CN101120220A - 用于液化天然气的设备和方法 - Google Patents

用于液化天然气的设备和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101120220A
CN101120220A CNA2006800051492A CN200680005149A CN101120220A CN 101120220 A CN101120220 A CN 101120220A CN A2006800051492 A CNA2006800051492 A CN A2006800051492A CN 200680005149 A CN200680005149 A CN 200680005149A CN 101120220 A CN101120220 A CN 101120220A
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China
Prior art keywords
natural gas
heat exchanger
cooled
main
outlet
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CNA2006800051492A
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English (en)
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J·M·范德赫拉夫
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0292Refrigerant compression by cold or cryogenic suction of the refrigerant gas
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    • F25J1/0022Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
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    • F25J1/0295Shifting of the compression load between different cooling stages within a refrigerant cycle or within a cascade refrigeration system
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于液化天然气(90)的设备(10),该设备(10)至少包括:预冷却热交换器链(1),其包括用于冷却天然气流(90)的最终热交换器(2a);分配器(4),布置在最终热交换器的上游,用于将天然气流(90)分离为至少第一和第二天然气子流;至少第一和第二主低温系统(200、200′),每个系统(200、200′)包括用于液化的天然气(95、95′)的出口。

Description

用于液化天然气的设备和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于液化天然气的设备和方法。
背景技术
美国专利US6389844公开这样一种设备和方法。其包括单个共用的预冷却循环,接着是两个并行布置、同时操作的主液化循环,其中流过该设备的天然气被液化并过冷却。
上述设备和方法的问题是有可能的分布不均匀,原因是天然气通常将在预冷却循环中部分地冷凝。部分冷凝的气流在并行布置的主液化循环上的均等分配是复杂的,并且需要额外的设备和控制,结果在系统上造成增加的压力下降,并且由此造成液化效率的降低。
发明内容
本发明的目的是使上述问题最小化。
