CN100374194C - 无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法及设备 - Google Patents
无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法及设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种无机氧化物和金属纳米粒子的制备方法和装置,属于纳米材料的制备领域。常规沉淀法或金属离子液相还原法制备无机氧化物和金属纳米粒子具有反应不均匀、结晶过程难以控制的缺点。本发明是在机械搅拌和超声诱导的条件下,用计量泵(2)将沉淀剂或还原剂通过中空纤维膜(4)扩散到金属盐溶液中,或用计量泵(2)将金属盐溶液通过中空纤维膜(4)扩散到沉淀剂或还原剂溶液中,使金属离子形成纳米氢氧化物沉淀或金属纳米粒子溶胶,灼烧该纳米氢氧化物沉淀可得到纳米无机氧化物,而金属纳米粒子溶胶则可以作为制备纳米催化剂的前驱体。利用本发明的方法和装置制备的无机氧化物和金属纳米粒子粒度小、粒度分布均匀一致。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子的制备方法及相关设备,属于纳米材料的制备领域。制备的无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子可以用作为制备纳米催化剂的前驱体或用于其它纳米粉状材料的制备。
背景技术
传统的纳米粉体材料或纳米催化剂的制备方法有沉淀法、溶胶凝胶法、水热合成法、水解法、络合物热分解法、反向微乳法、金属离子液相还原法、膜板剂法、物理或化学气相沉积法等。在制备纳米粉体材料或纳米催化剂时,沉淀法、溶胶凝胶法、水热合成法、水解法、络合物热分解法、金属离子液相还原法存在着工艺条件难以控制,粉体产物颗粒度分布广,而膜板剂法、反向微乳法、物理或化学气相沉积法存在制备成本高,难以形成规模生产。
沉淀法和金属离子液相还原法分别是规模生产无机纳米粉体或金属纳米粒子的常用方法,例如工业上用共沉淀法制备纳米Ce1-xZrxO2固溶体。但是,这两种方法在工艺过程中存在沉淀剂或还原剂浓度不均匀,结晶过程难以有效控制的缺点。并且制备出的纳米粒子粒度分布广而不均匀,使其物理化学性能难以得到保障。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种无机氧化物纳米粉体或金属纳米粒子(溶胶)的制备方法及相关设备,克服常规沉淀法或金属离子液相还原法的缺点,使沉淀或还原反应均匀,速度可控。
本发明的目的是利用膜扩散法将沉淀剂或还原剂均匀缓慢地加入到反应体系中实现的。
一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备装置,其特征在于:整套设备由搅拌器1、计量泵2、反应器3、储罐5和超声波发生器6组成;
反应器3内由上向下设置多层相连的环状中空纤维膜管,搅拌器1的轴带有搅拌叶8的一端伸入到反应器中该多层环状中空纤维膜管所围成的空间中;
当实验室制备无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时,反应器3置于超声波发生器6内,中空纤维膜4通过中空纤维膜管道口7与计量泵2连接,计量泵2与储罐5相连接;
当工业大规模生产无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时,反应器3与超声波发生器6连接,并且反应器3的一端设置反应产物出口10,另一端设置两个溶液入口9,其中一个溶液入口9与计量泵2连接,中空纤维膜管道口7位于靠近连接计量泵2的溶液入口9处,计量泵2与储罐5相连接。
所述的中空纤维膜4可以是有机中空纤维膜或者无机陶瓷中空纤维膜,膜壁孔径为0.03-0.3μm。
一种利用所述设备实现实验室制备无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制金属盐溶液,并将溶液转移到反应器3中,将沉淀剂或还原剂放入储罐5中;
(2)启动计量泵2,使沉淀剂或还原剂从储罐5经过计量泵2和中空纤维膜管道口7注入到中空纤维膜4的管道中,启动搅拌器1和超声波发生器6,使沉淀剂或还原剂通过中空纤维膜4管道壁上的微孔扩散到反应器3中的金属盐溶液中发生反应;
反应产物为沉淀时,金属盐溶液和沉淀剂在反应器3中反应2-8小时后,停止反应,收集并分离沉淀物,灼烧后得到无机氧化物纳米粒子;
反应产物不是沉淀时,反应器3中还原剂的物质的量比金属离子物质的量高5-20倍时,停止反应,所得溶液即为金属纳米粒子溶胶。
一种利用所述设备实现工业大规模生产制备无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制金属盐溶液,并将溶液通过未与计量泵2连接的溶液入口9转移到反应器3中,将沉淀剂或还原剂放入储罐5中;
(2)启动计量泵2,使沉淀剂或还原剂从储罐5经过计量泵2、连接计量泵2的溶液入口9和中空纤维膜管道口7注入到中空纤维膜的管道中,启动搅拌器1和超声波发生器6,使沉淀剂或还原剂通过中空纤维膜4管道壁上的微孔扩散到反应器3中的金属盐溶液中发生反应;
反应产物为沉淀时,金属盐溶液和沉淀剂在反应器3中的停留2-8小时后,从反应产物出口10流出,收集并分离沉淀物,灼烧后得到无机氧化物纳米粒子;
反应产物不是沉淀时,反应器3中反应产物出口10附近还原剂的物质的量比金属离子物质的量高5-20倍时,使溶液从反应产物出口10流出,所得溶液即为金属纳米粒子溶胶。
