CN100459050C - 用于动态表面退火工艺的吸收层 - Google Patents
用于动态表面退火工艺的吸收层 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种处理衬底的方法,包括在衬底上沉积一包括无定形碳的层,然后在足够将该层加热到至少约300℃的温度条件下,将该衬底暴露在具有一种或者多种介于约600nm到约1000nm波长的电磁辐射中。可选的,该层进一步包括选自包含氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合的组的掺杂剂。一方面,该包括无定形碳的层为一抗反射涂层和吸收电磁辐射并退火该衬底的上表面层的吸收层。一方面,该衬底在激光退火工艺中暴露在电磁辐射中。
Description
技术领域
本发明的实施方式涉及集成电路的制造。更具体的,本发明的实施例涉及在衬底上沉积一薄膜层然后对衬底退火的工艺。
背景技术
集成电路制造中的许多工艺需要对于诸如含硅衬底的半导体衬底上的沉积层执行快速高温工艺步骤,或者用于退火已沉积在衬底上的层。例如,在掺杂离子例如硼、磷或者砷,注入到半导体衬底中之后,典型的,将衬底退火用以修复在掺杂过程中损伤的衬底的晶体结构以及激活掺杂离子。
典型优选的是快速加热和冷却衬底以最小化衬底暴露在高温下而可能导致不必要扩散的时间。已经开发出了能够以类似于大约200到400℃/秒的速率提高衬底温度的快速加热工艺(RTP)腔室和方法。RTP工艺提供了相比于分层式烘炉(batch furnace)加热改进的快速加热方法,后者典型的以5-15℃/秒的速率提高衬底温度。
尽管RTP工艺能够快速加热和冷却衬底,但是其通常加热衬底的整个厚度。加热半导体衬底的整个厚度通常是不必要和不需要的,因为半导体衬底上的需要退火的器件典型的只延伸在衬底的上表面层上,诸如几个微米。而且,加热衬底的整个厚度增加了冷却衬底需要的时间,这增加了处理衬底所需的时间并因此降低了半导体工艺系统中衬底的产量。增加冷却衬底的时间还限制了衬底暴露在用于激活的提升温度下的时间。人们期望获得更短的加热和冷却时间,原因在于这样限制了扩散并最小化器件的收缩。
衬底表面加热不均匀是RTP或者其他传统的衬底加热工艺经常遇到的另一个问题。因为现在的集成电路一般包括在衬底表面上以不同的密度间隔分布的多个器件,并具有不同的尺寸、形状和材料,衬底表面在不同区域可能具有非常不同的热吸收特性。例如,衬底上具有较低密度器件的第一区域比相比第一区域具有较高密度器件的第二区域加热的更快。衬底表面不同区域的不同反射率也对衬底表面的均匀加热提出挑战。
因此,需要一种方法,在退火工艺期间均匀加热整个半导体衬底表面。
发明内容
本发明的实施例提供了一种处理衬底的方法,包括在该衬底上沉积一层,然后在足够将该层加热到至少约300℃的温度条件下,将该衬底暴露在具有一种或者多种介于约600nm到约1000nm波长的电磁辐射中,其中将所述衬底暴露至电磁辐射包含通过将连续波长电磁辐射聚焦成延伸穿过所述衬底表面的线而退火所述衬底。一方面,该层包括无定形碳。另一方面,该层进一步包括氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合。
另一方面,提供一种处理衬底的方法,包括:在所述衬底上沉积一包括无定形碳和选自包含氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合的组的掺杂剂的层;然后在足够将所述层加热到至少约300℃的温度条件下,将所述衬底暴露在电磁辐射中,所述电磁辐射具有一种或者多种介于约600nm到约1000nm波长,其中将所述衬底暴露至电磁辐射包含通过将连续波长电磁辐射聚焦成延伸穿过所述衬底表面的线而退火所述衬底。
附图说明
为了能够更详细的理解本发明的上述特征,可以通过参照实施例,对以上主要总结的本发明进行更具体的描述,附图中示出了一些实施例。但是,应当注意,附图仅示出了本发明典型的实施例,因此不能视为对本发明范围的限制,因为本发明容许其他等效的实施例。
图1是根据此处所述实施例所使用的示例性化学汽相沉积反应器的截面图;
图2是根据此处所述实施例所使用的激光退火装置的侧视图;
图3A-3F是表示衬底处理顺序的一实施例的截面图;