此外,本发明的目的是提供一种更简单的用于液化气体的设备和方法。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种可选的、用于液化气体的设备和方法,以便在不同市场满足液化天然气的不同要求,特别是关于热值的不同要求。
上述一个或多个目的或其它目的根据本发明通过提供用于液化天然气的设备实现,该设备至少包括:
-预冷却热交换器链,其包括最终热交换器,可选地,该最终热交换器之前有一个或多个热交换器,所述最终热交换器设有用于从天然气流中去除热量的一个预冷却制冷剂回路;
-用于将天然气流分成至少第一和第二天然气子流的分配器;
-至少第一和第二主低温系统,每个系统包括主热交换器,该主热交换器具有第一热侧,该第一热侧具有设置成分别接收第一和第二天然气子流的一个入口和用于液化的天然气的出口,并且每个系统包括用于从流过相应主热交换器的第一热侧的天然气中去除热量的主制冷剂回路;
其中分配器布置在最终热交换器的上游。
惊奇地发现,通过将用于将天然气流分成至少第一和第二天然气子流的分配器布置在最终预冷却热交换器的上游,降低了分布不均的可能性,原因是天然气流可以在其基本上处于单相状态的地点处分离。本发明的重要方面是:以非常简单的方式降低了分布不均的可能性。
本发明的又一优点是:
-由于天然气流可以在其基本上处于单相状态的地点处分离,
-分离不会在天然气回路中造成压力的显著下降,其结果是液化设备的整体效率增加。
上述优点也可在本发明所述的用于液化天然气的设备和方法中实现,但是其进一步包括至少两个天然气液体提取单元,其布置在分配器下游但位于主低温系统的上游。天然气液体提取单元可以布置在预冷却热交换器链的最终热交换器的上游或下游。
其中预冷却热交换器链包括串联布置的两个或更多个热交换器,或以两级或更多连续级的方式进行预冷却,分配器可以布置在热交换器链中两个热交换器之间以在连续的预冷却级之间分离天然气流。
在具有天然气液体提取单元的实施例中,预冷却制冷剂回路服务于两个主制冷剂回路,而每个主制冷剂回路由其自己的天然气液体提取单元服务。这样,液化能力不会受到天然气液体提取能力的限制。
本实施例的另一优点是,天然气提取单元不需要按比例增大来适应于更高的流量。可以看到,在高的天然气生产量下,达到了高压分离塔的结构和传送的可能性的极限。这个问题通过提供两个并行布置且同时操作的小塔而得以避免。还可以想象的是,提供两个或更多个较小的并行的天然气液体提取单元的额外资金成本小于适于处理全部天然气流的一个大的天然气液体提取单元的资金成本。
本发明不仅包括其中每个主热交换器专门接收来自天然气液体提取单元之一的蒸气状上部轻馏分的第一组实施例,还包括其中每个主热交换器接收来自两个或更多个天然气液体提取单元的部分蒸气状上部轻馏分的第二组实施例。
第一组实施例的优点是,设备布置相对直线向前;第二组实施例的优点是,消除了例如相应蒸气状上部轻馏分的组分和温度中的小变化形式的分布不均。
在另一方面,本发明提供一种液化天然气流的方法,该方法至少包括:
(a)以一级或多级的方式预冷却天然气流,所述一级或多级包括在热交换器链内利用在预冷却制冷剂回路内循环的预冷却制冷剂进行的最终级;
(b)将天然气流分离成至少第一和第二天然气子流;
(c)利用至少两个主低温系统中的主制冷剂将在步骤(b)中得到的第一和第二天然气子流进一步冷却成完全冷凝,其中在每个主低温系统中,主制冷剂在主制冷剂回路中循环;以及
(d)从主低温系统中提取液化的天然气流;
其中将天然气流分离成第一和第二天然气子流在最终的预冷却级的上游进行。
附图说明
现在将结合非限制性的附图通过实例详细描述本发明,附图中:
图1a示出本发明第一组实施例的总体示意流路图;
图1b示出本发明第二组实施例的总体示意流路图;
图1c示出本发明第三组实施例的总体示意流路图;
图2示出根据本发明的液化设备和工艺的示意图;
图3示出根据本发明的设备和工艺的更具体的实施例;以及
图4示出用于与这些实施例相结合的末端闪蒸单元。
具体实施方式
