CN100486915C - 一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，依次包括下列步骤：将垃圾渗滤液进行混凝沉淀；将前述步骤所得上清液进行多级滤芯过滤；再对上述滤过液进行反渗透过滤；对经反渗透工艺的出水添加氯系氧化剂处理后，再输出排放；所述多级滤芯过滤采用三级滤芯孔径逐级减小的滤芯过滤器进行过滤，且在第二级滤芯过滤器的滤过液进入所述的保安过滤器前，还可以在过滤液中添加阻垢剂；本发明设计的以物化方法为主，以化学方法为辅的处理垃圾渗滤液的工艺，不但污水处理效率高，而且污水处理设备体积小、投资省，处理污水流程短、运行费用低。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种废水的处理方法，尤其涉及一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法。
背景技术
垃圾渗滤液是由垃圾堆埋、陈腐后，因雨水冲刷、自身渗沥而形成的渗出废水，由于垃圾本身成分复杂，所形成的渗滤液具有成分复杂，BOD(生物耗氧量)、COD(化学耗氧量)，重金属离子、氨氮含量高，色度深等特点，另外还含有难以生物降解的奈、菲等芳香族化合物、氯代芳香族化合物、磷酸脂、邻苯二甲酸脂、酚类及三致(致癌、致畸、致突变)物质和苯胺类化合物等，是一种较难处理的高浓度有机废水。目前，对这种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法主要是采用生化方法加以净化，即以微生物自身代谢活动降解有机物为主，经厌氧及好氧处理，如公开日为2004年3月3日，公开号为CN 1478737A的中国发明专利申请公开说明书所述，其主要步骤包括：先用电解方式去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮，再通过活性污泥对废水进行生物降解，辅之以中空纤维膜过滤分离，即通常的MBR工艺，出水后再经反渗透处理，从而得到可以符合生活杂用水标准的净化效果。
上述处理方法存在以下缺陷：由于生物降解方法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮和COD、BOD所需要的条件不同，过高的氨氮含量对活性污泥的生物活性有抑制作用，为提高活性污泥对垃圾渗滤液的降解效果，一般需要事先进行吹脱氨氮(NH3-N)，由于垃圾渗滤液中，氨氮含量特别高，常常达到数千mg/L，这样，在处理垃圾渗滤液的初期即使用物化方式去除氨氮，大都直接排放到空气中，毫无疑问会造成氨氮的二次污染；此外，使用MBR/CMF(连续膜过滤)工艺作为RO/NF处理垃圾渗滤液的前处理，主要缺陷还有：在膜生物反应器和连续膜过滤装置中，分别配置价格比RO/NF膜还要昂贵的帘式中空纤维膜(1500元/m2)和管式中空纤维膜(8000元/支)，且需要增加鼓风曝气系统、自动反清洗系统、化学清洗系统、压缩空气系统等，因此，导致设备投资较高，处理垃圾渗滤液时的运行费用也较高，对于一个日处理量为500吨垃圾渗滤液的处理系统，仅MBR/CMF的设备成本就需要70万元以上，每处理一吨垃圾渗滤液所消耗的材料成本一般在0.46元以上；生物降解法还存在工艺流程较长，致使效率较低、成本较高等明显缺陷。
发明内容
为克服上述现有技术的缺陷，本发明所要解决的技术问题是旨在提供一种投资和运行成本较低的垃圾渗滤液的处理方法。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明提出一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，依次包括下列步骤：
a.将垃圾渗滤液进行混凝沉淀；
b.将步骤a所得上清液进行多级滤芯过滤；
c.对上述滤过液进行反渗透过滤；
d.对经反渗透工艺的出水添加氯系氧化剂处理后，再行输出。
采用上述方法后，垃圾渗滤液中的污泥、颗粒等悬浮物质将在步骤a中，得以有效沉淀，经混凝沉淀后的上清液进入步骤b，渗滤液中的悬浮物质则在步骤b中得以进一步过滤分离。步骤c主要是用来去除滤过液中的绝大部分有机物、重金属离子、COD、BOD、NH3-N等污染物质；经上述步骤处理后，出水经加氯处理可以大幅度去除其中的氨氮，从而可以得到符合生活杂用水标准的排放效果。整个处理过程不再使用生物降解方法，而是一种以物化方法为主，以化学方法为辅的处理工艺，不但污水处理效率高，而且污水处理设备体积小、投资省，处理污水流程短、运行费用低。
下面将通过实施例并结合附图对本发明进行详细说明。
附图说明
图1是本发明所述的垃圾渗滤液的处理工艺流程简图；
图2是本发明所述的垃圾渗滤液的处理工艺流程及设备安装示意图；
图3是本发明中采用的各级滤芯过滤器的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