图4示出根据此处所述实施例的沉积层对辐射的吸收百分比的图表。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施方式提供了一种处理衬底的方法,该方法包括在衬底上沉积一层以提高整个衬底表面在衬底退火期间的加热均匀性。在一实施方式中,在对该层施加大约0.84或者更大发射率且波长介于大约600nm和大约1000nm之间的电磁辐射条件下,在该层沉积大约到大约2.5μm的厚度,然后进行激光退火。
在一实施方式中,该层包括无定型碳和氢。一方面,该层为主要具有SP3(不对称碳)耦合的无定型碳并包括碳原子和氢原子。在另一实施方式中,该层包括无定型碳、氢和选自由氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合构成的组的掺杂剂。一方面,该层为包括碳原子、氢原子、选自由氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合构成的组的掺杂原子的掺杂无定型碳层。在一实施方式中,该层为具有主要为SP2耦合的氮掺杂无定型石墨层。在所有实施方式中,优选的,该层不包括金属或者基本不包括金属。通过包括碳源的气体混和物进行等离子增强化学汽相沉积(PECVD)沉积该层。优选的,该碳源为气态碳氢化合物,诸如直链烃碳氢化合物。例如,该碳源可以是丙稀(C3H6)。该气体混合物可以由作为液态前体或者气态前体的碳源构成。在一实施方式中,液态前体用于改善设备的侧壁和边角覆盖范围或者衬底上的特征。该气体混合物还包括载气,诸如(He)。在普通转让美国专利6,573,030中提供了碳源和沉积层处理条件的进一步实施例,在此引入作为参考。该层沉积厚度可以介于大约到大约之间。优选的,该层沉积厚度介于大约到大约之间,诸如大约在任何执行PECVD的腔室中都可以沉积该层。在一实施方式中,在高密度等离子体条件下沉积该层以改善设备之间层的添隙能力或者衬底上的特征。一个可用的腔室实施例为由Applied Materials,Inc.,of Santa Clara,CA提供的DSMAPF腔室。
图1所示为平行板CVD处理腔室10的垂直截面图。该腔室10包括高真空区域15和具有用于将工艺气体通过其本身分散到衬底(未示出)上的穿孔的气体分布歧管11。该衬底位于衬底支撑板或者基座12上。在将基座12连接到升降电动机14上的支撑杆13上安装该基座12。该升降电动机14在工艺处理位置和下部衬底加载位置之间提升和降低该基座12使得基座12(以及由基座12上表面支撑的衬底)可以在下部加载/卸载位置和上部工艺处理位置之间可控移动,其中该上部工艺处理位置和歧管11紧邻。当处于上部工艺处理位置时绝热器17环绕该基座12和衬底。
在衬底表面上均匀而迅速的分配导入歧管11的气体。具有截流阀的真空泵32控制气体通过歧管24从腔室10的排放速率。如果需要的话,沉积物和载气从气体管线18流入混和系统19,然后进入歧管11。通常,各工艺气体供应线18均包括(i)可以用于自动或者手动关闭流入腔室的工艺气体的安全截止阀(未示出),以及(ii)测量经过气体管线18的气体流量的控制器。当在工艺中使用有毒气体时,以通用结构在每个气体管线18上设置多个安全截止阀。
通常通过采用RF电源25向气体分布歧管11施加RF能量靠近衬底形成受控等离子体。可选择地,可以向基座12施加RF功率。可以循环或者脉冲调制施加给沉积腔室的RF功率。该等离子体的功率密度介于大约0.0016W/cm2和大约155W/cm2之间,该功率密度和大约1.1W到大约100W的300mm衬底的RF功率级相对应。
该RF电源25能够提供介于0.01MHz和300MHz之间的单频率RF功率,诸如13.56MHz。可选择地,可以采用混和、同步频率传送该RF功率从而增强引入高真空区域15的反应物质的分解。一方面,混和频率为大约12kHz的较低频和大约13.56kHz的较高频率。另一方面,该较低频率可以在大约300Hz到1000kHz之间范围内变化,并且该较高频率可以在大约5MHz到50MHz之间范围变化。
通常,某些或者所有腔室内衬、分布歧管11、基座12、和各种其他反应器硬件都由诸如铝和阳极氧化铝材料构成。在美国专利No.5,000,113中描述了CVD反应器的实施例,其题目为“A Thermal CVD/PECVD Reactor and Use forThermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Dioxide and In-situ Multi-stepplanarized process,”在此引入作为参考。