为了描述目的,单个参考数字将指定到管线以及管线中传送的天然气流。相同数字指代相同部件。
参考图1a-1c。根据本发明用于液化天然气的设备10包括:天然气预冷却热交换器链1、分配器4、两个主低温系统200和200′、以及可选择的两个天然气液体提取单元100和100′。预冷却热交换器链1具有:用于天然气的入口管线90和用于预冷却的天然气的出口管线27、27′。在图1a-1c所示实施例中,预冷却热交换器链1包括两个热交换器2a、2b,其中热交换器2a为最终热交换器。本领域技术人员可以理解,链1可以包括多于两个的热交换器。如果需要的话(并作为优选方式),链1的热交换器可以为同一制冷剂回路的一部分。
分配器4布置在最终热交换器2a的上游。如果链1包括多于两个的热交换器2a、2b,分配器可以布置在更上游。优选地,分配器4布置在形成预冷却热交换器链1的一部分的两个热交换器之间。最终热交换器2a可以为单个热交换器(见图1a和1b),但是也可以是两个或多个并行的热交换器的组(图1c的2a1和2a2)。不言而喻的是,如果分配器4也布置在热交换器2b的上游,则热交换器2b也可包括两个或多个并行的热交换器。
在图1所示实施例中,分配器4具有至少两个出口22、23和出口管线19、19′。如图1所示,出口管线19、19′中的天然气流均在单个最终热交换器2a中进一步冷却。可选择地,出口管线19、19′可连接至分离的、并行的最终热交换器(2a1和2a2;如图1c所示)。
在根据图1a和1b所示的实施例中,每个天然气液体提取单元100、100′连接至管线27、27′,并且具有用于排出重馏分的排出管线108、108′和用于排出上部轻馏分的排出管线127、127′。重馏分包括天然气液体,其富含较重的组分,例如C3+组分,上部轻馏分包括不富含这些较重组分的较贫混合物,并且要被液化。
每个主低温系统200、200′与用于排出液化的天然气的排出管线95、95′相连。
在图1a中,示出了总体实施例,其中每个主低温系统200、200′专门与天然气液体提取单元100、100′之一相连。在图1b中,示出了总体实施例,其中相应管线127和127′中的来自天然气液体提取单元100和100′的产品流汇聚在一起并在第二分配器44中重新分配。在该实施例中,每个主低温系统200和200′由此接收来自两个天然气液体提取单元100和100′的部分蒸气状上部轻馏分。
在图1c中,天然气液体提取单元100和100′布置在预冷却热交换器链1的最终热交换器2a1和2a2的上游。
现参考图2所示的更详细的实施例,天然气预冷却热交换器链1可包括一个预冷却热交换器2a,但适当地包括串联和/或并行布置的两个或更多个热交换器的组,其中预冷却制冷剂允许在一个或多个压力等级下蒸发。为简单起见,在下文中,预冷却热交换器链1将采用最终预冷却热交换器2a的形式示出;前面的热交换器2b仅在图中示意性示出。
天然气预冷却热交换器2a具有热侧,其以管12、12′的形式示意性示出,该管具有用于天然气的入口13、13′和用于预冷却的天然气的出口14、14′。管12、12′布置在冷侧15,该冷侧可为天然气预冷却热交换器2a的壳体侧15。
根据本发明的设备10通常还包括预冷却制冷剂回路3。不言而喻的是,这对于其它预冷却热交换器同样适用。
预冷却制冷剂回路3包括预冷却制冷剂压缩机31,其具有入口33和出口34。出口34通过导管35连接至冷却器36,冷却器可以为空气冷却器或水冷冷却器。导管35经由这里以节流阀38的形式提供的膨胀装置延伸至天然气预冷却热交换器2的冷侧15的入口39。冷侧15的出口40通过返回导管41连接至预冷却制冷剂压缩机31的入口33。
适当地,预冷却制冷剂回路3包括用于在两级或三级或四级中预冷却天然气流的四个压力等级。预冷却制冷剂管线可以根据美国专利US6637238提供,其内容通过引用全部包括在此。
分配器4具有:入口管线18,其用于接收在前面热交换器2b中预冷却的天然气;以及两个出口22和23。分配器4的两个出口22和23连接至最终预冷却级2a中的两个并行的热侧的入口,由此流过这些并行热侧的天然气流可以与预冷却制冷剂回路3内的预冷却制冷剂进行热交换。
