CN100536804C - 由大孔合成树脂和生物玻璃颗粒制成的复合外科移植物 - Google Patents

由大孔合成树脂和生物玻璃颗粒制成的复合外科移植物 Download PDF

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CN100536804C
CN100536804C CNB038225689A CN03822568A CN100536804C CN 100536804 C CN100536804 C CN 100536804C CN B038225689 A CNB038225689 A CN B038225689A CN 03822568 A CN03822568 A CN 03822568A CN 100536804 C CN100536804 C CN 100536804C
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G·索兹
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Oswald Vita company
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种颅上颌面移植物材料,其由大孔(14,直径大于100微米)互联多孔(14)聚乙烯(12)结构与分散在整个多孔(12)聚乙烯(14)结构中的生物活性玻璃颗粒(15)制成。当植入骨膜下或颅上颌面软组织内时,该移植物提供颅上颌面组织的增大或置换。将生物活性玻璃颗粒(15)加入多孔(14)聚乙烯(12)移植物结构提供向移植物材料中的更快的纤维血管向内生长。

Description

由大孔合成树脂和生物玻璃颗粒制成的复合外科移植物
背景技术
本发明涉及外科移植物和更具体地涉及颅上颌面的重建和增大。本发明涉及改进的特别适用于重建和增大颅上颌面结构和组织的移植物材料。
外科医生有时面临患者的脸或头部的其它区域已经受损、缺失或者失踪的情形,这是由于外伤、外科手术去除癌或其它患病组织、或先天性缺陷所导致。在这些情形中将材料完全植入体内以置换或增大受损的或缺失的组织是有效的。在其它情形中,为了美容的缘故期望植入材料以增大脸部特征。
通常使用的用于置换或增大脸部和头部组织的材料是取自患者头部、脸部或身体其它部分的移植物。当该移植物来自患者的自身身体时,它称为自体移植物。自体移植物的备选方案是同种移植物,其描述从典型地已经处理以最小化感染或引发自身免疫反应的人供体组织中获取的材料。另一种备选方案是使用异种移植物,其描述来源于动物组织的移植物。还有另外一种外科移植物材料称为异源体(alloplast),其描述由合成材料制成的移植物。
自体移植物需要用外科手术从患者身体另外部分获取的材料,因此存在缺乏可获量和与获取材料所需的第二个或多个外科手术位点相关的供体位点发病的问题。另外,在许多情形中,自体移植物会收缩、吸收或形状改变,可能损害期望的重建或美容结果。
同种移植物和异种移植物存在病毒感染传递或朊病毒传递的可能,有限的可获量,并且它们也会收缩、吸收或形状改变以致可能损害期望的重建或美容结果。
合成的移植物材料不存在与同种移植物和异种移植物有关的上述问题,但是存在其它困难。最常见的合成异源材料是钛、实体硅酮、聚甲基丙烯酸酯(PMMA)(另外称为丙烯酸类)、膨胀型聚四氟乙烯(“ePTFE”)、多孔聚乙烯(“pPE”)和生物活性玻璃。
生物活性玻璃或生物玻璃是作为颗粒供应的,该颗粒的粒径典型地为90-900微米。生物活性玻璃颗粒已经被用作骨置换材料,研究已经表明玻璃将帮助生理系统中的骨生成。另外,如美国专利号4,851,046所述,已经发现骨和玻璃之间的结合坚固、稳定并且没有毒性作用。颗粒可以与盐水或体液混合形成有点粘性的粒状混合物,其可以安置在组织缺陷位点。颗粒之间的空间允许纤维血管向内生长。根据基质的性质,生物活性玻璃不具有本文所述其它异源体的结构整体性。
生物玻璃可商购自美国佛罗里达Biomaterials of Alachua,其销售具有下列组成的材料:约45%二氧化硅、45%氧化钠和其余10%钙和磷的氧化物。生物玻璃以颗粒形式出售,商标为NOVABONE。生物玻璃例举性的组成和应用在Litkowski等的美国专利号6,338,751中公开。
