CN100335698C - 土工布织物及加强土质构筑物的方法 - Google Patents

土工布织物及加强土质构筑物的方法 Download PDF

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CN100335698C
CN100335698C CNB99813807XA CN99813807A CN100335698C CN 100335698 C CN100335698 C CN 100335698C CN B99813807X A CNB99813807X A CN B99813807XA CN 99813807 A CN99813807 A CN 99813807A CN 100335698 C CN100335698 C CN 100335698C
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马克·基特森
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Abstract

一种单向土工布织物(24)用于加强土质保持墙、堤坝、斜坡和相关构筑物。所述织物为纬线方向延伸的高弹性模数绳索(26)和经线方向延伸的相对低弹性模数绳索(28)的开放网状物。所述织物优选涂敷有足够厚的固化树脂材料,以在所述织物沿轴芯成卷和在工作场所展开时防止玻璃绳索损坏。当安置所述织物时,织物卷安置于须建造的土质构筑物表面的一端,并一般简单地以平行于所述构筑物表面的方向展开。由于织物的高弹性模数绳索为纬线方向延伸的绳索,从而阻止了土壤在基本上垂直于构筑物表面的运动。

Description

土工布织物及加强土质构筑物的方法
技术领域
本发明一般涉及土壤加固织物,以及特别涉及用于土质构筑物的土工布织物。
背景技术
土工布织物一般用于稳定或加强诸如保持墙、堤坝、斜坡以及类似物的土质构筑物。现有技术包括聚烯烃(例如,聚丙烯和聚乙烯)以及聚酯,其制成挠性网状片材。所述片材储存于卷上,从而不同长度的片材顺序地从卷上切割下来并安置于施工现场,而且,其上的高强度经线索一般以垂直于所述土质构筑物的表面的方向配置。
尽管制造和安装容易,聚烯烃和聚酯网格为低弹性模数材料,一般聚烯烃网格具有杨氏模数约10,000-约75,000psi,聚酯网格具有杨氏模数约75,000-约200,000psi。此类低模数制品在经受一般土质构筑物中的应力时出现了高应变。在一些情况下,覆盖土壤和其它相关或施加于土质构筑物的力可在聚烯烃网格垂直于土质构筑物表面的方向上引起多达30.5cm(12英寸)的应变。这种数量级的应变不仅使土壤结构本身不稳定,而且使附近的构筑物,诸如直接或间接由所述土壤构筑物支承的建筑物或公路不稳定。
当经受基本上恒定的自然负荷和一般由土质构筑物施加或作用于土质构筑物上的力时,聚烯烃网格还将发生相当大的蠕变,因而,尽管所述短期应变不会产生危害,聚烯烃网格的长期蠕变效应将足以对加固土质构筑物及其周围的物体的完整性构成威胁。
含有高弹性模数的土工布织物也被建议用于加强土壤结构。这些织物一般包括伸长的网状片材,其中,基本上平行的高弹性模数材料诸如玻璃纤维粗纱或其类似物沿织物的纵向(或“经线”或“machine”)和织物的横向(或“纬线”或“cross-machine”)伸展。所述玻璃绳可彼此连接以形成一开放网格,并且整个装置可涂敷有含树脂材料。所述含树脂材料赋予织物大致部分刚性以利于织物的加工,并防止环境对织物构成损害。玻璃纤维粗纱绳具有比相应尺寸的聚烯烃或聚酯绳高的弹性模数和蠕变抗性。例如,在土工布织物的一般玻璃纤维索的弹性模数约为1,000,000-约4,000,000psi。因而玻璃纤维索可承受比相应尺寸的聚烯烃或聚酯绳更高的应力并产生较小的应变。因此,玻璃基土工布织物一般对土质构筑物具有比聚烯烃或聚酯网格要好的加强效果。
一般地,土壤移动多发生于垂直于而不是平行于土质构筑物的表面的方向上。因此,在选择适宜的土工布织物进行加固,首要考虑的问题是减少土壤相对于土质构筑物表面的横向移动。因而,重要的是,高强度的绳索沿基本上垂直于所述土质构筑物表面的方向安置,而低强度的绳索沿基本上平行于所述构筑物的方向安置。
目前采用的土工布织物在织物经线方向上设有高强度绳索。布置现有的土工布织物时,从一卷上割下所需织物段,并且按高强度经线绳索垂直于所述土质构筑物表面的方向安置。此后从一卷上割下另一织物段,并且也按高强度经线绳索垂直于所述土质构筑物表面的方向并邻接于第一织物段安置。顺序切割和安置织物段的过程根据需要重复进行,基本上覆盖了所述土质构筑物的表面。尽管目前的织物段累加式安置的最终结果可以接受,但所述过程费力费时。