每个主低温系统200、200′包括主热交换器5、5′以及主制冷剂回路9、9′。每个主热交换器5、5′包括第一热侧25、25′,其具有一个入口26、26′。第一热侧25的入口26通过导管27和127经由天然气液体提取单元100连接至最终热交换器2a的出口14,以及第一热侧25′的入口26′通过导管27′和127′经由天然气液体提取单元100′连接至出口14′。每个第一热侧25、25′具有位于主热交换器5、5′的顶部的用于液化的天然气的出口28、28′。第一热侧25、25′布置在主热交换器5、5′的冷侧29、29′中,该冷侧29、29′具有出口30、30′。
主热交换器5和5′分别与液化制冷剂回路9、9′相连。每个液化制冷剂回路9、9′包括液化制冷剂压缩机50、50′,其具有入口51、51′和出口52、52′。入口51、51′通过返回导管53、53′连接至主热交换器5、5′的冷侧29、29′的出口30、30′。出口52、52′通过导管54、54′连接至冷却器56、56′,其可以为空气冷却器或水冷冷却器,以及制冷剂热交换器58、58′的热侧57、57′连接至分离器60、60′。每个分离器60在其下端具有用于液体的出口61、61′,在其上端具有用于气体的出口62、62′。
每个制冷剂热交换器58、58′包括冷侧85、85′,其具有入口139、139′和出口140、140′,用于允许辅助制冷剂进入以及排出用过的辅助制冷剂。冷侧85包括在辅助制冷剂循环内,对于该辅助制冷剂循环,有多种选择可行,其中:
一种选择为:辅助制冷剂循环实施为如上述美国专利US6389844(其通过引用包括在此)所公开的并行循环,其采用预冷却制冷剂压缩机31和冷却器36,其中入口139、139′通过膨胀装置例如节流阀连接至管线37,并且出口140、140′连接至管线41。在另一种选择中,如在美国专利公开US2005/0005635(其通过引用包括在此)中公开的,提供分离的辅助制冷剂回路,其采用一个辅助制冷剂压缩机用于供给每个并行的制冷剂热交换器58、58′,或者对于每个制冷剂热交换器58、58′采用专用的辅助制冷剂压缩机。在又一选择(参考已经包括在本说明书内的US6389844的图2和3)中,图2示出的天然气预冷却热交换器2a和制冷剂热交换器58、58′结合在一个整体的热交换器内,由此热侧57和57′实施为预冷却热交换器链1的一个或多个预冷却热交换器2a、2b内的附加热管束的形式。
代替一级的方式,整体的预冷却热交换器链1可包括串联的两级或三级或更多级,如参考已经通过引用包括在此的美国专利US6389844的图3所公开的内容。
每个液化制冷剂回路9、9′进一步包括:第一导管65、65′,其从出口61、61′延伸到第二热侧67、67′的入口,该第二热侧延伸至主热交换器5、5′的中点;导管69、69′;膨胀装置70、70′和注入喷嘴73、73′。
每个液化制冷剂回路进一步包括:第二导管75、75′,其从出口62、62′延伸至第三热侧77、77′的入口,该第三热侧延伸至主热交换器5、5′的顶部;导管79、79′;膨胀装置80、80′和注入喷嘴83、83′。
两个天然气液体提取单元100和100′每个分别包括蒸馏塔105、105′。蒸馏塔105、105′设有蒸馏塔入口107、107′,其在本实施例中同时也是连接至预冷却热交换器链1的提取单元入口。具体来说,蒸馏塔入口107通过导管27连接至链1的最终热交换器2a的出14,并且蒸馏塔入口107′通过导管27′连接至出口14′。提取单元出口分别以管线127和127′的形式提供。
蒸馏塔105、105′还具有:重馏分出109、109′,用于排出从相应管线27、27′中的预冷却的天然气流分离出的液体;以及轻馏分上部出口111、111′,用于排出来自相应管线27、27′中的预冷却的天然气流的蒸气。
在并行重馏分上操作或者在组合的重馏分上操作的分馏单元(未示出)可连接至重馏分出109、109′。