参照附图1和附图2，自填埋场渗滤液收集池流入集水井1的垃圾渗滤液，经细格栅2被提升泵3输送到污水调节池4，以对水质和水量的进行通常方式的均化处理，再注入混凝沉淀池5，在混凝沉淀池中进行混凝沉淀，比如可以通过添加适量的絮凝剂PAC和助凝剂PAM，以及NaOH调节pH值。PAC添加比率一般为0.05-0.5％之间，PAC与PAM之比为100:1-5之间较适宜(均为重量比)；每吨垃圾渗滤液一般需要投加NaOH15～30公斤，目的是使得pH值调到10.5～11.0左右，因为此时沉降效果较为理想。在搅拌过程中，渗滤液中的大部分污泥、颗粒等悬浮物质，絮团不断增大而沉降。所得污泥经压滤后，污水重新进入调节池4，泥饼外运回灌于垃圾填埋场。所得上清液进入下一道工序：滤芯过滤，该工序是作为反渗透过滤工序的预处理工序，目的是使得滤过液能够满足反渗透膜分离过程的基本条件。
本发明所述的多级滤芯过滤可以采用图2所示的三级滤芯孔径逐级减小的滤芯过滤器进行过滤，在一级过滤器内根据进水浓度不同，安装孔径在10-30μm之间的线绕滤芯，一般情况下，以20μm孔径的聚丙烯线绕滤芯比较适宜，具体的过滤方式可以采用(根据滤芯安装方式不同，)降流式过滤，也可采用升流式过滤。
所得过滤液进入二级过滤器内，再行过滤，根据监测的具体进水浓度，滤芯孔径可选在5～15μm之间，以孔径在10μm左右的聚丙烯线绕滤芯或熔喷滤芯或压缩活性炭滤芯比较适宜，同样地，具体的过滤方式可以采用(根据滤芯安装方式不同，)降流式过滤，也可采用升流式过滤。以上两级过滤工序的主要目的仍然是去除颗粒及悬浮物质。
经过上述两级过滤器过滤后，所得过滤液进入保安过滤器内，再行过滤，在该过滤器内，滤芯可以选择孔径在3～10μm之间，以孔径在5μm左右的聚丙烯熔喷滤芯比较合适，在各级过滤器中最好装有停机自动清洗系统以及时自动清洗滤芯，即图中所示的预处理自动清洗系统清洗滤芯，提高过滤效率，保证各级过滤效果，清洗后的排水经电磁阀21控制回流入污水调节池4。在上述二级过滤器所得过滤液进入保安过滤器之前，还可以进一步在过滤液中添加适量的阻垢剂11，阻垢剂可选国产阻垢分散剂，牌号为WLW-1，加药浓度可根据具体水质和系统情况而定。投加量为5～10mg/升范围内，目的是有效地控制碳酸钙、硫酸钙、硫酸锶、氢氧化铁、氢氧化铝及硅盐等类型无机盐的沉积。
上述的各级过滤器可以具体采用图3所示的压盖式过滤器，图中箭头方向表示滤液或污水流动方向，滤液从进水口输入，出水口输出，图中深色部分表示滤芯61，密封的过滤器内压盖62的设置用以保持过滤器内的过滤压力，一、二级过滤器及保安过滤器自动清洗时的排水由排空口排除并回到调节池4，过滤压力一般控制在0.2-0.6Mpa时有比较合适过滤效率和效果。
经过上述三级滤芯过滤器过滤处理后，垃圾渗滤液的浊度一般可以降低到等于小于1NTU，污泥密度指数SDI可以降到等于小于5，此时所得的滤过液基本满足反渗透过滤的进水条件。定期清洗各级过滤器中的滤芯，所产生的废水重新进入污水调节池循环处理。
保安过滤器出水可进入中间水箱(图中未示出)，高压泵10再从中间水箱进水，在高压泵前后分别装有低压、高压保护开关，高压泵出水进入反渗透过滤装置12内进行反渗透过滤工序，即RO/NF膜过滤过程。进行反渗透过滤的进水压力应在1.2～3.0Mpa之间，高压泵扬程控制在220m左右时，过滤效率和效果比较理想。
在上述的反渗透过滤工序中，由于前处理工艺比较完善、充分，进入反渗透过滤装置内的滤过液中影响反渗透过滤效果的因素，如悬浮物质、大分子物质得以显著减少，因此，特别适合于充分发挥反渗透过滤工艺的优点，相比较前一道工序，经过反渗透过滤后的输出液可将垃圾渗滤液中的有机物去除99％、重金属离子去除99％以上、CODcr去除99％、BOD5去除99％，以及上述的碳酸钙、硫酸钙、硫酸锶、氢氧化铁、氢氧化铝及硅盐等类型无机盐也基本可以在该工序中加以去除，所得浓水直接直接回灌填埋场。
但是，经过该工序的出水其氨氮的去除率则不甚理想，一般只能达到去除掉50-60％的效果。为此，本发明可以在该阶段的出水中添加氯系氧化剂作进一步净化处理，具体的可以添加液氯、氯气、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠、漂白粉等等，添加比例需要视监测到的氨氮具体含量而定，主要净化原理是通过氯系氧化剂的氧化处理，将水中剩余的氨氮变成可溶于水的盐类物质，从而可将氨氮的含量控制在15mg每升范围内。经过上述步骤后输出排放的出水COD一般在100mg每升以下，BOD一般在30mg每升以下，悬浮物在20mg每升以下，基本可以达到GB16899-1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》所要求的一级排放标准，甚至可以达到CJ25.1-89《生活杂用水水质标准》，可以排放或回收利用。
由上所述，本发明所采用的处理方法主要是物化处理方法，而不是通过微生物自身代谢活动来降解有机物等比较繁琐的工艺，设备维护简单，设备结构以及工艺流程紧凑，由于在进行反渗透过滤前，对垃圾渗滤液进行了预先、反复的前处理过滤，使得反渗透工序得以顺利进行，并可以充分发挥反渗透过滤的各项优点，对垃圾渗滤液中的影响污染指标的主要物质进行过滤；并且可以在前处理过程中，仅使用价格较为低廉且不易饱和的聚丙烯线绕滤芯或聚丙烯熔喷滤芯，相比较MBR/CMF(中空纤维膜过滤)工艺处理垃圾渗滤液，具有材料费用低廉等优点；而相比较砂滤、碳滤来说，也具有工艺简单，劳动强度小等优点，对于日处理垃圾渗滤液在500吨的处理厂，每吨垃圾渗滤液的处理材料费用一般仅为0.12元左右，而同样情况下碳滤、砂滤的成本则在0.26元左右，上述的MBR、CMF工艺的成本更是高达0.46元左右。尤其是对于RO/NF膜过滤过程，由于前处理比较到位，材料消耗也相应可以减少，非常易于降低成本，因此，使用本发明的工艺方法的经济效益是相当明显的。
