CN100580303C - 生产真空绝热板的方法 - Google Patents

生产真空绝热板的方法 Download PDF

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CN100580303C
CN100580303C CN200680015656A CN200680015656A CN100580303C CN 100580303 C CN100580303 C CN 100580303C CN 200680015656 A CN200680015656 A CN 200680015656A CN 200680015656 A CN200680015656 A CN 200680015656A CN 100580303 C CN100580303 C CN 100580303C
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J·克拉森
J·克罗格曼
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    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
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    • E04B1/80Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种通过用气密膜包封由开孔泡沫制成的成型体,随后抽空并气密熔接所述膜而生产真空绝热板的方法。本发明方法的特征在于将所述由开孔泡沫制成的成型体在固化之后和抽空之前压缩。

Description

生产真空绝热板的方法
本发明涉及真空绝热板,生产它们的方法以及可作为芯材料用于真空绝热板的开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
真空绝热单元尤其用于制冷应用的壳、制冷车辆容器或集中供热管。由于它们的导热率低,它们具有优于常规绝热材料的优点。因此,与闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫相比,可节能约20-30%。
这种真空绝热单元通常包括绝热芯材料如开孔硬质聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫、挤出的聚苯乙烯开孔泡沫、硅胶、玻璃纤维、聚合物珠粒、压制研磨硬质或半硬质PUR泡沫或珍珠岩,可将其包装在气密膜中,抽空并熔接从而气密。
在另一实施方案中,真空绝热单元可通过将用于开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫的泡沫体系引入双壁壳如制冷应用的门或制冷应用的壳的双壁内部,其中使该体系进行固化得到开孔泡沫,随后抽空而生产。在该实施方案中,可将真空泵与填充泡沫的双壁连接,从而需要的话可恢复真空。
当使用硬质聚氨酯泡沫时,重要的是泡沫的孔是开孔的,以获得完全抽空的真空绝热板。
EP 905159和EP 905158公开了生产开孔硬质泡沫的方法,其中将脂肪酸和多官能醇的酯化产物用作乳化剂,以帮助维持存储稳定的包含发泡剂的乳液。尤其是将全氟代链烷烃和链烷烃的组合用作物理发泡剂。将全氟代链烷烃用于生产细孔已经由EP 351614已知。
用作芯材料的开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫的孔的形态也对真空绝热板的导热率具有很大影响。
将发泡工艺中压缩的开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫用作真空绝热板的芯材料由EP 967243已知。这在两段中发生。在泡沫的凝胶时间之前,将泡沫压缩为自由发泡泡沫体积的40-60%,在第二段中在上升时间中将泡沫压缩为自由发泡泡沫体积的20-30%。
所述压缩意欲增加泡沫中的开孔含量。如此得到的泡沫可用于具有降低的导热率的真空绝热板。所述方法的缺点在于泡沫密度增加以及由于在反应相中的高压缩使得脱模性能较差。WO 99/36636公开了一种生产真空绝热板的方法,其中在抽空过程中或之后压缩板。据说这得到了导热率降低以及无褶皱表面的元件。缺点为在后续段中的压缩可对元件,尤其是熔接产生损害。还存在的很大的危险是压缩例如会通过形成小的微裂纹而对表面上,或尤其是角落处的膜造成损害,其中所述微裂纹可对VIP的寿命产生不利影响。此外,在板中发生不希望的压力增加。
因此,本发明的目的是开发使用开孔泡沫作为芯材料生产的、生产简单且具有低导热率的真空绝热板。
因此,本发明提供了包含含有开孔泡沫的成型体的真空绝热板,将该开孔泡沫包装在气密膜中,抽空并熔接从而气密,其中将开孔泡沫在固化之后和抽空之前压缩。
本发明进一步提供了一种通过用气密膜包封含有开孔泡沫的成型体,随后抽空并气密熔接封闭所述膜而生产真空绝热板的方法,其中将包含开孔泡沫的成型体在固化之后压缩。
作为泡沫,可以使用常用于生产真空绝热板的开孔泡沫。这些泡沫例如为聚苯乙烯泡沫,聚烯烃泡沫如聚乙烯或聚丙烯泡沫,聚丙烯酸酯泡沫,酚醛泡沫,聚氯乙烯泡沫,尤其是半硬质或硬质聚氨酯泡沫,尤其是硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
以压缩之前的板厚度:压缩之后的板厚度计算的压缩率优选为2-3.8。在压缩率为3-3.5时,获得特别低的导热率。
术语压缩和压制在下文中同义使用。
如上所述,泡沫的压缩在抽空真空绝热板之前进行。尤其是在用于真空绝热板的芯成型之后进行压缩。
压缩可优选借助液压机或气动压力机进行。此处,特别是在用膜包封泡沫之后进行压缩时,必须确保不发生机械损害。尤其是压缩装置的表面必须非常光滑并且必须没有尖锐的边缘或尖锐的不平坦。压力机的表面优选应与待压缩物体表面平行。
