CN100494713C - 用铜焊或钎焊连接的轴承单元 - Google Patents
用铜焊或钎焊连接的轴承单元 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K1/008—Soldering within a furnace
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- F16C19/38—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers
- F16C19/383—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone
- F16C19/385—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone with two rows, i.e. double-row tapered roller bearings
- F16C19/386—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone with two rows, i.e. double-row tapered roller bearings in O-arrangement
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- F16C19/543—Systems consisting of juxtaposed rolling bearings including at least one angular contact bearing with two rolling bearings with angular contact in O-arrangement
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- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/22—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings
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- F16C19/36—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with a single row of rollers
- F16C19/364—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing rollers essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows, e.g. needle bearings for both radial and axial load with a single row of rollers with tapered rollers, i.e. rollers having essentially the shape of a truncated cone
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- F16C19/52—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions
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Abstract
如轴承单元之类的构造单元,包括通过连接装置(11,18,24,28)彼此连接的至少两个金属装置部件(9,10;17,19),该连接装置包括铜焊或钎焊连接(14,15,22)。该连接装置也包括至少一个其它连接,例如焊接连接(16,27)、螺纹连接(30)、粘结连接或塑性成形连接(23)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及轴承单元(bearing unit),它包括可移动地彼此相对支承的至少两个轴承装置(bearing means),至少其中一个轴承装置包括通过连接装置彼此连接的两个金属装置部分。
背景技术
这种轴承单元基本上在例如US-A-4419816中公开。该轴承装置以特定方式彼此连接,从而在轴承中建立预载荷或预间隙(preplay),该轴承装置带有两个金属装置部分,例如转动元件轴承的其中一个环的半环。根据现有技术公开,所述半环例如通过激光焊接进行彼此焊接。
焊接在一起的所述现有轴承装置存在几个问题,它们是由于焊接过程产生非常高的温度这一事实而导致的。这些高温导致变形和质量下降。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一轴承单元,它不具有这些不利影响。该目的通过包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接的连接装置实现。
铜焊是用于材料结合的热过程,包括借助或不借助于助焊剂使熔融的焊补材料浸润配合表面,导致焊补材料和相应部件之间的冶金结合的形成。在铜焊中,焊补材料的熔化温度高于450摄氏度,但是低于部件的熔化温度。
高温铜焊(HTB)类似于铜焊,其区别在于,在HTB中不使用助焊剂。在高温铜焊中,通过减少空气或真空获得助焊活性(表面氧化物的减少/去除)。通常,在高于800摄氏度的温度下进行高温铜焊。
钎焊类似于铜焊,但是焊补材料的熔化温度低于450摄氏度。
铜焊和高温铜焊可以以加热技术所使用的装置为特征。从原理上,这些技术包括用火焰加热,例如通过燃烧煤气的喷灯,如氧/乙炔或氧/丙烷喷灯。其他技术是利用电力、电阻加热、红外线辐射、感应加热和电弧钎焊进行加热。