因此,单向土工布织物的优点在于安置更方便。
发明内容
本发明提供一种单向土工布织物,用于加强土质保持墙、堤坝、斜坡和相关构筑物。所述织物包括沿纬线方向延伸的高弹性模数绳索和沿经线方向延伸的相对低弹性模数的纱线、丝或类似缝合材料。所述高弹性模数纬线索优选包括与重聚酯经线纱线彼此连接的单丝或玻璃纤维束,以形成开放网格织物。所述织物涂敷有足够厚的可固化含树脂材料,以防止玻璃绳在卷入轴芯以及于工作场所展开时损坏。所述树脂涂层使所述织物具有部分刚性,从而利于织物的加工,并且当所述织物安置于土质构筑物上时,所述树脂涂层可防水、抗磨损和抗化学降解。
在铺放织物时,织物卷安置于土质构筑物的表面一端,并且一般沿平行于所述构筑物的表面的方向展开。由于所述织物的高模数绳索为基本上垂直于构筑物表面的纵向延伸的纬线卷。于是,无须进行切割和调整单片织物段以实现所需的绳索定向,而且,安装时间少和劳动强度相应降低。此外,由于纬线索构成织物的宽度,织物卷可根据所需的宽度方便地制造或预切割,以满足安装的需要。
本发明提供一种横向单向土工布织物,包括:多个间隔排列、基本上平行的纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱,其包括选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的材料;以及多个间隔排列、基本上平行的经线纱线、绳索或粗纱连接所述纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱构成开放的网状结构,所述经线纱线、绳索或粗纱具有由基本上比所述纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱的弹性模数低的材料制成的塑性织物纤维。
本发明还提供一种加强土质构筑物的方法,包括:提供一卷单向土工布织物,所述织物具有:多个基本上平行的纬线索,其包括选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的纤维;以及多个基本上平行的经线索连接所述纬线索,所述经线索具有由比所述纬线索的玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的弹性模数低的材料制成的塑性织物纤维;配置所述织物卷于土地构筑物上,使所述纬线索基本上垂直于所述构筑物的表面伸展;以及以基本上平行于所述表面的方向展开所述卷。
通过下述优选实施方式和优选实现本发明的方法的描述,本发明的其他细节、目的和优点将更为显见。
附图说明
仅以实施例,通过以下所示的优选实施方式的描述,本发明将更为显见,在附图中:
图1为以土工布织物加强的土质构筑物的正视剖面图;
图2为现有技术中的单向土工布织物的平面图;
图3A、3B和3C依次说明图2中土工布织物的安装;
图4为本发明单向土工布织物的平面图;
图5A和5B依次说明图4中土工布织物的安装。
具体实施方式
参见图1,所示为安置于适宜的天然或人工基础12上的土质构筑物10。构筑物10的表面14可与基础10形成约60°-约90°的角度(如所示)。构筑物10可为任意高度,并且包括一层以上基本上水平安置的加强层16。加强层16宽度W一般为数十厘米(英尺),基本上覆盖构筑物10表面14的全部长度。例如,一般3.0米(10英尺)高的土质保持墙构筑物可包括约2-4层1.5-1.8米(5-6英尺)宽的加强层16,其位于自构筑物表面14向里的几厘米(英寸)至几十厘米(英尺)处。
图2所示为适于用在图1中的土质构筑物10中的加强层的普通土工布织物18的常规结构。织物18为单向织物。在此处,所述术语“单向”可解释成是指具有在织物的纵向(例如,“经线”或“machine”)和横向(例如,“纬线”或“cross-machine”)中的一个或另一个,而不是两个方向延伸的高弹性模数材料绳索。在这种连接方式中,织物18为纵向单向,其包括多个间隔的高弹性模数经线索20诸如玻璃纱束或其类似物,通过相对低弹性模数纬线索22诸如聚酯纱线、丝或其类似物松散缝合在一起。
图3A、3B和3C所示为织物18作为在土质构筑物10中土工布加强层的安装过程。如图1A所示,第一所需的织物段18从未图示的织物卷的末端割下,并且所述切割段以高模数经线索20沿基本上垂直于构筑物的表面14的方向安置于所述土质构筑物10上,此后,如图3B所示,另一个从卷上切下的织物段以高模数经线索20沿基本上垂直于构筑物10的表面14的方向邻接于第一织物段。所述依次切割和单片织物段18的安置重复进行,直至基本上覆盖如图3C中所示的土质构筑物10的表面14的全部长度。