系统控制器34控制发动机14、气体混和系统19、以及通过控制线36与控制器34连接的RF电源25。该系统控制器34控制该CVD反应器的工作并通常包括硬盘驱动器、软盘驱动器和插件架。该插件架包含单板机(SBC)、模拟数字输入/输出板,接口板、步进电动机控制板。该系统控制器34符合限定板、插件架和连接器尺寸和类型的凡尔赛标准组件欧洲(VME)标准。该VME标准还限定了具有16位数据总线和24位地址总线的总线结构。
以介于大约30sccm和大约3000sccm之间的速率将碳源引入混和系统19,并以大约100sccm和大约5000sccm的速率将载气引入腔室。在沉积期间,衬底温度保持在大约200℃和大约1500℃之间,诸如大约300℃和700℃之间的温度。优选的,该衬底温度可以保持在大约350℃和大约550℃之间。例如,该衬底温度保持在大约550℃。沉积压力通常在大约5Torr和50Torr之间,诸如7Torr。在腔室中以大约13.56MHz的频率施加大约500W和大约1500W之间的RF功率。
在一实施方式中,使用以下处理条件:衬底温度保持在大约350℃和大约550℃之间;压力处于大约6Torr和大约8Torr之间;施加2W/cm2和大约3W/cm2之间RF功率;以大约3sccm/cm2和大约5sccm/cm2之间速率将丙稀引入混和系统,并以2sccm/cm2和大约3sccm/cm2之间速率将氦引入混和系统;并且腔室喷嘴和衬底支座之间间隔在大约250密耳和300密耳之间。
在另一实施方式中,该层包括无定型碳和氮。通过具有气体混合物的PECVD沉积该层,该混和气体包括碳源和选自由氮源、硼源、磷源、氟源以及其组合构成的组的掺杂剂源。优选的,氮源为氮气(N2)。该气体混合物还可以包括载气,诸如氦(He)。可以以大约30sccm和大约3000sccm之间的速率向混和系统19中引入碳源,可以以大约30sccm和大约5000sccm之间的速率向混和系统19中引入掺杂剂源,并且可以以大约160sccm和大约5000sccm之间的速率向混和系统19中引入载气。该层的沉积厚度在大约和之间,诸如大约的厚度。在沉积期间,该衬底温度可以保持在介于大约200℃和大约1500℃之间。例如衬底温度保持在大约250℃和大约450℃之间。例如,该衬底温度保持在大约400℃。沉积压力通常介于大约5Torr和50Torr之间,诸如7Torr。
在一实施方式中,使用以下工艺条件:衬底温度保持在大约250℃和大约450℃之间;压力处于大约6Torr和大约8Torr之间;施加大约3W/cm2和大约5W/cm2之间RF功率;以大约0.8sccm/cm2和大约1.5sccm/cm2之间速率将丙稀引入混和系统,并以大约8sccm/cm2和大约12sccm/cm2之间速率向混和系统中引入氮气;并且腔室喷嘴和衬底支座之间间隔在大约300密耳和400密耳之间。
包括无定型碳和可选氮气的层既耐用又易于从衬底上去除。该层通常可以承受大于1200℃的工艺温度并且可以通过氧气灰化工艺从衬底上去除。
在衬底上沉积该层后,在将该层充分加热到至少300℃温度的条件下将该衬底暴露于具有大约600nm到大约1000nm之间一个或者多个波长的电磁辐射下。优选的,通过从激光发出的连续波长电磁辐射激光退火该衬底。如这里所限定的,“连续波长电磁辐射”是连续发送即没有分段或者脉冲的辐射。可选择地,可以通过电磁辐射脉冲激光退火该衬底。在另一实施方式中,通过诸如氙弧灯的宽范围电磁辐射源提供电磁辐射。
在一实施方式中,电磁辐射的波长为大约600nm到大约1000nm之间。在优选实施方式中,该电磁辐射的波长介于大约808nm到大约810nm之间。优选的,在介于大约808nm到大约810nm之间的波长下该层的消光系数大约0.01到2.0。通常,由激光发出的电磁辐射的功率密度介于大约10W/cm2和大约200W/cm2之间,诸如大约90W/cm2。
在激光退火期间,通过由激光发射的辐射线扫描该衬底。该电磁辐射线宽度在大约3μm到大约500μm之间,诸如大约35μm。
该层基本上可以吸收由激光发射的电磁辐射或者宽范围电磁辐射源。该层几乎不对由激光发射的电磁辐射或者宽范围电磁辐射源进行反射。因此既可以将该层描述为吸收层又可以将其描述为抗反射涂层。然后该层向该层所在的衬底传输通过吸收的电磁辐射产生的热能。并且加热并退火该衬底。优选的,仅加热并退火衬底的上表面,诸如面向激光的衬底表面上部15μm。因此,在一实施方式中,该退火工艺是动态表面退火(DSA)工艺。在一实施方式中,将衬底的上表面加热到介于大约1100℃和1410℃之间的温度并以大约1毫秒的时间降低到接近环境温度。