同样,利用光束(非激光)的高能光束加热,和激光束作为电子束加热也是可行的。其他的加热技术包括盐浴加热和热浸铜焊。
铜焊/高温铜焊可以用上述加热方法其中的一种进行,如果在如管道的手动气焊之类的一个接一个的技术中,只有几个部分需要制作,则将使用氧/煤气喷灯。
对于连续和大批量生产,可以使用特别适用于将制造的产品的设备。通常的例子是:
-热浸设备和热盐浴铜焊
-具有进料装置的气焊设备
-用于将一个接一个铜焊或换行生产的产品进行视线加热的激光或电弧加热,具有或不具有保护性气氛/真空
-真空腔中的电子束加热
-具有进料装置的感应加热设备,该进料装置具有或不具有真空腔。
更适合于一般使用,并能够处理产品的不同型号和尺寸的工艺是:
-与电加热的燃烧煤气的喷灯一起使用的输送机或链带炉。这些炉子能够与保护性的或还原性的气氛一起工作
-与还原性的或保护性的气氛一起工作的分层式烘炉
-具有电加热的真空炉。特殊技术是电弧铜焊方法和激光束铜焊。在某些场合下,这些技术组合成混合铜焊技术。像电弧焊中那样,电弧经常像金属气体电弧在MIG/MAG(GMAW)中使用的那样,用于熔化通过喷嘴供给的焊补材料。这些方法通常是“视线”方法。
当使用现代(真空)炉时,可以建立非常复杂的方法。这些方法能够将铜焊和如淬火和回火之类的随后的热处理过程合并。
在原理上,铜焊/高温铜焊之后使产品的温度达到所需要的奥氏体化温度,并且在所需要的时间之后,可以将产品从真空腔中转移到炉子的淬火油池中,或者真空炉可以设置有气体介质淬火设备,该设备大多使用高压冷却氮气对产品淬火。
加热技术和过程的选择(尤其)是根据:
-将进行结合的材料
-将使用的铜焊(焊补)材料
-产品的形状和尺寸
-部件数量
-可用的技术
-成本
-环境问题
铜焊或钎焊过程导致温度相对于焊接过程较低。结果,轴承中的变形程度更低,并且同时可以保持轴承钢材的质量。
本发明可以以多种不同方法实现。例如,通过提供铜焊或钎焊连接,和如焊接连接、螺纹连接、塑性成形连接或者例如夹紧环或弹簧挡圈之类的其他连接,可能提供更大范围的特殊轴承单元。作为例子,对包括两组滚动元件的轴承单元进行参照,每组滚动元件都与其中一个环装置部件的轨道接触,其中每个环装置部件都通过铜焊连接连接到辅助环部件上,并且所述辅助环部件通过焊接连接彼此连接。
环装置部件可以是钢类型的,它尤其适合于滚动接触。相反,辅助环部件可以从能够实现预期焊接过程,例如激光焊接过程的钢类型中选择。用例如这种方法,环装置部件和辅助环共同构成了内环装置。同时,可以获得特殊轴承间隙或轴承预载荷。本发明可应用于所有类型的轴承,包括滚动元件轴承和普通轴承。
在第一种类型中,本发明涉及轴承单元,该轴承单元包括至少两个轴承装置,该轴承装置可移动地彼此相对支承,至少其中一个轴承装置包括通过连接装置彼此连接的两个金属装置部件,该连接装置包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接。
在第二种类型中,本发明涉及轴承组件,包括辅助单元和如上所述的轴承单元,该辅助单元通过另一连接装置连接到至少一个所述轴承装置上,所述另一连接装置包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接。
根据本发明,该连接装置包括铜焊或钎焊连接。作为例子,对辅助元件进行参照,该辅助元件用作例如对特殊轴承单元应用的辅助支承,如轮轴轴承单元。同时,制动鼓、制动盘、用于冷却目的等的叶片都可以以这种方式安装到轴承单元上。
前述轴承单元的主要优点还涉及应用焊接技术的能力。焊接技术的应用通常局限于低碳钢。然而,在轴承单元的领域中,应用的是高碳钢。在这种高碳钢上进行的焊接过程将导致严重的焊接不完整性的出现,这对轴承单元的功能性是有害的。只有利用严密的预防,才能减轻与高碳钢的焊接相关的某些问题。然而,由于处理问题和热量输入,这种预防经常无法应用。
作为例子,对下述钢的类型进行讨论。非常普通的轴承钢为SAE52100或DIN100Cr6,它具有1重量百分比的碳和1.5重量百分比的铬。也对如SAE1070和SAE1055之类的感应淬火钢进行讨论。对于较高要求的应用,已经开发出特殊的钢类型,如Werkstoff number1.3503,1.3501,1.3520,1.3536,1.3543,1.3549,1.3551和1.3553。另外,用于轴承的不锈钢包括AISI440C和D。高速钢M50应用于航空器轴承。这些类型的钢都具有高碳含量及合金元素,该合金元素为生成的碳化物元素。这些钢类型中的碳提供高硬度;如Cr、Mo之类的合金元素改善了淬火深度。基本上,所述钢类型的焊接都不容易。
本发明也包括塑性成形或可塑性成形的辅助元件与轴承单元的铜焊或钎焊连接。例如,这种塑性成形或可塑性成形的辅助元件可以铜焊或钎焊到环形元件轴承的环上。随后所述轴承可以利用塑性成形或可塑性成形的元件固定到例如悬架构件上,如转向节。
于是,连接到轴承单元上的辅助元件也起到除了将轴承单元连接到其悬架上之外的作用。例如,该辅助元件可以起到例如制动盘或制动鼓的安装部件焊接到其上的中间凸缘的作用;如传感器外壳、制动适配器等之类的部件也可以以这种方式连接。
附图说明
现在将参照附图中所示的实施例进一步描述本发明。
附图1a和1b示出了带有分别铜焊、焊接的锻造连接的本发明所述轴承单元。
附图2示出了带有螺纹连接的轴承单元。
附图3示出了带有制动鼓连接的本发明所述轴承组件。
附图4示出了另一实施例。
具体实施方式
附图1a和1b中所示的轴承单元作为说明本发明具体实施例的例子。值得注意的是,本发明不仅局限于这类轴承单元,具有不同类型辊子的其它轴承单元或其它类型的轴承单元也在本发明的范围之内。
附图1a和1b中所示轴承单元具有外轴承装置1和内轴承装置2,每个轴承装置都包括圆锥形滚道3至6。在成对的圆锥形滚道3、5之间容纳有一组圆锥形滚动元件7,在成对的圆锥形滚道4、6之间容纳有一组圆锥形滚动元件8。这些元件7、8利用保持架(cage)(未示出)彼此分开。