图4所示为本发明的单向土工布织物24,适用于土质保持墙、堤坝、斜坡以及类似构筑物的加强层。织物24为横向单向,其包括多个间隔的高弹性模数纬线索26,与相对低弹性模数经线索28连接在一起。如以下详述,织物24具有开放网格结构,其用含树脂材料浸渍来涂敷绳索26、28,但基本上不减少在所述绳索之间的开放空间的面积。
在浸渍时,本发明的织物网格优选为部分刚性,并可卷在轴芯上,从而作为预织就连续组分运至安装地,然后连续展开以快速、经济并简单地安装于土质构筑物上。例如,其可置于约0.3-约6米(约1-约20英尺)宽、一片长度达91.4米(100码)以上的卷中。
所述浸渍织物网格24,尽管具有部分刚性,展开时保持平滑。这是由于正确地选择了树脂和在网格中使用了适宜的绳索。所述大网格孔使得在下层和上层的土壤彼此接触。从而土壤的应力作用于纬线索26。
本发明的网格可为连续单纤维或玻璃纤维束的纬线索形成,也可采用其它高模数纤维诸如,例如,碳纤维、石墨纤维、或称作Kevlar的聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)的芳族聚酰胺纤维。尽管可以使用重量范围为约134-5000特(g/km),优选ECR或2000特(g/km)的E玻璃粗纱。可采用间隔为0.3-15.2cm(1/8-6英寸)的绳索,优选低捻度(例如,每2.5cm(一英寸)约一捻度)绳索,这些绳索在间隔约1.9-2.5cm(3/4-1英寸)基本上彼此平行设置。优选所述纬线索26通过连串绳圈、经编绳圈或类似物,坚韧的还可使用丝或纱线诸如70-2000旦尼尔的聚酯纱线或类似物,来彼此缝合或松散连接,尽管可采用一侧为约0.3-15.2cm(1/8-6英寸)的开孔,优选采用由一侧约1.9-2.5cm(3/4-1英寸)的纬线索和经线索26、28构成的开孔。绳索26、28可使用经线编织、纬线插入编织设备或其他常规编织设备。当网格制成并在它安置于土质构筑物之前,在其上施用树脂,优选聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料溶胶或类似物。即,所述网格采用树脂进行“预浸渍”。所述树脂可为热熔融体、溶剂基或水基并优选以约100-300%DPU(吸收干重)施加,例如,约100-300份干重树脂施用于100重量份织物。
所述树脂的粘度经选择为可渗透入网格绳索中。虽然所述树脂并不围绕玻璃纤维束中的每一根纤维,所述树脂一般均匀地分布于绳索的内部。浸渍使得所述网格具有部分刚性和缓冲垫层,并防止玻璃绳索和纤维被土壤环境中水和其它元素腐蚀。所述浸渍也减少了玻璃绳索或纤维与由另一个玻璃绳索或纤维的切割口之间的磨损,这一点在所述网格被放倒但在所述的覆盖尚未进行之前极为重要。
优选所述网格具有在纬线索26的方向上具有最低强度10千牛顿每米(kN/m),最优选至少50kN/m和最高约为100kN/m以上。
优选经线编织,纬线插入织物24可采用在cross-machine(纬线)方向的2000特连续玻璃纤维纱线。此类纱线可采用1000旦尼尔连续纤维聚酯丝线,通过任何常规缝纫、纺织、编织或相应的工艺连接在一起形成在一侧具有0.3cm-约15.2cm(1/8英寸-约6英寸)开孔的结构。所述结构此后以PVC塑料溶胶浸泡。所述摩擦将损害纤维并减少织物的强度,用来防止玻璃纤维被水腐蚀并减少在所述纤维之间的摩擦的树脂予以彻底浸渍,所得的网格重约25-约10,000克每平方米,而且横跨宽度方向的抗拉强度为约10-约400kN/m。横跨宽度(纬线)的弹性模数可为约500,000-约4,000,000psi,并且所述网格可卷起且操作方便。
图5A和5B所示为通过本发明的土工布织物施用在土质构筑物上的优选实施方式。织物卷24在示于图5A中的邻接构筑物10的一端和贴紧其表面14处配置。然后,所述织物卷24沿平行所述构筑物表面的方向展开,直至其基本上覆盖如图5B所示的构筑物的长度。这样,所述纬线索26仅须通过沿所述构筑物的表面展开所述织物,即基本上沿垂直于构筑物10的表面14展开。不象如图3A、3B和3C所示的织物18那样,现在无须切割和再定向单片织物24。如此,安装织物24所需的时间和劳动强度要明显比现有技术中的单向土工布织物小。
尽管已通过详述解释本发明,可以理解的是,所述详述仅出于此目的,并且作为本领域的普通技术人员在不脱离本发明权利要求的精神和范围所作的变换均应落在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (20)