如图2所示的蒸馏塔105、105′只设有精馏部分。虽然不是本发明所必须的,蒸馏塔也可设有精馏部分和汽提部分,通过增加重沸器来提高塔底温度。同样,如果需要,可将吸收器部分设置在蒸馏塔中。蒸馏塔可为洗涤塔。
天然气液体提取单元100、100′还包括上部热交换器单元113、113′、回流罐形式的上部分离器117、117′和回流泵119、119′。回流罐117、117′包括液体回流出口121、121′和蒸气出口123、123′。
轻馏分上部出口111、111′连接至上部热交换器单元113、113′的热侧116、116′,上部热交换器单元的冷侧112、112′暴露于冷的天然气流115、115′。上部热交换器113、113′的热侧出口连接至回流罐117、117′。液体回流出口121、121′连接至回流泵119、119′的抽吸端,回流泵的压力侧连接至布置在相应蒸馏塔105、105′内的回流入口125、125′。蒸气出口123、123′连接至管线127、127′。
适当地,主制冷剂回路9和9′彼此相同,并且主热交换器5和5′和天然气液体提取单元100和100′也是彼此相同。
在正常操作中,天然气90提供给预冷却热交换器链1,在热交换器2b中逐步预冷却,在分配器4内分成至少第一和第二预冷却的天然气子流,并以并行流19、19′的形式通过入口13、13′提供给天然气预冷却热交换器2a。通常,根据天然气的组分,天然气在预冷却热交换器链1内部分地冷凝。
预冷却制冷剂从天然气预冷却热交换器2a的冷侧15的出口40排出,在预冷却制冷剂压缩机31中压缩至升高的压力,在冷凝器36中冷凝并允许其在膨胀装置38中膨胀到低压。在冷侧15中,已膨胀的预冷却制冷剂允许在低压下蒸发,并这样从天然气中去除热量。
从热交换器2a的出口14排出的预冷却的天然气经过导管27、27′。适当地,经过导管27和27′的天然气量彼此相同。相应的第一和第二预冷却天然气流通过导管27和27′供给到天然气液体提取单元100和100′的入口107和107′。这里,每个第一和第二预冷却的天然气子流进给到相应的蒸馏塔105和105′,同时通过精馏或洗涤在此分离成包括相应子流的冷凝部分的重馏分和蒸气状上部轻馏分。
根据蒸馏塔中的温度,蒸气状上部轻馏分不富含C3+成分(包括丙烷)并主要包含甲烷,通常也包含C2成分(包括乙烷)和氮气。
蒸气状上部轻馏分流通过轻馏分上部出口111、111′离开蒸馏塔105、105′,之后进给到上部热交换器113、113′的热侧116、116′,在此,其部分地冷凝为部分冷凝的上部流,该上部流包括轻的冷凝物和轻的蒸气的混合物。
部分冷凝的上部流注入回流罐117、117′,在此轻的冷凝物与轻的蒸气分离。轻的冷凝物通过液体回流出口121、121′从回流罐117、117′提取,并且将冷的液体回流注入蒸馏塔105、105′。
轻的蒸气从蒸气出口123、123′提取,并注入主热交换器5和5′的第一热侧25和25′的入口26和26′。在第一热侧25、25′中,来自天然气的轻馏分蒸气被液化并过冷却。过冷却的天然气通过导管95和95′排出。过冷却的天然气通到用于进一步处理的单元中,并到达存储液化的天然气的容器(未示出),上述进一步处理的一些选择将在后面说明书中讨论。
从主热交换器5、5′的冷侧29、29′的出口30、30′排出的主制冷剂在液化制冷剂压缩机50、50′内压缩到升高的压力。压缩产生的热量排放到冷却器56、56′中,并且在制冷剂热交换器58、58′中进一步从主制冷剂中去除热量,以便得到部分冷凝的制冷剂。部分冷凝的主制冷剂然后在分离器60、60′内分离成重的液体馏分和轻的气态馏分,这些馏分进一步分别在第二和第三热侧67、67′和77、77′中冷却,以便在升高的压力下得到液化且过冷却的馏分。然后允许过冷却的制冷剂在膨胀装置70、70′和80、80′内膨胀到低压。在该压力下,制冷剂允许在主热交换器5、5′的冷侧29、29′蒸发,以从通过第一冷侧25、25′的天然气中去除热量。