取决于施加的力,压缩程序可在完全各向异性方向上非常显著的改变孔取向至孔破裂。当压力进一步增加时,泡孔的长宽比在长度方向增加直至泡孔最后发生破裂。
压缩程序可在一段或多段中进行。压缩优选在一段中进行。
泡沫压缩引起的泡沫机械性能的恶化是可以忍受的,因为真空绝热板通常不经受很大的机械应力。对应用而言更重要的是它们在使用中尺寸稳定。本发明真空绝热板满足了这种要求。本发明方法的另一优点在于通过在较柔性方向上压缩而改变硬质泡沫的性能特征,从而可简单地生产甚至不平坦的VIP而例如用于管的绝热。导热率经常不会随着压缩增加而下降。导热率经常随着压缩增加而经历一个最小值,然后又增加。特定类型的泡沫的最佳施用可由本领域技术人员借助预备实验容易地确定。压缩也经常取决于组件的所需尺寸。在任何情况下,经受压缩的泡沫的导热率低于未压缩泡沫的导热率。
原则上,可以将所有以前描述的开孔泡沫,尤其是开孔聚氨酯硬质泡沫用于本发明真空绝热板。
开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫根据已知方法通过使多异氰酸酯与具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物反应而生产。
作为多异氰酸酯,优选使用芳族多异氰酸酯,尤其优选二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的异构体(MDI)以及二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和多亚苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)。
作为具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物通常,使用聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇。
聚酯醇通常通过使具有2-12个碳原子,优选2-6个碳原子的多官能醇,优选二醇与具有2-12个碳原子的多官能羧酸如琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、马来酸、富马酸,优选邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸和异构的萘二甲酸缩合而制备。
聚酯醇的官能度通常为2-8,尤其是4-8。
特别优选使用聚醚醇作为多羟基化合物,聚醚醇可通过已知方法如通过使氧化烯在碱金属氢氧化物存在下阴离子聚合而制备。
作为氧化烯,优选使用氧化乙烯和1,2-氧化丙烯。氧化烯可单独或者依次或作为混合物使用。
可能的起始分子例如为:水,有机二羧酸如琥珀酸、己二酸、邻苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸,任选N-单烷基-、N,N-和N,N’-二烷基取代的在烷基中具有1-4个碳原子的脂族和芳族二胺如任选单烷基-和二烷基取代的乙二胺,二亚乙基三胺,三亚乙基四胺,1,3-丙二胺,1,3-或1,4-丁二胺,1,2-、1,3-、1,4-、1,5-和1,6-六亚甲基二胺,苯胺,苯二胺,2,3-、2,4-、3,4-和2,6-甲苯二胺以及4,4’-、2,4’-和2,2’-二氨基二苯基甲烷。
其它可能的起始分子为:链烷醇胺如乙醇胺、N-甲基乙醇胺和N-乙基乙醇胺,二链烷醇胺如二乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺和N-乙基二乙醇胺,以及三链烷醇胺如三乙醇胺和氨。
其它所用起始分子为多元醇,尤其是二元和/或三元醇如乙二醇,1,2-和1,3-丙二醇,二甘醇,双丙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,1,6-己二醇,甘油,季戊四醇,山梨糖醇和蔗糖,多元酚如4,4’-二羟基二苯基甲烷和2,2-二(4-羟基苯基)丙烷,甲阶酚醛树脂如苯酚和甲醛的低聚缩合产物以及酚类、甲醛和二链烷醇胺以及蜜胺的曼尼希缩合物。
聚醚醇的官能度优选为2-8,尤其是3-6,羟值优选为120-770mgKOH/g,尤其是240-570mg KOH/g。
具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物还包括需要的话可使用的增链剂和交联剂。双官能增链剂,三官能和更高官能交联剂或合适的话其混合物的加入可证明对机械性能的改性是有利的。作为增链剂和/或交联剂,优选使用链烷醇胺,尤其是分子量小于400,优选为60-300的二醇和/或三醇。
如果将增链剂、交联剂或其混合物用于制备基于异氰酸酯的硬质泡沫,则有利的是它们的用量基于具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物重量为0-20重量%,优选2-5重量%。
本发明方法通常在发泡剂、催化剂和需要的话助剂和/或添加剂存在下进行。
作为催化剂,可以使用常规和已知的聚氨酯催化剂。尤其使用强烈加速异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性基团的反应的化合物。特别优选使用有机金属化合物,优选有机锡化合物如有机酸的锡(II)盐。
还可以使用强碱性胺作为催化剂。实例为脂族仲胺,咪唑,脒,三嗪和链烷醇胺。
取决于所需要求,催化剂可单独使用或以相互间的任何混合物使用。
优选使用水作为发泡剂,其与异氰酸酯基团反应并消除二氧化碳。物理发泡剂也可以代替水,或者优选与水结合使用。它们是对起始组分惰性、在室温下通常为液体且在聚氨酯反应条件下汽化的化合物。这些化合物的沸点优选低于110℃,尤其是低于80℃。物理发泡剂也包括引入或溶解于起始组分中的惰性气体,例如二氧化碳、氮气或稀有气体。
在室温下为液体的化合物通常选自链烷烃和具有至少4个碳原子的环烷烃、二烷基醚、酯、酮、缩醛、具有1-8个碳原子的氟代链烷烃和在烷基链中具有1-3个碳原子的四烷基硅烷,尤其是四甲基硅烷。