图2所示为可以结合所述实施方式使用的激光装置200的实施例。该装置200包括连续波电磁辐射模块201、配置用于在衬底上承载衬底214的平台216、平移机械装置218。该连续波电磁辐射模块201包括连续波电磁辐射源202和位于连续波电磁辐射源202和平台216之间的聚焦光学器件220。
在优选实施方式中,连续波电磁辐射源202可以在至少15秒内进行连续辐射。而且,在优选实施方式中,该连续波电磁辐射源202包括多激光二极管,每个多激光二极管均可以产生均匀而且具有同样波长的空间相干光。在再一优选实施方式中,该激光二极管的功率在0.5KW到50KW范围内变化,但是优选大约2KW。由Coherent Inc.of Santa Clara,Clafornia;Spectra-Physics ofCalifornia;或者由Cutting Edge Optronics,Inc.of St.Charles Missouri.制造适用激光二极管。Cutting Edge Optronics制造优选激光二极管,另一种适用激光二极管为Spectra Physics’MONSOON多梳栉模块(MBM),该模块中每个激光二极管模块具有40-480瓦特的连续波功率。
聚焦光学器件220优选包括一个或者多个校准仪206,该校准仪将来自连续波电磁辐射源的202的辐射204校准为基本平行的光束208。然后通过至少一个透镜210将该校准辐射208聚焦为位于衬底214上表面224的辐射线222。
透镜210为能够将辐射聚焦为一条线的任意适用透镜、或者多级透镜。在一优选实施方式中,透镜210为柱面透镜。可以选择地,透镜210可以是一个或者多个凹透镜、凸透镜、平面镜、凹面镜、凸面镜、折射透镜、衍射透镜、菲涅耳透镜、梯度指数透镜等。
如下所述,平台216是在平移期间任意可以安全地固定衬底214的平台或者卡盘。在优选实施方式中,该平台216包括用于固定衬底的装置,诸如摩擦的、重力的、机械的或者电子系统。用于固定的适用装置实施例包括机械夹具、静电或者真空卡盘等。
该装置200还包括配置用于使该平台216和辐射线222彼此相对平移的平移机械装置218。在一实施方式中,该平移机械装置218连接到平台216上以相对于连续波电磁辐射源202和/或聚焦光学器件220移动平台216。在另一实施方式中,将平移机械装置218连接到连续波电磁辐射源202和/或聚焦光学器件220上以相对于平台216移动连续波电磁辐射源202和/或聚焦光学器件220。在又一实施方式中,该平移机械装置218既移动连续波电磁辐射源202和/或聚焦光学器件220又移动平台216。可以使用任何使用的平移机械装置,诸如运输机系统、托架和齿轮系统等。
该平移机械装置218优选地连接到控制器226上以控制平台216和辐射线222相对移动的扫描速度。此外,平台216和辐射线222相对移动优选地沿着垂直于辐射线222并平行于衬底214的上表面224的路径移动。在一优选实施方式中,该平移机械装置218以固定速度移动。优选地,对于宽度为35微米的线来说该固定速度接近2cm/s。在另一实施方式中,平台216和辐射线222相对移动没有沿垂直于辐射线222的路径移动。
在2002年4月18日提交的转让美国专利申请序列No.10/126,419中进一步描述了图2所示和所述的激光和可以结合所述实施方式使用的激光的其他实施方式,该申请题目为“Thermal Flux Process by Scanning,”在此引入作为参考。
在对衬底进行退火以后,可以从该衬底上去除该层。在该层包括无定型碳或者无定型碳和选自由氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合构成的组的掺杂剂的实施方式中,可以通过氧灰化工艺从该衬底上去除该层。可以在光刻胶灰化工艺中执行该氧灰化工艺。优选地,在进行氧灰化工艺后,通过诸如稀释HF清洗或者SC1+DI/O3清洗的湿法清洗处理该衬底以去除来自灰化工艺的残留物。
以下关于图3A-3F详细说明根据发明实施方式的典型衬底处理工艺顺序。如图3A所示,提供一含有硅的衬底300。如图3B所示,根据传统方法在衬底300上沉积并构图场氧化层302、栅绝缘层304以及栅极306以在衬底300中形成栅源区域303和栅漏区域305。然后如图3C所示,向该衬底300注入掺杂离子以形成栅源308和栅漏310。如图3D所示,然后根据本发明的实施方式在衬底300上沉积包括无定型碳和选择掺杂剂的层312。然后如图3E所示,根据本发明的实施方式对衬底300进行激光退火。然后如图3F所示,通过诸如氧灰化工艺从衬底上去除312层。