冷凝来自蒸气状上部轻馏分的液体回流所需的冷流115、115′或者上部制冷剂流115、115′可以来自任意适当来源。例如,其可以进给有来自循环3的滑流,或者其可以在循环3中整合为一个压力等级。
可选择地,上部制冷剂流115、115′可以进给有例如来自管线65、65′的主制冷剂的滑流。这可以在以下布置中实现,即,上部热交换器的冷侧115、115′与至少两个主制冷剂回路9、9′中的至少一个流体连通。蒸气状上部轻馏分与至少两个主制冷剂回路9、9′中的至少一个内的主制冷剂间接热交换的优点是:预冷却的天然气流的温度尽可能低,这有助于在天然气液体分离中实现更深的C3+提取。此外,离开出口121、121′的液体回流的温度可以更低,以便提高C3+的回收。
其它选择通过上述选择中的两种或更多种的任意组合形成,特别是涉及另一热交换器的热侧116、116′的整合的组合,所述另一热交换器之后是设置在所整合的热侧的下游的分离的上部热交换器单元113、113′。
已经发现,当用于每个主制冷剂回路9、9′的压缩机驱动功率和用于预冷却制冷剂回路3的压缩机驱动功率相等并且设备满功率运行时,预冷却的天然气的温度处于-25℃周围。预冷却的天然气的压力通常处于40-60巴之间。优选地,液体回流流的温度处于-25℃到-65℃之间,由此温度越低,将有越多的C3+组分从预冷却的天然气中分离出来。更优选地,液体回流流的温度低于-31℃。通过在上部热交换器113、113′中采用主制冷剂用于上部冷却,40%-45%的丙烷回收率是可行的,且回流温度为大约-45℃。这取决于气体的压力和组分。
现在参考图3,其示出的实施例包括这样一个具体实例,其利用来自主制冷回路9、9′之一的主制冷剂来冷却从上部分离器117、117′提取的蒸气状上部轻馏分。热侧116、116′整合到主热交换器中。图3与图2大部分相应,但是其中天然气液体提取单元100、100′已经被可选实施例的天然气液体提取单元110、110′代替。对于图3对应于图2的部分不再描述,但是总体参考图2的相应部分。
主低温热交换器5、5′已被变型版本55、55′代替,其中热侧25、25′分为上游部分24、24′和下游部分24a、24a′。
在可选实施例中,轻馏分上部出口111、111′通过导管126、126′连接至相应上游部分24、24′的入口26、26′。上游部分24、24′的出口连接至回流罐117、117′并且回流罐117、117′的蒸气出口123、123′通过导管127、127′连接至热侧25、25′的下游部分24a、24a′的相应入口。与主热交换器5、5′一样,下游部分24a、24a′在主热交换器55、55′的顶部具有用于液化的天然气的出口28、28′。
在可选实施例的正常运行时,用于冷凝来自蒸气状上部轻馏分的液体回流所需的冷量通过主制冷剂提供。
在可选实施例(未示出)中,天然气液体提取单元100、100′和/或110、110′以及重馏分(包括相应子流的冷凝部分)中部分冷凝的天然气子流和蒸气状上部轻馏分的分离采取与国际公开WO2004/069384所公开的实施例相对应的形式,该国际公开通过引用包括在此。特别地,该实施例中冷的液体回流被分为第一和第二回流流,其中第一回流流导入洗涤塔的顶部,并且第二回流流导入洗涤塔的中部。
在上述实施例中,适当地,预冷却制冷剂为单组分的制冷剂,例如丙烷,或者为烃组分的混合物或者其他适用于压缩冷却循环或吸收冷却循环的制冷剂。适当地,主制冷剂为多组分制冷剂,包括氮、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷。
适当地,制冷剂热交换器58和58′包括串联布置的两个或更多个热交换器的组,其中预冷却制冷剂允许在一个或多个压力等级下蒸发。
主热交换器5、5′和55、55′可以是任意适合的设计,例如绕组式热交换器或板翅式热交换器。
在参考图2和图3所述的实施例中,主热交换器5、5′、55、55′分别具有第二和第三热侧67、67′和77、77′。在可选实施例中,主热交换器只具有第二和第三热侧结合到一起的一个热侧。在这种情况下,部分冷凝的主制冷剂不需要分离成重的液体馏分和轻的气态馏分而直接提供给第三热侧77、77′。