生物玻璃具有似乎促进纤维血管向内生长或骨向内生长至其大孔结构中的速率的性能。当用盐水或体液润湿生物玻璃并且放置在体内时,它通过溶解作用将硅、钠、钙和磷释放到周围区域中。大约数小时内,钙和磷离子可以以羟基碳酸磷灰石(骨中的物理晶体结构)的形式在较大的颗粒表面上重结晶。作为晶体层形式,身体的蛋白质,包括胶原蛋白,吸附和结合到晶体层上。这认为是促进生物玻璃大孔结构内部纤维血管组织或骨生长的机制。
生物玻璃已经与实体移植物材料如在Bonfield等、美国专利号5,728,753中公开的移植物结合,该专利教导将聚烯烃粘合剂与生物活性玻璃结合,产生坚固且保持柔性的移植物结构。据报道生物活性玻璃促进移植物和周围组织的界面结合。Marotta等的美国专利号6,299,930和Boyan的美国专利号5,977,204教导将生物玻璃用作移植物的涂层。
钛、硅酮、PMMA、ePTFE和多孔聚乙烯可以以刚性或半刚性形式、以适于各种重建或美容需要的各种形状和大小制备。这些移植物的实例包括针对倒退的颏或颧骨的增大形状,替换眶或颅的缺失骨的硬片,或甚至替换颅、眶上颌骨或其它区域中的缺失骨的复杂的定制的形状。对于许多移植物应用,这些材料的结构整体性是一个重要特征。
钛、硅酮、PMMA和ePTFE是实体的或者在ePTEE的情形中为微孔的。在这个意义上微孔的是指具有直径近似平均尺寸为60微米以下的孔。当这些微孔材料被植入到体内时,身体在移植物周围形成纤维血管被膜,有效地将其与身体隔开。如果材料是软的或柔性的,被膜可以收缩,改变移植物的形状。如果纤维血管被膜内的空间被感染,身体的防御系统不能抵达感染部位,必须去除移植物。实体移植物还会长期迁移,可能改变移植物的期望效果。一些实体移植物已经显示导致底层骨的再吸收,再次改变移植物的期望效果。尽管实体移植物经常用生物玻璃涂布以改善周围组织和移植物之间的界面结合,实体移植物不允许组织向内生长并且它们不与身体组织完全整合。
羟磷灰石是用作移植物的天然材料并且抗感染。羟磷灰石具有多孔结构并且允许组织向内生长。然而,在一些实验条件下已经确定羟磷灰石干扰正常的宿主组织应答和导致慢性温和炎症,这还未完全解决。羟磷灰石材料另外一些缺点是它是磨蚀的,较重并且必须从其天然状态雕刻以符合空隙的形状和大小或期望形状。另外,羟磷灰石较脆和易碎,由于这些内在机械性能,难以用机械将移植物材料吸附于患者的周围组织上。羟磷灰石可能是脆的和可能在螺钉和移植物材料之间的界面上破裂。
多孔聚乙烯是可以用互连大孔孔结构制造的合成的移植物材料。在这个意义上大孔是指直径为100微米以上的孔。多孔聚乙烯的大孔互连孔结构将允许身体将新的血管化组织生长到移植物的孔结构中,由此将其与身体整合而不是用纤维被膜将身体与其隔离。这种纤维血管的向内生长允许身体免疫防御在整个移植物中运行,以致于移植物被血管化。临床观察和动物研究提示多孔聚乙烯较不可能在身体内迁移,较不可能导致底层骨的再吸收。这些优点通常认为是由于移植物在开放多孔结构内的血管化导致。
开发了外科手术级的聚乙烯的多孔塑料或合成树脂移植物,其具有许多优于羟磷灰石的优势。这些移植物具有优越的强度,轻质的,并且已经证明在许多先前用羟磷灰石材料实施的应用中有效。Porex Surgical ofNewnan,Ga.制造这些移植物材料,商标为
Figure C03822568D0005163728QIETU
,并销售为移植设计的、针对多种应用的各种形状的产品。
多孔聚乙烯是惰性材料,其具有与天然存在的羟磷灰石的多孔表面所提供的相同的优点。塑料是惰性的、稳定的和可以容易消毒。因为移植物是合成的,容易获得不间断的材料供应。另外,该材料容易模制和成型以近似地适合空隙或者改变成期望形状。最后,因为多孔材料是柔性的和易弯的,可以压缩,它允许外科医生在移植物和周围组织之间应用偶联方法。鉴于这些特性,聚乙烯已经多年成功用于外科移植物应用。因为它互连的开孔结构,MEDPOR生物材料允许组织向内生长。尽管移植物的多孔性质允许或准许这种向内生长,材料的性质不促进该生长。材料的坚固性质允许用尖锐工具雕刻而不毁坏孔结构。