尽管图3A-3F仅示出衬底上的一个栅器件,但是应该认识到在包括多种不同尺寸、类型、材料以及在衬底表面上以不同浓度间隔的器件的衬底上通常可以形成这里所述的层。尽管在衬底表面上具有不同的器件形态但是应该认识到该层在衬底退火期间使整个衬底表面的加热更加均匀。特别是,人们认为该层对于波长在大约808nm和大约810nm的电磁辐射具有高发射率,在该衬底暴露于波长在大约808nm和大约810nm的电磁辐射下的激光退火期间提高了整个衬底表面加热的均匀性。
实施例
实施例1-9
在PECVD腔室中的9个硅衬底上沉积包括无定型碳的层,具体工艺条件如下:550℃、7Torr、频率为13.56MHz的700瓦特RF功率、1200sccm的C3H6、650sccm的氦,并且在腔室喷嘴和衬底基座之间距离为270密耳。在实施例1-7中没有阴影环的情况沉积该层。在实施例8和9中存在腔室阴影环的情况沉积该层。根据这里提供的实施方式激光退火该衬底。在表1中示出沉积层的厚度、沉积时间和该层对810nm电磁辐射的发射率。
表1
实施例10-17
在PECVD腔室中的8个硅衬底上沉积包括无定型碳和氮的层,具体工艺条件如下:400℃、7Torr、频率为13.56MHz的1200瓦特RF功率、350sccm的C3H6、3400sccm的氮气,并且在腔室气嘴和衬底基座之间距离为270密耳。在实施例10-15中没有阴影环的情况沉积该层。在实施例16和17中存在腔室阴影环的情况沉积该层。然后根据这里提供的实施方式激光退火该衬底。在表2中示出沉积层的厚度、沉积时间和该层对810nm电磁辐射的发射率。
表2
11 | 900 | 0.95 | 19 |
12 | 1000 | 0.98 | 21 |
13 | 1100 | 0.99 | 24 |
14 | 1200 | 0.99 | 26 |
15 | 1300 | 0.97 | 28 |
16 | 850 | 0.94 | 17 |
17 | 1200 | 0.98 | 25 |
如表1和2所示,包括无定型碳以及无定型碳和氮且厚度在大约到大约之间的层对于波长在诸如大约808nm和大约810nm的介于大约600nm到大约1000nm之间例如810nm的电磁辐射具有0.84或者更大的发射率。人们出乎预料的发现包含无定型碳和氮的层和相当厚度的包括无定型碳但不包括氮的层比较具有更高的发射率。人们认为氮提高了无定型碳的热传导率,原因在于通过PECVD沉积的无定型碳的能带隙通常大约为1.4ev,而包括氮的无定型碳的能带隙通常大约为0.6ev。
图4所示为具有不同吸光系数K包括无定型碳或者无定型碳和氮的层对于波长为810nm辐射的吸收百分比。图4显示和包括无定型碳但不包括氮的层相比,包括无定型碳和氮的层可以吸收更大量的810nm波长电磁辐射。因此人们认为向无定型碳层中添加氮可以提高对于诸如大约808nm和大约810nm的介于大约600nm到大约1000nm之间波长电磁辐射的吸收量。
还应该认识到包含无定型碳和氮的层的其他优点。例如,可以在诸如大约400℃的低温下沉积具有诸如大约厚度的包含无定型碳和氮的层从而对于大约700nm到大约1mm之间波长的电磁辐射实现较好的吸收,而包括无定型碳但不包括氮的层通常必须在诸如550℃的高温下沉积到大约的厚度才能实现对于大约808nm和大约810mm波长电磁辐射的良好吸收。这里优选低沉积温度,由于这样可以将衬底暴露于可能导致对衬底中的硅进行不良再结晶的温度降到最小程度。
尽管前述主要针对本发明的实施方式,但是在不脱离本发明衬底范围以及由以下权利要求确定的范围的情况下,可以设计本发明其他和更多实施方式。
Claims (20)
1、一种处理衬底的方法,包括:
在所述衬底上沉积一包括无定形碳的层;然后
在足够将所述层加热到至少300℃的温度条件下,将所述衬底暴露在电磁辐射中,所述电磁辐射具有一种或者多种介于600nm到1000nm波长,其中将所述衬底暴露至电磁辐射包含通过将连续波长电磁辐射聚焦成延伸穿过所述衬底表面的线而退火所述衬底。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过等离子增强化学气相沉积来沉积所述包括无定形碳的层。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在将所述衬底暴露在电磁辐射中之后,从所述衬底上去除所述层。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在沉积一包括无定形碳的层之前,将掺杂离子注入所述衬底。