1.一种单向土工布织物,包括:
多个间隔排列、平行的纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱,其包括选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的材料;以及
多个间隔排列、平行的经线纱线、绳索或粗纱连接所述纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱构成开放的网状结构,所述经线纱线、绳索或粗纱具有由比所述纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱的弹性模数低的材料制成的塑性织物纤维。
2.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述开放网状结构以树脂材料来浸渍。
3.如权利要求2所述的织物,其特征在于所述树脂材料包括聚氯乙烯塑料溶胶。
4.如权利要求3所述的织物,其特征在于所述聚氯乙烯以100%-300%干重吸收量施用于所述开放网状结构。
5.如权利要求2所述的织物,其特征在于所述织物具有每平方米25-10,000克的重量。
6.如权利要求2所述的织物,其特征在于所述织物纬线方向的弹性模数可为500,000-4,000,000psi。
7.如权利要求2所述的织物,其特征在于所述织物纬线方向的抗拉强度为10-400kN/m。
8.如权利要求2所述的织物,其特征在于所述织物纬线方向的抗拉强度至少为100kN/m。
9.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线索含有选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维、聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)纤维的绳索。
10.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述经线索含有聚酯纱线。
11.如权利要求10所述的织物,其特征在于所述聚酯纱线的重量为70-2000旦尼尔。
12.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线纱线、绳索或粗纱包括玻璃粗纱。
13.如权利要求12所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线索的重量为134-5000特。
14.如权利要求13所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线索的重量为2000特。
15.如权利要求14所述的织物,其特征在于所述玻璃粗纱具有每2.5cm一捻度以下的捻度值,所述玻璃粗纱具有的间隔为1.9-2.5cm,并且所述经线索包括聚酯纱线,所述聚酯纱线为1000旦尼尔,并且其中所述织物用聚氯乙烯塑料溶胶浸渍,并且所述网格纬线方向的抗拉强度为50-100kN/m以上,所述网格重25-10,000克每平方米,而且纬线方向的弹性模数为500,000-4,000,000psi。
16.如权利要求12所述的织物,其特征在于所述玻璃粗纱选自由E玻璃粗纱和ECR玻璃粗纱组成的组。
17.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述绳索具有每2.5cm一捻度以下的捻度值。
18.如权利要求1所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线索和经线索具有间隔为0.3-15.2cm。
19.如权利要求18所述的织物,其特征在于所述纬线索具有间隔为1.9-2.5cm。
20.一种加强土质构筑物的方法,包括:
提供一卷单向土工布织物,所述织物具有:多个平行的纬线索,其包括选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的纤维;以及多个平行的经线索连接所述纬线索,所述经线索具有由比所述纬线索的玻璃纤维、碳纤维、石墨纤维和芳族聚酰胺纤维的弹性模数低的材料制成的塑性织物纤维;
配置所述织物卷于土地构筑物上,使所述纬线索垂直于所述构筑物的表面伸展;以及
以平行于所述表面的方向展开所述卷。
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