外环装置包括外环装置部件9、10,它们通过本发明所述的连接装置11互相连接。该连接装置11包括两个中间环部件12、13,它们都通过相应铜焊或钎焊连接14、15连接到相应外环装置部件9、10上。接下来,中间环部件12、13利用焊接16彼此连接。
考虑到在环装置部件9、10自身上没有进行焊接操作的事实,它们可以由特别适合于滚动轴承应用的高碳钢类型制成。相反,中间环部件12、13可以包括特别适合于焊接的低碳钢类型的部件。中间环部件12、13自身通过铜焊或钎焊连接14、15连接到外环装置9、10上,这意味着在高碳的外环装置部件9、10不需要承受极高的温度,就可以获得坚固和坚硬的连接。
内环装置2包括承载环17,该承载环承载其中的一个内圆锥形滚道5。另一个内圆锥形滚道6容纳在环件(ring piece)19上,该环件滑动到承载环17的圆柱表面20和连接环18的相对应圆柱表面21上,如附图1a中所示。为了这一目的,连接环18的原始性状为完全的圆柱形,从而可以进行滑动动作以定位轴承环19。
通过铜焊或钎焊连接22,所述连接环18连接到承载环17上。随后,利用冷轧成形法,形成滚珠23。在该滚珠23的形成期间,轴承环19到达其最终位置,在轴承单元中获得预期的预载荷(对支柱42的)或预间隙(preplay)。
在附图1b中,包括连接套管25的连接装置24利用铜焊或钎焊连接22连接到承载环17上。径向向外延伸的环26利用该焊接27连接到连接套管25上。当使用环26时,像前面的情况那样,所需要的预载荷或预间隙可以再次在轴承中建立。
在这些实施例中,铜焊连接22可以选择特别适合于焊接或锻造相应部件的特定的材料(高碳的/低碳的)。这里同样的,高碳轴承环19不需要进行焊接。
附图2的可选方案很大程度上类似于附图1的实施例。它示出了包括套管25的连接装置28,环29利用螺纹连接30连接到该套管上。同时,该螺纹连接也可以用于获得所需的预载荷或预间隙。
附图3示出了制动鼓31通过连接装置36连接到附图1的承载环17上的实施例。为了实现该目的,具有T形横截面的辅助元件33利用铜焊连接32连接到承载环17上。最终,制动鼓部件35利用焊接34连接到辅助元件33上。
附图1a示出了安装凸缘44,该安装凸缘利用铜焊或钎焊连接22连接到承载环17上。所述凸缘44可以包括铸铁材料,例如奥氏体形变的球墨铸铁(ADI)。
附图1b示出了另一安装凸缘45,也是利用铜焊或钎焊连接22安装。
尽管在附图1a、1b和2中,环装置部件17、19利用铜焊/钎焊连接和另一连接,如焊接连接而彼此连接,但是也可能只利用铜焊/钎焊连接将所述环装置彼此连接。
在附图4的实施例中,外环装置部件9、10通过铜焊或钎焊连接14直接彼此连接。
Claims (25)
1.轴承单元,包括至少两个轴承装置(1,2),该轴承装置可移动地彼此相对支承,至少其中一个轴承装置(1,2)包括通过连接装置(11;18;24;28)彼此连接的两个金属装置部件(9,10;17,19),其特征在于,该连接装置(11;18;24;28)包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接
(14,15;22)。
2.如权利要求1所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,该连接装置(11;18;24;28)还包括至少一个另一连接。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,该轴承装置作为环装置(1,2)实现,该环装置可转动地彼此相对支承,至少其中一个所述环装置(1,2)包括环装置部件(9,10;17,19),该环装置部件通过连接装置(11;18;24;28)连接,该连接装置包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接(14,15;22)。
4.如权利要求3所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,设置有至少两组滚动元件(7,8),每组滚动元件都与两个环装置部件(9,10)的相应滚道(3,4)接触,其中每个环装置部件(9,10)都通过铜焊连接(14,15)连接到中间环部件(12,13)上,并且所述中间环部件(12,13)通过焊接连接(16)彼此连接。
5.如权利要求3所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,设置有至少两组滚动元件(7,8),每组滚动元件都与两个环装置部件(17,19)的相应滚道(5,6)接触,其中一个所述环装置部件(17)包括支柱(42),并通过铜焊连接(22)连接到连接套管(25)上,所述连接套管(25)包括凸缘(23,26,29),该凸缘定位在另一环装置部件(19)的一个轴向端上,所述另一环装置部件的另一端抵靠在所述支柱(42)上。
6.如权利要求5所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,凸缘(29)通过螺纹连接(30)连接到连接套管(25)上。
7.如权利要求5所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,凸缘(26)通过焊接连接(27)连接到连接套管(25)上。
8.如权利要求5所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,凸缘(23)通过连接套管(25)的塑性变形获得。
9.如权利要求4至8中任意一项所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,环装置部件(9,10)和中间环部件(12,13)一起构成了外环装置(1)。
10.如权利要求1、2、4-8中的任意一项所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,连接装置(11;18;24;28)具有同心的面对表面,该面对表面封闭一层铜焊材料(22;32)。