5、如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述衬底暴露在所述电磁辐射中持续一时间段足够激活所述注入的掺杂离子。
6、一种处理衬底的方法,包括:
在所述衬底上沉积一包括无定形碳和选自包含氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合的组的掺杂剂的层;然后
在足够将所述层加热到至少300℃的温度条件下,将所述衬底暴露在电磁辐射中,所述电磁辐射具有一种或者多种介于600nm到1000nm波长,其中将所述衬底暴露至电磁辐射包含通过将连续波长电磁辐射聚焦成延伸穿过所述衬底表面的线而退火所述衬底。
7、如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述掺杂剂为氮。
8、如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述层在介于250℃至450℃的温度下沉积。
9、如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,通过等离子增强化学汽相沉积来沉积所述层。
10、如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在将所述衬底暴露在电磁辐射中之后,从所述衬底上去除所述层。
11、如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在沉积一包括无定形碳的层之前,将掺杂离子注入所述衬底。
12、如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述衬底暴露在所述电磁辐射中持续一时间段足够激活所述注入的掺杂离子。
14、如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述层包括无定形碳。
15、如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述层进一步包括选自包含氮、硼、磷、氟或者其组合的组的掺杂剂。
16、如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述层进一步包括氮。
18、如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在沉积一包括无定形碳的层之前,将掺杂离子注入所述衬底。
19、如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于,进一步包括在所述注入之前,在所述衬底上形成一栅源区和一栅漏区。
20、如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,在足以激活所述注入的掺杂离子的时间段内激光退火所述衬底。
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US7262106B2 (en) | 2007-08-28 |
KR20120024943A (ko) | 2012-03-14 |
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US7109087B2 (en) | 2006-09-19 |
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US20080230154A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
US20050074986A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
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