MEDPOR生物材料的孔隙率保持较大,平均孔径大于100微米,孔体积或所述基质内部的开放空间约为40%至60%。MEDPOR生物材料意欲用于颅表面应用的增大和修复程序,并且以解剖学形状、片、块和球的形式提供,包括用于颏、鼻、颧骨和下颌骨增大的预成型形状。用于颅移植物的块可以用于颞部和额部的外形修复,以及外科手术和外伤缺陷的重建。还以下列形式提供:片、楔和缘,其用于眶底、眼球内陷和缘修复。MEDPOR还以球和圆锥形的形状制造,用于摘出术和眼球内容摘除术步骤中。
尽管多孔树脂合成移植物具有上述许多优点,存在许多合成移植物的使用可能有问题和可以导致早期或晚期并发症的患者和情形。这些包括:1)眼睛的置换,其中用较薄的组织覆盖移植物并且进行早期(数周内)或晚期(数周至数年)组织在移植物上的破裂;2)在患病或照射组织中愈合不是最佳;3)当需要极大的移植物时;和4)当最少或不足的组织覆盖移植物时。特别是在这些情形中,还需要具有移植物材料,其拥有良好的结构性能,制造或改变以获得多种形状的能力,和在体内具有改善的纤维血管或骨整合性能。
多孔移植物的血管化最小化迁移和挤压的问题。因为由于感染和并发症非多孔移植物具有更高的失败发生率,偏爱多孔移植物。多孔聚乙烯移植物具有允许该组织向内生长的优点。尽管这些移植物允许这种血管化和向内生长,通常期望增强或改善这些移植物的血管化和组织向内生长。尽管来自人移植物的活组织检查的组织分析也已经显示在MEDPOR移植物内的组织向内生长,组织向内生长的临床显著性可能随着应用和移植物的大小而变化。在这方面,由MEPPOR制造的具有较小表面积的较大移植物的磁共振成像显示,即使在移植整整一年后这些移植物在整个移植物中没有被完全血管化。加速纤维血管向内生长至这些移植物中的方法将被认为是相对于现有技术的改进。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供用于颅上颌面重建和增大的改进的移植物材料。
通常,具有良好结构性能和改善的纤维血管整合性能的大孔移植物材料将被认为是相对于现有移植物材料的改进。更具体地,本发明的一个目的是提供相对于目前可提供的大孔聚乙烯的那些,具有改善的骨或纤维血管向内生长性能的移植物材料。
本发明还有一个目的是提供相对于目前可获得的生物玻璃移植物材料,具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能和改善的结构整体性的移植物材料。
本发明还有一个目的是提供具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能和模制为适于颅上颌面重建和增大的各种形状的能力的移植物材料。
本发明还有一个目的是提供具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能和可以用刀片或钻(burr)容易地改变以使形状适应特定缺陷位点或提供适量组织增大的移植物材料。
本发明还有一个目的是提供具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能和使用目前可提供的固定技术可以固定在骨或其它组织上的移植物材料。
本发明还有一个目的是提供具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能和可以模制为设计以适合个别患者的定制形状的移植物材料。
参考下列详述和附图,本发明的这些和其它目的和优点将更容易明显的。
发明概述
本发明涉及复合移植物,其由在整个基质中分散有生物玻璃颗粒的大孔聚乙烯制成。具有结构整体性的移植物材料可以模制成各种适于颅上颌面增大或重建的形状,可以在手术前或手术中用刀片或钻使其形状适应于特定缺陷位点,并且相对于目前可提供的具有结构整体性的材料具有改善的纤维血管向内生长性能。按照本发明的方法,提供一种改善的、通过将生物玻璃颗粒整合到多孔聚乙烯移植物材料的结构内部而获得纤维血管向内生长至大孔聚乙烯移植物材料中的方法。通过将生物玻璃加入一批具有预定粒径范围的聚乙烯细屑以产生含有约10%-20%体积的生物玻璃和其余聚乙烯细屑的混合物来制造该移植物材料。将该混合物导入塑模,然后进行加热和加压以将混合物烧结在一起。通过与聚乙烯颗粒的粘附和因为它们被机械截留在获得的基质内,生物玻璃颗粒保留在产生的结构内部。
