中存在的任何残留游离基团可以通过使该产品熔融退火加以减少或破坏,然后将其机加工成所希望的形状和尺寸。如所讨论的,可以将该产品包装和灭菌。
[0018]在另一种实施方案中,可以使用含有亲水链嵌段或链段(例如乙二醇、丙二醇、乙烯醇等)的共聚物。该聚乙烯共聚物可以是无规共聚物、嵌段共聚物或者有极性分支和/或侧链的共聚物。方法的任何适当组合都是可能的,例如,这些可以包括在压塑成形之前让聚乙烯共聚物与润湿剂或表面活性剂反应,和在交联之前使润湿剂或表面活性剂扩散和/或与成形的UHMWPE/聚乙烯共聚物反应。
[0019]例如,UHMWPE粉末可以与聚(乙烯共乙烯醇)共混、使该共混物压塑成形、随后真空箔包装、γ辐射以使该UHMWPE交联、熔体退火、机加工、用聚乙烯包装、和如以上所讨论的那样灭菌。
[0020]在以上任何一种实施方案中,压塑成形的温度可以是约300~约450、较好约350~约400,且压力可以是约300psi~约8,000psi、较好约500psi~约4000psi。在各实施方案中,鉴于压塑成形期间一种或多种材料的敏感性,较好避免水分和/或氧气。因此,该压塑成形是在一种惰性环境中、例如在氮气氛围下、或在减压下进行。
[0021]在压塑成形中该材料的滞留时间可以是约5~约30分钟、较好约10~约20分钟,取决于例如该承载材料的所希望厚度。例如,在两步法—其中先使压固的UHMWPE材料成形、随后层压该带有亲水基团或表面活性剂的共聚物—中,这两个步骤的加工条件可以是不同的,例如,它们可能需要不同的温度、压力、和/或剪切力。
[0022]该UHMWPE的交联可以用任何适当方法例如用X射线、γ射线、e束、微波或超声波辐射进行。
[0023]本发明的承载材料可以有任何适当厚度。在一种使用该承载材料作为植入物衬里的实施方案中,该厚度可以是约3mm或以上、例如约3mm~约30mm。在一些实施方案中,该厚度是约6mm~约28mm,而在其它实施方案中该厚度是约8mm~约20mm。若使用该承载材料本身作为一种植入物,则该厚度可以是约3mm或以上,例如约3mm~约30mm。在一些实施方案中,该厚度是约6mm~约28mm,而在其它实施方案中,该厚度是约8mm~约25mm。
[0024]预期本发明的承载材料可以有许多用途。例如,该承载材料可以是一种假体髋臼杯、该髋臼杯的一种插入物或衬里、一种凸耳承或其一种部件、一种假体胫骨坪、一种髌骨钮、一种假体距骨表面、一种假体桡肱关节、一种尺肱关节、一种盂肱关节、一种椎间盘置换物、一种椎骨关节面置换物、一种颞下颌关节、或一种指关节。该承载材料可以是髋关节成形术的髋臼部件衬里或膝关节成形术的胫骨承。
[0025]本发明的承载材料或植入物可以找到作为身体任何适当部分例如身体中关节的一种部件的用途。例如,在髋关节中,该承载材料或植入物可以是一种假体髋臼杯、或者该杯的插入物或衬里、或者凸耳承的一种部件(例如在模头与主干之间)。在膝关节中,该承载材料或植入物可以是一种假体胫骨坪(股胫关节)。一种髌骨钮(髌股关节)、一种凸耳承或其它承部件,取决于人造膝关节的设计。例如,在半月板支承型膝关节中,该矫形外科承载材料或植入物的上表面和下表面,即那些与金属表面或陶瓷表面接合的表面,都可以是表面交联的。在踝关节中,该承载材料或植入物可以是假体距骨表面(胫距关节)或其它承载部件。在肘关节中,该承载材料或植入物可以是假体桡肱关节、尺肱关节、或其它支承部件。在肩关节中,该承载材料或植入物可以用于盂肱关节。在脊柱中,该承载材料或植入物可以用于椎间盘置换物或椎骨关节面置换物。该承载材料或植入物也可以制成颞下颌关节(颌骨)或指关节。该承载材料可以在身体的任何一部分例如髋、膝、和各末端中找到作为植入物的用途。
[0026]本发明也提供医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的复合物,该方法包含:(i)使一种混合物压塑成形以得到一种成形产品,该混合物包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、一种有能与羟基反应的反应性基团的聚乙烯共聚物、和一种多醇或一种有羟基的表面活性剂;和(ii)该成形产品的机加工,得到该承载材料。
[0027]如所讨论的,该聚乙烯共聚物的反应性基团可以选自羧基、缩水甘油基、和羧酐基组成的一组。在一种实施方案中,该反应性基团选自羧基、缩水甘油基、和羧酐基组成的一组,而该亲水基团是羟基。聚乙烯共聚物的实例是聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)或聚(乙烯共丙烯酸)。多醇的实例包括乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、甘油、季戊四醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、二聚甘油、和三聚甘油或聚醚多醇,例如,环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物,该嵌段共聚物有羟基链端。
[0028]按照另一种实施方案,本发明提供一种包含一种复合物的医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该复合物由一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯聚合物组成,该方法包含:(i)使一种包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种包含聚乙烯链段和有侧链基团的亲水链段的嵌段共聚物的混合物压塑成形,得到一种成形产品;和(ii)任选地对该成形产品机加工,得到一种承载材料。
[0029]在上述方法的一种实施方案中,该亲水链段包含羟基。在另一种实施方案中,该嵌段共聚物是聚(乙烯共乙烯醇)。