所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:计量泵2的流量为0.2-100ml/min,搅拌器1的转速为100-200转/min,超声波发生器6的发射频率为60-120KHz。
所述的无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,还可以是在步骤(1)将沉淀剂或还原剂放入反应器3中,将金属盐溶液放入储罐5中;对应的步骤(2)将金属盐溶液通过中空纤维膜4管道壁上的微孔扩散到反应器3中的沉淀剂或还原剂溶液中。
所述的金属盐溶液为碱土金属、稀土金属、过渡族金属的无机盐或有机盐溶液。
所述的沉淀剂为NH4OH、NaOH或草酸。
所述的还原剂为N2H4、NaBH4、抗坏血酸、草酸、甲醛或乙醇。
本发明的有益效果是:
利用本发明的方法和设备制备无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子,具有成本低、反应均匀,可以有效控制结晶过程的优点,制备的粒子粒度小、粒度分布均匀一致。
附图说明
图1超声波诱导膜扩散法实验室制备无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子装置系统示意图;
图2超声波诱导膜扩散法工业大规模生产无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子装置系统示意图;
附图标记:
1、搅拌器,2、计量泵,3反应器,4、中空纤维膜,5、储罐,6、超声波发生器,7、中空纤维膜管道口8、搅拌叶,9、溶液入口,10、反应产物出口。
图3实验室制备无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时反应器3的内部结构图;
图4工业大规模生产无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时反应器3的内部结构图;
图5利用本发明方法制备的Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体HRSEM照片
图6常规沉淀法制备的Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体HRSEM照片
图7利用本发明方法制备的Ag纳米粒子TEM照片
图8常规液相还原法制备的Ag纳米粒子TEM照片
具体实施方式
实施例1
将已称重的硝酸亚铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)和硝酸氧锆(ZrONO4)溶于300ml去离子水中,将该溶液转移到反应器3中(1000ml),设置超声波发生器6的发射频率为60赫兹,水浴温度为60℃,启动搅拌器1,使其转速为100转/分,利用计量泵2以0.2ml/min的液体流量将氨水经过中空纤维膜管道口7注入到中空纤维膜4的管道中,氨水通过中空纤维膜4的微孔扩散到含有Ce3+和Zr4+离子的溶液中,缓慢产生浅黄色沉淀,当溶液的pH值达到10时,关闭计量泵2、超声波发生器6和搅拌器1,过滤沉淀物,沉淀物在110℃烘干10小时,在500℃灼烧4小时,即得浅黄色Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体。该产物比表面积为108m2/g,粒子粒度小于10nm且粒度分布均匀一致(图5),和传统的沉淀法制备的Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体(图6)相比,利用本发明的方法制备的Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体具有粒度小,粒度分布窄等优点。利用H2-O2脉冲法测量的该纳米Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体储氧量为0.757mmol/g,比传统的沉淀法制备的Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体储氧量(0.357mmol/g)高出一倍。
实施例2
将已称重的硝酸银(AgNO3)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP,分子量为40000)溶于300ml去离子水中,将该溶液转移到釜式反应器3中(1000ml),将已称重的硼氢化钠(NaBH4)溶于30ml去离子水中,将该溶液转移到储罐中5中,设置超声波发生器6的发射频率为120赫兹,水浴温度为60℃,启动搅拌器1,使其转速为200转/分,利用计量泵2以1.2ml/min的液体流量将硼氢化钠(NaBH4)水溶液经过中空纤维膜管道口7注入到中空纤维膜4的管道中,硼氢化钠(NaBH4)水溶液通过中空纤维膜4的微孔扩散到含有Ag+离子的溶液中,溶液颜色从无色透明慢慢变成棕色,当硼氢化钠(NaBH4)水溶液全部注入到釜式反应器中,关闭计量泵2、超声波发生器6和搅拌器1,即得棕色Ag溶胶。Ag粒子粒度为5-8nm且粒度分布均匀一致(图7),和传统的金属离子液相NaBH4还原法制备的Ag纳米颗粒(图8)相比,利用本发明的方法制备的Ag纳米颗粒具有粒度小,粒度分布窄等优点。
Claims (8)
1.一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备设备,其特征在于:整套设备由搅拌器(1)、计量泵(2)、反应器(3)、储罐(5)和超声波发生器(6)组成;
反应器(3)内由上向下设置多层相连的环状中空纤维膜管,搅拌器(1)的轴带有搅拌叶(8)的一端伸入到反应器中该多层环状中空纤维膜管所围成的空间中;