附图简述
图1是本发明的示意性截面图。
图2是由本发明材料模制的球形移植物的透视图。
图3是以薄片形式提供的按照本发明的移植物的透视图。
图4a是以用于眶重建的形状预成型形式提供的按照本发明的移植物的另一实施方案的前透视图。
图4b是在图4a中描述的实施方案的后透视图。
图5a是以用于眼睑重建的形状预成型形式提供的按照本发明的另一实施方案的透视图。
图5b是与图5a用于眼睑重建的移植物形状成型互补的透视图。
图6是以用于鼻梁重建的形状预成型形式提供的按照本发明另一个实施方案的透视图。
图7是以用于颅重建的形状预成型形式提供的按照本发明另一个实施方案的透视图。
图8是以用于颏重建或增大的预成型形状提供的按照本发明另一个实施方案的透视图。
发明详述
在本发明一个优选实施方案中,合成树脂细屑(fine)与约12%生物玻璃组合,然后烧结在一起以产生具有基质的多孔移植物,其中生物玻璃分布在整个该基质中。该结构可以采用各种各样的形式,如上述的那些和目前可以从Porex Surgical,Inc.可以获得的那些。尽管多孔聚乙烯是优选的合成聚合物,预期可以有利地使用其它多孔聚合物材料。通过将生物玻璃加入一批具有预定粒径的聚乙烯细屑以产生含有约10%-20%体积的生物玻璃和其余聚乙烯细屑的混合物来制造该移植物材料。尽管可以使用增加体积的生物玻璃,产生的移植物的结构强度随生物玻璃的比率增加而降低。在优选实施方案中,选择的树脂细屑的尺寸粗略与生物玻璃中的二氧化硅颗粒大小相同。还选择细屑的尺寸以产生允许组织向内生长的移植物结构,已经发现其是大于约100微米的孔隙大小中值。
现在参照图1,移植物10的示意性截面图是由聚乙烯12制成并且如所示显示完全互连的存在于整个移植物中的孔结构。在该截面图中,尽管可能出现存在不连接的聚乙烯颗粒,它们是整个连接结构的一部分,在材料内部在不同水平上连接。本发明聚乙烯结构内的开放空间14是贯穿整个移植物10的完全互连的开放或空隙空间。分别在整个基质中的通道互连和在多个方向上在弯曲路径上延伸,或者是全方向的。例如,尽管一些区域可能看起来与该视图中其它开放空间如开放空间14隔离,该区域在对材料内部不同水平的其余开放空间开放。分散在整个移植物中的是生物材料颗粒15,其与互连的聚乙烯结构10连接并且被机械截留在移植物基质内部。
参照图2,聚乙烯移植物结构20在模制的球形眶移植物形状的表面上显示,该移植物形状意欲用于眼球摘出术和摘除术的外科手术步骤后的体积增大。可作为一系列在移植物材料表面上可见的孔22看到聚乙烯结构内部的互连开放空间。还在表面上描述材料表面上生物玻璃颗粒24。
图3描述以适于修复眼眶或颅骨的薄片形状制造的本发明的实施方案。这些片可以被外科医生切割以适合缺陷区域。现在参考图4a和4b,本发明可以以人骨质眼眶或人骨质眼眶一部分的形状制造,如图4a和4b所示该形状适于修复眼眶中的缺失骨。现在参考图5a和5b,描述了适于支持下垂眼睑的移植物材料的薄板的顶视图。
图6描述本发明的另一个实施方案,其中将移植物材料以长拱形、适于修复受损的或弯曲的鼻子的形状预成型。在图6所示的适当的移植物中相应地用于替换或增大软骨。另一个应用是用来增大或替换颅骨密质骨的一部分。图7描述薄片形状的移植物,具有多个从该片垂直伸展的突出物。在外科医生修复颅骨中的孔的应用中,突出物向颅腔伸展并且使用外科手术螺钉或等价的方法将薄片附着在该片周围的颅骨上。
现在参照图8,本发明还可以以弯拱形状、两个连接块的形式制备,适用于颏的增大。
上述各种考虑的实施方案不是打算包含一切的,而是意欲举例说明使用本发明可以制造的各种形状的一小部分。
在用本发明制造的移植物置换丢失的、切除的或患病的组织的应用中,实施外科手术方法,其中切开并从缺陷处切除缺陷区域的皮肤和上覆组织。将移植物材料放置在切割区域以置换缺失或不适当的组织,该移植物材料或者预成型为适当形状,或者可以在手术室的无菌场所在手术中修改以适合缺失区域。如果合适,通过使用外科手术螺钉、金属线、缝合线或其它适当方法可以将移植物固定在区域中。将上覆组织重新定位于移植物上,按照标准外科手术技术闭合。本发明的特定形状和本发明的结果整体性支持上覆组织实现对患者的期望功能或美容结果。本发明加速的纤维血管向内生长提供更快和更完全的体内整合,提供先前讨论的优点。