Claims (6)
1.一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，依次包括下列步骤：
a.将垃圾渗滤液进行混凝沉淀；
b.将步骤a所得上清液进行多级滤芯过滤；
c.对上述滤过液进行反渗透过滤；
d.对经反渗透工艺的出水添加氯系氧化剂处理后，再输出。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，其特征在于：所述的多级滤芯过滤为三级滤芯过滤，其中，第一级滤芯过滤器中使用滤芯孔径为10-30μm之间的线绕滤芯；第二级滤芯过滤器中使用滤芯孔径为5～15μm之间的线绕滤芯或熔喷滤芯或压缩活性炭滤芯；第三级滤芯过滤器为保安过滤器，使用滤芯孔径为3-10μm之间的熔喷滤芯。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，其特征在于：所述的第二级滤芯过滤器的滤过液在进入所述的保安过滤器前，在过滤液中添加阻垢剂。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，其特征在于：所述的各级过滤器采用压盖式过滤器，过滤压力控制在0.2-0.6MPa。
5.如权利要求1、2或3所述的一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，其特征在于：所述的反渗透过滤的进水压力控制在1.2～3.0Mpa之间。
6.如权利要求5所述的一种垃圾渗滤液的处理方法，其特征在于：在进行所述的混凝沉淀时，将垃圾渗滤液的pH值调整到10.5～11.0之间。
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| CN101570373B (zh) * | 2009-06-18 | 2011-06-15 | 湖南华亿市政工程设计有限公司 | 一种车载流动式一体化城镇垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理设备 |
| CN102167452B (zh) * | 2010-02-26 | 2013-07-03 | 北京纬纶华业环保科技股份有限公司 | 垃圾渗滤液的处理方法及系统 |
| CN102101741B (zh) * | 2010-12-30 | 2012-09-05 | 一重集团大连设计研究院有限公司 | 一种垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液处理装置及处理工艺方法 |
| EP2699493B1 (en) | 2011-04-22 | 2017-02-08 | Manno, James, Joseph., Jr. | Method for the treatment of drilling wastes and coal combustion residues |
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| CN104418465A (zh) * | 2013-09-03 | 2015-03-18 | 上海御隆膜分离设备有限公司 | 垃圾渗滤液的处理方法及设备 |
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| CN110002633A (zh) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-07-12 | 成都硕特环保科技有限公司 | 一种垃圾渗滤液的处理工艺 |
| CN110028182A (zh) * | 2019-05-07 | 2019-07-19 | 黑龙江兰德超声科技股份有限公司 | 一种u形循环式垃圾渗滤液耦合处理装置 |
| CN110330147A (zh) * | 2019-07-29 | 2019-10-15 | 上海电力大学 | 一种污泥填埋场渗滤液快速处理方法 |
| US11787714B2 (en) | 2020-04-22 | 2023-10-17 | Martlin Distributing, LLC | Method for gelation of a waste water stream |
| CN111470735A (zh) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-07-31 | 厦门嘉戎技术股份有限公司 | 一种老龄渗滤液处理方法及系统 |
| CN111777223A (zh) * | 2020-07-09 | 2020-10-16 | 南京万德斯环保科技股份有限公司 | 用于碟管式反渗透处理的垃圾渗滤液原液预处理方法及系统 |
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