[0030]按照又另一种实施方案中,本发明提供一种医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的复合物,该方法包含:(i)使一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)粉末压塑成形,得到一种压固的UHMWPE材料;(ii)压塑一种与该压固UHMWPE材料接触的、包含一种有能与羟基反应的反应性基团的聚乙烯共聚物、一种多醇或一种有羟基的表面活性剂的混合物,得到一种复合物;和(iii)任选机加工该压塑成形产品,得到该承载材料。
[0031]在另一种实施方案中,本发明提供一种医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的复合物,该方法包含:(i)提供一种压固的UHMWPE材料和(ii)使与该压固的UHMWPE材料接触的一种有能与羟基反应的反应性基团的聚乙烯共聚物、一种多醇或一种有羟基的表面活性剂压塑成形,得到一种复合物,和(iii)任选对该压塑成形产品机加工,得到该承载材料。该成形产品可以在压塑成形之前机加工成所希望的形状和尺寸,或者压塑成形后的产品可以理想地进行机加工。
[0032]在又另一种实施方案中,本发明提供一种医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团的嵌段共聚物的复合物,该方法包含:(i)将一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)粉末压塑成形,得到一种压固的UHMWPE材料;(ii)压塑一种与该压固UHMWPE材料接触的、包含聚乙烯链段和有反应性亲水侧链基团的亲水链段的嵌段共聚物,得到一种成形产品;和(iii)任选地机加工该压塑成形产品,得到该承载材料。
[0033]在一种进一步实施方案中,本发明提供一种医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团的嵌段共聚物的复合物,该方法包含:(i)提供一种压固的UHMWPE材料;和(ii)压塑一种与该压固的UHMWPE材料接触的、包含聚乙烯链段和有反应性亲水侧链基团的嵌段共聚物,得到一种成形产品,和(iii)任选地机加工该压塑成形产品,得到该承载材料。
[0034]在本发明的任何一种实施方案中,该承载材料的制备方法都可以进一步包括该UHMWPE的交联、该承载材料的灭菌、和/或机加工前该成形产品的熔体退火。
[0035]在以上任何一种实施方案中,该压固的UHMWPE材料是该承载材料的一种前体物,可以有任何一种压固形状、例如棒材、片材、料坯、或成品部件。该压固材料可以用任何适当方法例如用模塑、挤塑、或溶剂浇铸法制备。替而代之,该压固的UHMWPE材料可以从一种聚合物、例如一种可交联聚合物如UHMWPE的块料或片材机加工或成形。
[0036]本发明也提供由该方法的以上实施方案生产的承载材料。本发明的承载材料引起减少的免疫系统反应。此外,通过血清蛋白与侧链亲水剂或润湿剂或表面活性剂之间的有益相互作用所衍生的润滑效果,UHMWPE磨损率降低了。该UHMWPE基体中亲水基团或表面活性剂的永久锚固提供了性能稳定性和可靠性。本发明的一个优点是,它允许调整该承载材料表面和/或本体的润湿效果和润滑效果。在各实施方案中,本发明提供了不太昂贵的承载材料生产方法。它力求避免多阶段接枝和/或化学反应。
[0037]本文中提到的所有参考文献包括出版物、专利申请、和专利,均在与每篇参考文献个别和具体地指出要列为参考文献且以其整体在本文中提到的相同程度上列为本文参考文献。
[0038]在描述本发明的范畴内(尤其在随后权利要求的范畴内),“一个”、“一种”、“该”这些术语和类似参照物的使用要理解为同时涵盖单数和复数,除非本文中另有指出或明显地与上下文矛盾。“包含”、“有”、“包括”、和“含有”这些术语要理解为开放式术语(即系指“包括但不限于”),除非另有说明。本文中数值范围的引用仅意图用来作为个别地提到落入该范围内的每个单独数值的一种快速方法,除非本文中另有指出,而且每个单独数值都列入本说明书中,犹如本文中个别地再次引用它一样。本文中所述的所有方法都可以以任何适当顺序进行,除非本文中另有指出,要不然明显地与上下文矛盾。任何实例和所有实例或本文中提供的例示性语言(如“例如”)都仅意图更好地说明本发明,而不对本本发明的范围设置限制,除非另有权利要求。本说明书中的语言均不应理解为指出任何非权利要求的要素是本发明实施所必需的。
[0039]本文中描述了本发明的较好实施方案,包括本发明者们已知的本发明实施最佳形态。那些较好实施方案的变异,对于业内技术人员来说,在阅读以上描述时可能变得显而易见。本发明者们期待业内技术人员适当时采用这样的变异,而且本发明者们意图使本发明能以除本文中具体描述的外的其它方式实施。因此,本发明包括本文所附权利要求书中提到的主题的、适用法律所允许的所有修饰和等效物。进而,本发明涵盖其一切可能变异中以上所述要素的任何组合,除非本文中另有指出要不然明显地与上下文矛盾。
Claims (10)
1.一种医学植入物承载材料,包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的复合物,其中该承载材料用于与该医学植入物的硬配合面接合。
2.权利要求1的承载材料,其中该侧链亲水基团通过一种连接基团连接到该聚合物主链上。
3.权利要求2的承载材料,其中该侧链亲水基团包含一个或多个游离非离子型基团。
4.权利要求3的承载材料,其中该非离子型基团是羟基。
5.权利要求2的承载材料,其中该连接基团选自下列组成的一组:羧烷基、羧羟烷基、羧羟烷氧基、羧烷氧基、和羧烷氧烷基。
6.一种医学植入物承载材料的生产方法,该承载材料包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和一种有聚合物主链和连接到该聚合物主链上的侧链亲水基团或侧链表面活性剂的聚乙烯共聚物的复合物,该方法包含