尽管优选实施方案是由用于非承重区的颅上颌面移植的多孔聚乙烯移植物材料组成,该多孔聚乙烯移植物材料包含大孔(直径大于100微米)互连多孔结构,生物玻璃颗粒分散在整个多孔聚乙烯结构中,还可以使用允许组织向内生长的其它孔径的其它合成树脂。另外,尽管生物玻璃的百分比优选为10%和20%之间,还考虑生物玻璃的相对比例可以从约1%变化至约50%(按重量计)。然而,随着生物玻璃的百分比相对于聚乙烯细屑的百分比增加,产生的移植物的结构整体性相应地消失。尽管优选应用是用于颅面重建和增大,移植物还可以具有对其它身体区域的应用,如用作增大胸腔未发育区域的定制移植物,或关于臀部区域的非承重区。还考虑移植物材料可以具有关于耳朵重建和关于阴茎移植物的应用。
本发明提供大孔聚乙烯和生物玻璃材料在单一材料中的理想特性。多孔聚乙烯赋予生物相容性、结构强度、轻质、互连大孔结构、易于处理、易于成形(用刀片、钻或其它切割工具)、易于制造成各种形状和低成本的性能。生物玻璃材料提供上述性能,包括生物相容性、压缩强度、亲水性能、与愈合组织结合和改善的纤维血管向内生长。
复合材料保持大孔聚乙烯的大孔结构,单独多孔聚乙烯的一些或大部分结构强度,和获得包括增加的亲水性能、与愈合组织结合和改善的纤维血管向内生长的优势。
本发明涉及以上述比例组合两种材料,然后以与单独使用聚乙烯制备多孔聚乙烯类似的方式制备材料。
在本发明的优选考虑的实施方案中,以粒径为约100-900微米的颗粒形式将生物玻璃加入聚乙烯基材料。在本发明另一个实施方案中,选择生物玻璃颗粒的粒径范围以促进对移植位点和该位点所遇组织类型的最佳宿主反应。可以选择生物玻璃与多孔聚乙烯的相对比例以提供对于移植应用最优的结构强度,或者可以选择该比例以提供对移植位点和该位点所遇组织类型的最优的宿主组织反应。
尽管在此已经描述了优选实施方案,本领域技术人员将认识到在不背离本发明精神和范围下可以改变某些细节。因此,前述具体的实施方案和应用仅是举例说明性的而不是意欲限制本发明的范围。预计本发明将在期望提供不要求具有显著承重性能的移植物材料的应用中起作用和有效。同样,尽管已经公开了某些生物玻璃制剂、合成树脂和孔径,及其组合,预计可以选择其它制剂和树脂来实现相同或相似的目的。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于置换或增大身体组织的包含复合材料的多孔外科手术移植物,所述复合材料包含互连全方向烧结的多孔基质结构,所述结构由合成树脂和分布在整个所述基质中的生物活性的玻璃颗粒组成。
2.权利要求1所述的移植物,其中所述烧结的多孔基质进一步包含允许血管化和组织向内生长的孔隙率。
3.权利要求1所述的外科手术移植物,其中所述烧结的多孔基质具有约100至500微米的孔隙率。
4.权利要求1所述的外科手术移植物,其中所述孔体积为约40%至60%。
5.权利要求1所述的外科手术移植物,其中所述生物活性玻璃颗粒包含二氧化硅、氧化钠、钙和磷的氧化物。
6.权利要求5所述的外科手术移植物,其中所述生物活性玻璃颗粒包含约45%的二氧化硅、45%的氧化钠、和其余10%的钙和磷的氧化物。
7.权利要求1所述的外科手术移植物,其中所述合成树脂包含聚乙烯。
8.一种制备外科手术移植物的方法,其包含以下步骤:将生物活性的玻璃颗粒与合成树脂细屑组合,并混合所述生物活性的玻璃颗粒和树脂细屑以形成混合物,将所述混合物导入塑模中,对所述塑模加热,由此所述树脂细屑被烧结在一起形成具有遍及散布其中的生物活性的玻璃颗粒的多孔移植物,其中所述多孔移植物包含含有合成树脂的烧结的多孔基质结构。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述细屑包含聚乙烯树脂。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中选择所述细屑以形成允许血管化和组织向内生长的大孔移植物。
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