可以提到的实例为丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷、环丁烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、环戊烷、环己烷、二甲醚、甲乙醚、甲基丁基醚、甲酸甲酯、丙酮,以及可在对流层降解,因而不破坏臭氧层的氟代链烷烃如三氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷、二氟乙烷和七氟丙烷。所述物理发泡剂可以单独或以任何所需的相互组合使用。
可用于此的助剂和/或添加剂为本身已知的材料,例如表面活性物质、稳泡剂、泡孔调节剂、填料、颜料、染料、阻燃剂、水解稳定剂、抗静电剂、抑真菌剂和抑菌剂。
关于本发明方法的实施所用原料、发泡剂、催化剂以及助剂和/或添加剂的其它细节可例如在Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,“Polyurethane”,Carl-Hansel-Verlag Munich,第1版,1966,第2版,1983和第3版,1993中找到。
为生产基于异氰酸酯的硬质泡沫,多异氰酸酯a)与具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物b)以使多异氰酸酯a)的NCO基团与组分b)的反应性氢原子的总和的当量比为0.85-1.75∶1,优选1.0-1.3∶1,尤其是约1.0-1.15∶1的量而进行反应。如果将包含氨基甲酸酯基团的泡沫通过形成异氰脲酸酯基团而改性,例如以增加阻燃性,则通常使用1.6-60∶1,优选3.0-8∶1的多异氰酸酯a)的NCO基团与组分b)的反应性氢原子的总和的比例。
基于异氰酸酯的硬质泡沫可通过预聚物方法或优选通过一步方法并借助已知的混合装置分批或连续生产。
已发现特别有利的是使用两组分方法,并将具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物与发泡剂、催化剂以及其它助剂和/或添加剂组合以形成多元醇组分,并且使其与也称为异氰酸酯组分的多异氰酸酯或合适的话多异氰酸酯和发泡剂的混合物反应。
真空绝热板可生产为各种形状,如作为简单的板或具有其它不平坦的几何结构。它们的生产和可使用的材料本身已知。通常将消气材料与芯材料熔接在一起以防止真空受到挥发性物质的不利影响,该挥发性物质随后会放气。
通常使用膜作为真空绝热板的包封材料。优选膜为复合膜,尤其是具有气相沉积或层压的金属层如铝层的多层复合膜。合适的膜例如包括聚酯,聚氯乙烯,聚烯烃如聚乙烯或聚丙烯,或聚乙烯醇。其它合适的包封材料例如为制冷机的内衬(inliner),管护套或金属层。
在使用根据本发明生产的硬质聚氨酯泡沫生产真空绝热板的过程中,首先以本身已知的方法生产泡沫。如果所得泡沫还没有生产为合适的成型体,则将它们成型为作为真空绝热板的芯的形状。这优选通过分割,尤其是锯成合适的板材尺寸而实现。在分割中,尤其将泡沫与发泡方向平行地分割,因为由于泡沫的各向异性所得板材的导热率较低。然后将成型体包装在气密封套,优选复合膜中,抽空并熔接封闭从而气密。
通过本发明方法生产的真空绝热板可用于制冷应用、容器和建筑物的绝热以及用于管的护套。由于它们的柔性,它们可容易地变形,这在它们用作管的护套时特别有利。
本发明通过如下实施例说明。
实施例1-3和对比例
将具有表中所述厚度的聚氨酯泡沫块借助液压机压缩成表中所述厚度并测定压缩方向的导热率。结果同样示于表中。
  实施例1   实施例2   实施例3   对比例   单位
  泡沫   I   I   II   I
  压缩前的密度   40   40   60   40   kg/m3
  未压缩时的厚度   30   36   30   30   mm
  未压缩时的TC   8.4   8.5   8.5   8.5   mW/mK
  第一次压缩:厚度/TC   206.5   186.1   116.5   mmmW/mK
  第二次压缩:厚度/TC   105.5   mmmW/mK
  第三次压缩:厚度/TC   66.1   mmmW/mK
泡沫I为在双带上生产的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。泡沫II为生产为块状泡沫的硬质聚氨酯泡沫。

Claims (7)

1.一种通过用气密膜包封包含开孔泡沫的成型体,随后抽空并气密熔接封闭所述膜而生产真空绝热板的方法,其中将包含开孔泡沫的成型体在固化之后和抽空之前压缩,并且所述压缩在抽空之前和在泡沫包封之后进行。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述开孔泡沫为硬质聚氨酯泡沫。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将所述开孔泡沫在一段中压缩。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将所述开孔泡沫在至少两段中压缩。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中以压缩之前的板厚度:压缩之后的板厚度计算的压缩率为2-3.8。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中以压缩之前的板厚度:压缩之后的板厚度计算的压缩率为3-3.5。
7.一种包含含有开孔硬质泡沫的成型体的真空绝热板,将该开孔硬质泡沫包装在气密膜中,抽空并熔接从而气密,其中将开孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫在固化之后和抽空之前压缩,并且所述压缩在抽空之前和在泡沫包封之后进行。
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