11.如权利要求1或2所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,该轴承装置可滑动地彼此相对支承。
12.如权利要求1、2、4-8中的任意一项所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,连接装置(11;18;24;28)包括低碳高强度的钢材料、不锈钢、铜合金或镍合金。
13.如权利要求1、2、4-8中的任意一项所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,连接装置(11;18,24,28)包括铝、钛、镁、铝合金、钛合金或镁合金。
14.如权利要求1、2、4-8中的任意一项所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,至少一个轴承装置(1,2)和/或连接装置(11;18;24;28)包括陶瓷部件。
15.如权利要求2所述的轴承单元,其特征在于,所述至少一个另一连接是焊接连接(16;27)、螺纹连接(30)、粘结连接或塑性成形连接(23)。
16.轴承组件,包括辅助单元(31)和如权利要求1所述的轴承单元,该辅助单元通过另一连接装置(36)连接到至少一个所述轴承装置上,,其特征在于,所述另一连接装置(36)包括铜焊和/或钎焊连接(32)。
17.如权利要求16所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,该另一连接装置(36)也包括至少一个另一连接。
18.如权利要求16或17所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,该辅助单元包括制动装置。
19.如权利要求16或17所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,该辅助单元包括冷却元件。
20.如权利要求16或17所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,该辅助单元包括安装凸缘(44,45,46)。
21.如权利要求20所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,该安装凸缘(44,45,46)包括铸铁材料。
22.如权利要求17所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述至少一个另一连接是焊接连接、螺纹连接、粘结连接或塑性成形连接。
23.如权利要求18所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述制动装置是制动盘或制动鼓(35)。
24.如权利要求19所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述冷却元件是叶片构件。
25.如权利要求21所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述铸铁材料是奥氏体形变的球墨铸铁。
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DE102005058774A1 (de) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-06-14 | Schaeffler Kg | Verfahren zum Verbinden von Trägern mit Wälzlagern |
WO2007068291A1 (en) * | 2005-12-17 | 2007-06-21 | Ab Skf | Wheel end bearing arrangement |
DE102006008438A1 (de) * | 2006-02-23 | 2007-09-06 | Ab Skf | Lageranordnung |
DE102006034468B4 (de) * | 2006-07-26 | 2011-12-01 | Ab Skf | Verfahren zur Montage einer Lageranordnung in einem Gehäuse und/oder auf einer Welle |
WO2009056159A1 (en) * | 2007-11-02 | 2009-05-07 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Combination of bearing component and sensor |
DE102008046623A1 (de) * | 2008-09-10 | 2010-03-11 | Schaeffler Kg | Mehrreihiges Großwälzlager mit mehrteiligem Außenring |
DE102009031210A1 (de) * | 2009-07-01 | 2011-01-05 | Schaeffler Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg | Radlageranordnung mit Vordichtung |
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DE102004033669A1 (de) | 2005-02-24 |
CN1306178C (zh) | 2007-03-21 |
CN1576622A (zh) | 2005-02-09 |
NL1023883C2 (nl) | 2005-01-11 |
CN1836114A (zh) | 2006-09-20 |
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