(i)将一种混合物压塑成形,得到一种成形产品,该混合物包含一种超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、一种有能与亲水基团反应的反应性基团的聚乙烯共聚物、和一种多醇或一种有亲水基团的表面活性剂;和
(ii)机加工该成形产品,得到该承载材料。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中该聚乙烯共聚物是聚(乙烯共甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯)、聚(乙烯接枝马来酸酐)或聚(乙烯共丙烯酸)。
8.权利要求6的方法,其中该多醇选自由下列组成的一组:乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、甘油、季戊四醇、三(羟甲基)丙烷、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、二聚甘油、三聚甘油、和多聚甘油。
9.权利要求6的方法,其中该多醇是一种聚醚多醇。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中该聚醚多醇是环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物,所述嵌段共聚物有羟基链端。
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-
2007
- 2007-07-18 AT AT07252847T patent/ATE481989T1/de active
- 2007-07-18 ES ES07252847T patent/ES2350708T3/es active Active
- 2007-07-18 DE DE602007009345T patent/DE602007009345D1/de active Active
- 2007-07-18 DK DK07252847.4T patent/DK1891987T3/da active
- 2007-07-18 EP EP07252847A patent/EP1891987B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-08-22 AU AU2007211885A patent/AU2007211885B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-08-23 US US11/844,195 patent/US7683133B2/en active Active
- 2007-08-24 CN CNA2007101468574A patent/CN101130109A/zh active Pending
- 2007-08-24 ZA ZA200707186A patent/ZA200707186B/en unknown
- 2007-08-24 JP JP2007218760A patent/JP5143501B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2010
- 2010-02-02 US US12/698,878 patent/US20100137522A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102526802A (zh) * | 2012-01-06 | 2012-07-04 | 中国矿业大学 | 一种仿生软骨材料与硬面基底结合的仿生材料的制备工艺 |
CN102526802B (zh) * | 2012-01-06 | 2013-10-30 | 中国矿业大学 | 一种仿生软骨材料与硬面基底结合的仿生材料的制备工艺 |
Also Published As
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EP1891987B1 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
AU2007211885A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
DK1891987T3 (da) | 2010-12-13 |
EP1891987A2 (en) | 2008-02-27 |
US7683133B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 |
ATE481989T1 (de) | 2010-10-15 |
US20100137522A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
AU2007211885B2 (en) | 2012-09-20 |
ES2350708T3 (es) | 2011-01-26 |
DE602007009345D1 (de) | 2010-11-04 |
EP1891987A3 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
US20080071026A1 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
ZA200707186B (en) | 2009-09-30 |
JP2008114045A (ja) | 2008-05-22 |
JP5143501B2 (ja) | 2013-02-13 |
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