当实验室制备无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时,反应器(3)置于超声波发生器(6)内,中空纤维膜(4)通过中空纤维膜管道口(7)与计量泵(2)连接,计量泵(2)与储罐(5)相连接;
当工业大规模生产无机氧化物纳米粒子或金属纳米粒子时,反应器(3)与超声波发生器(6)连接,并且反应器(3)的一端设置反应产物出口(10),另一端设置两个溶液入口(9),其中一个溶液入口(9)与计量泵(2)连接,中空纤维膜管道口(7)位于靠近连接计量泵(2)的溶液入口(9)处,计量泵(2)与储罐(5)相连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备设备,其特征在于:中空纤维膜(4)为有机中空纤维膜或者无机陶瓷中空纤维膜,膜壁孔径为0.03μm-0.3μm。
3.一种利用权利要求1所述设备实现实验室制备无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
1)配制金属盐溶液,并将溶液转移到反应器(3)中,将沉淀剂或还原剂放入储罐(5)中;
2)启动计量泵(2),使沉淀剂或还原剂从储罐(5)经过计量泵(2)和中空纤维膜管道口(7)注入到中空纤维膜(4)的管道中,启动搅拌器(1)和超声波发生器(6),使沉淀剂或还原剂通过中空纤维膜(4)管道壁上的微孔扩散到反应器(3)中的金属盐溶液中发生反应;
反应产物为沉淀时,金属盐溶液和沉淀剂在反应器(3)中反应2-8小时后,停止反应,收集并分离沉淀物,灼烧后得到无机氧化物纳米粒子;
反应产物不是沉淀时,反应器(3)中还原剂的物质的量比金属离子物质的量高5-20倍时,停止反应,所得溶液即为金属纳米粒子溶胶。
4.一种利用权利要求1所述设备实现工业大规模生产制备无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
1)配制金属盐溶液,并将溶液通过未与计量泵(2)连接的溶液入口(9)转移到反应器(3)中,将沉淀剂或还原剂放入储罐(5)中;
2)启动计量泵(2),使沉淀剂或还原剂从储罐(5)经过计量泵(2)、连接计量泵(2)的溶液入口(9)和中空纤维膜管道口(7)注入到中空纤维膜的管道中,启动搅拌器(1)和超声波发生器(6),使沉淀剂或还原剂通过中空纤维膜(4)管道壁上的微孔扩散到反应器(3)中的金属盐溶液中发生反应;
反应产物为沉淀时,金属盐溶液和沉淀剂在反应器(3)中的停留2-8小时后,从反应产物出口(10)流出,收集并分离沉淀物,灼烧后得到无机氧化物纳米粒子;
反应产物不是沉淀时,反应器(3)中反应产物出口(10)附近还原剂的物质的量比金属离子物质的量高5-20倍时,使溶液从反应产物出口(10)流出,所得溶液即为金属纳米粒子溶胶。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:计量泵(2)的流量为0.2-100ml/min,搅拌器(1)的转速为100-200转/min,超声波发生器(6)的发射频率为60-120KHz。
6.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:金属盐溶液为碱土金属、稀土金属、过渡族金属的无机盐或有机盐溶液。
7.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:沉淀剂为NH4OH、NaOH或草酸。
8.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种无机氧化物或金属纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:还原剂为N2H4、NaBH4、抗坏血酸、草酸、甲醛或乙醇。
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CN102689017A (zh) * | 2012-05-25 | 2012-09-26 | 南京白云化工环境监测有限公司 | 制备纳米铜镍合金的自动化生产设备 |
US9624598B2 (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2017-04-18 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Segmented metallic nanostructures, homogeneous metallic nanostructures and methods for producing same |
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US10961665B2 (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2021-03-30 | Koppers Delaware, Inc. | Rail joint assembly having forged rail joint bars |
CN112604640A (zh) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-06 | 苏州欣影生物医药技术有限公司 | 一种纳米材料制备装置及方法 |
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