压缩机31、50和50′可以为具有相互冷却的多级压缩机、或在两个压缩机之间具有互相冷却的串联压缩机的组合、或者并行压缩机的组合。
预冷却制冷剂回路3和两个主制冷剂回路9和9′中的压缩机31、50和50′可以为涡轮驱动式和电机驱动式,或者涡轮/电机驱动相结合的方式。
适当地,预冷却制冷剂回路中的涡轮(未示出)为蒸汽轮机。在这种情况下,适当地,驱动蒸汽轮机所需的蒸汽利用冷却主制冷剂回路的蒸汽轮机(未示出)的废气所释放的热量产生。
本发明提供一种用于液化天然气的可扩展设备,其中在第一级中,建有具有100%的液化能力的单个链,并且在第二级中,可以增加与第一级相同尺寸的第二主热交换器和第二液化制冷剂回路,以便将液化能力扩展到140%-160%,同时可以控制天然气中C3+组分。
本发明的优点是:预冷却和液化的条件(例如制冷剂的组分)可以容易地调整以便实现高效的操作。此外,在液化回路中的一个必须从操作中去除的情况下,可以调整所述条件以便利用单个液化链有效工作。
计算进一步表明,液化效率(压缩机所做的每单元的功产生的液化的气体量)不会由于利用预冷却制冷剂回路来服务两个主制冷剂回路而受到不利影响。
通过提供连接至用于液化的天然气的出口导管95、95′的至少一个末端闪蒸单元可以进一步扩展液化能力。图4示出了这样一种末端闪蒸单元的实施例,其可以添加到任意上述设备。每个导管95、95′连接至末端闪蒸膨胀器97、97′和节流阀99、99′。低压端排出到均连接至末端闪蒸分离器103的导管101、101′。
可选择地,导管95和95′中的液化的天然气汇聚的接合部位于单个末端闪蒸膨胀器(未示出)上游。
末端闪蒸气体分离器设有末端闪蒸气体出口133和液化的天然气出口135。末端闪蒸分离器也可以为蒸馏塔或汽提塔或任意可选形式,以在闪蒸气体和液化的天然气之间实现最优分离效率。可以设置可选的泵137用于使液化的天然气在将其排出到用于传送或储存的管线138之前达到任意所需压力。
闪蒸气体出口133连接至压缩机139。压缩机139的高压出口连接至冷却器141,其可以是环境冷却器。压缩机139的上游设有热交换器143以便可以保持末端闪蒸气体所含的冷量。
在正常运行中,液化的天然气中的压力在末端闪蒸膨胀器97、97′和节流阀99、99′中降低,优选地降低至大气压或邻近大气压的条件。该膨胀使液化的天然气温度降低,并同时在该过程中形成末端闪蒸气体。
通常,当从50巴闪蒸降低到大气压时,温度降低大约10℃。由于温度的额外降低,利用预冷却链1和主低温系统200、200′中一定的冷却功率可以产生更多液化的天然气。
在末端闪蒸气体分离器103中,末端闪蒸气体与液化的天然气分离。
离开末端闪蒸气体分离器103的末端闪蒸气体被压缩到其可以通过管线145排出以用于进一步使用(例如作为燃料气体)的压力。在末端闪蒸气体中具有的冷量可以通过热交换器143保持,例如用于预冷却主制冷剂。在这种情况下,热交换器143可以包括在主制冷剂回路9、9′内。
为进一步扩展设备的能力,可以提供可选的末端闪蒸气体反馈回路,由此管线145内的一部分末端闪蒸气体至少部分地冷凝,并再注入末端闪蒸分离器103上游的液化的天然气中。为此,可选的反馈回路可以包括另一压缩机147,其低压端连接至管线145。该另一压缩机147的高压端相继通过可选的又一冷却器149、热交换器143和膨胀装置(例如节流阀151)连接至末端闪蒸气体分离器的上游的管线。
对于可选的再注入,另外的压缩机139和147提供额外的点,在此冷却功率可以输入到上述过程中,并且可以提高主制冷剂回路中的冷却温度。由于这样增加的额外的冷却功率,可以产生更多的液化天然气。计算表明,利用包括可选再循环的末端闪蒸系统可以实现4%-5%的附加的液化能力。
可采用其他末端闪蒸系统或延伸系统来代替上述系统。美国专利US5893274中公开的末端闪蒸系统通过引用包括在此。
本领域技术人员可以理解的,在不背离附属权利要求的范围的情况下,本发明可以进行多种方式的变型。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于液化天然气的设备,该设备至少包括:
-预冷却热交换器链,其包括最终热交换器,可选地,该最终热交换器之前是一个或多个热交换器,所述最终热交换器设有用于从天然气流中去除热量的预冷却制冷剂回路;
-用于将天然气流分成至少第一和第二天然气子流的分配器;
-至少第一和第二主低温系统,每个系统包括主热交换器,该主热交换器具有第一热侧,该第一热侧具有设置成分别接收第一和第二天然气子流的一个入口和用于液化的天然气的出口,并且每个系统包括用于从流过相应主热交换器的第一热侧的天然气中去除热量的主制冷剂回路;
其中分配器布置在最终热交换器的上游。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备,进一步包括:
-至少两个天然气液体提取单元,每个提取单元设有布置成接收天然气子流之一的提取单元入口,并且每个提取单元包括重馏分出口和上部轻馏分出口;
上部轻馏分出口连接至主低温系统的入口。
3.如权利要求2所述的设备,其中每个天然气液体提取单元设有回流入口,该回流入口布置成接收来自一上部分离器的液体回流出口的液体回流,该上部分离器设有与上部轻馏分出口流体连通的入口和与相应的主低温热交换器流体连通的蒸气出口。
4.如权利要求3所述的设备,其中在上部分离器的上游设置有上部热交换器,用于从上部轻馏分中去除热量,该上部热交换器的冷侧与所述至少两个主制冷剂回路中的至少一个流体连通。
5.如权利要求1所述的设备,其中最终热交换器包括两个并行的热交换器,该设备还包括:
-至少两个天然气液体提取单元,其布置在并行的最终热交换器的上游。
6.如前面权利要求中一项或多项所述的设备,还包括至少一个末端闪蒸单元,其连接至所述至少两个热交换器的用于液化的天然气的出口并且包括用于末端闪蒸气体的至少一个出口和用于液化的天然气的出口。
7.如前面权利要求中一项或多项所述的用于液化天然气的设备,其中分配器具有至少两个出口。
8.液化天然气流的方法,该方法至少包括:
(a)以一级或多级的方式预冷却天然气流,所述一级或多级包括在热交换器链内利用在预冷却制冷剂回路内循环的预冷却制冷剂进行的最终级;
(b)将天然气流分离成至少第一和第二天然气子流;
(c)利用至少两个主低温系统中的主制冷剂将在步骤(b)中得到的第一和第二天然气子流进一步冷却成完全冷凝,其中在每个主低温系统中,主制冷剂在主制冷剂回路中循环;以及
(d)从主低温系统中提取液化的天然气流;
其中将天然气流分离成第一和第二天然气子流在最终的预冷却级的上游进行。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中在步骤(b)中得到的第一和第二天然气子流同时被分离成液体重馏分和蒸气状上部轻馏分,并且之后在步骤(c)中将蒸气状上部轻馏分进一步冷却为完全冷凝。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中在步骤(c)中的进一步冷却包括:部分地冷凝每个蒸气状上部轻馏分,以形成轻的冷凝物和轻的蒸气;分离轻的冷凝物与轻的蒸气;将轻的冷凝物作为冷的回流注入到同时分离每个第一和第二部分冷凝的天然气子流的步骤中;以及将轻的蒸气进一步冷却为完全冷凝。
11.如权利要求10所述方法,其中部分地冷凝每个蒸气状上部轻馏分包括与所述至少两个主制冷剂回路的至少一个中的主制冷剂间接热交换。
12.如前面权利要求8-11中一项或多项所述的方法,其中将在步骤(d)中得到的液化的天然气流随后膨胀,由此得到包括更加进一步冷却的液化的天然气和闪蒸蒸气的混合物,其中将闪蒸蒸气与所述更加进一步冷却的液化的天然气分离、压缩、至少部分地冷凝并且在分离闪蒸蒸气的上游再注入到液化的天然气流。
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