CH681956A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- CH681956A5 CH681956A5 CH1369/91A CH136991A CH681956A5 CH 681956 A5 CH681956 A5 CH 681956A5 CH 1369/91 A CH1369/91 A CH 1369/91A CH 136991 A CH136991 A CH 136991A CH 681956 A5 CH681956 A5 CH 681956A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- cleaning
- compressed air
- work
- brushing
- water
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000589776 Pseudomonas putida Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005069 Extreme pressure additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000206 health hazard Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000605222 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605272 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/60—Biochemical treatment, e.g. by using enzymes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01H—STREET CLEANING; CLEANING OF PERMANENT WAYS; CLEANING BEACHES; DISPERSING OR PREVENTING FOG IN GENERAL CLEANING STREET OR RAILWAY FURNITURE OR TUNNEL WALLS
- E01H1/00—Removing undesirable matter from roads or like surfaces, with or without moistening of the surface
- E01H1/001—Treatment of dispersed oil or similar pollution on roads, for instance devices for applying treating agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L11/00—Machines for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
- A47L11/02—Floor surfacing or polishing machines
- A47L11/20—Floor surfacing or polishing machines combined with vacuum cleaning devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L11/00—Machines for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
- A47L11/29—Floor-scrubbing machines characterised by means for taking-up dirty liquid
- A47L11/30—Floor-scrubbing machines characterised by means for taking-up dirty liquid by suction
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L11/00—Machines for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
- A47L11/40—Parts or details of machines not provided for in groups A47L11/02 - A47L11/38, or not restricted to one of these groups, e.g. handles, arrangements of switches, skirts, buffers, levers
- A47L11/4036—Parts or details of the surface treating tools
- A47L11/405—Machines using UV-lamps, IR-lamps, ultrasound or plasma cleaning
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47L11/00—Machines for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
- A47L11/40—Parts or details of machines not provided for in groups A47L11/02 - A47L11/38, or not restricted to one of these groups, e.g. handles, arrangements of switches, skirts, buffers, levers
- A47L11/408—Means for supplying cleaning or surface treating agents
- A47L11/4083—Liquid supply reservoirs; Preparation of the agents, e.g. mixing devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/02—Gases or liquids enclosed in discarded articles, e.g. aerosol cans or cooling systems of refrigerators
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Description
1 1
CH 681 956 A5 CH 681 956 A5
2 2nd
Beschreibung description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und zugehörige Vorrichtung zum Entfernen von Öl- und Fettablagerungen auf Beton-, Zement- oder Steinböden und anderen porösen Festkörpern wie Gleisbettschotter und kontaminiertes Erdreich. The invention relates to a method and associated device for removing oil and fat deposits on concrete, cement or stone floors and other porous solids such as track bed ballast and contaminated soil.
Wenn es darum geht, verölte und fettverschmutzte Industrieböden zu reinigen, um sie für eine neue Schutzbeschichtung vorzubereiten, so kommen verschiedene Verfahren zur Anwendung, die jeweils verfahrenseigene Nachteile aufweisen. When it comes to cleaning oily and greasy industrial floors in order to prepare them for a new protective coating, various methods are used, each with its own disadvantages.
Wird die Reinigung mit Tensiden vollzogen, so ergeben sich als Nachteile Haftungsprobleme durch Tensidreste in den Kapillaren des Untergrundes bei den Folgearbeiten mit Zementmörtel bzw. Kunstharzmörtel und Kunstharzbeschichtungen. If cleaning is carried out with surfactants, there are disadvantages of adhesion problems due to surfactant residues in the capillaries of the substrate during subsequent work with cement mortar or synthetic resin mortar and synthetic resin coatings.
Werden mechanische Abtragverfahren durch Schleifen, Fräsen, Kugelstrahlen, Sand- und Schlackestrahlen angewendet, wobei nur die verölte und fettverschmutzte Oberfläche abgetragen wird, so erfolgt keine Tiefenreinigung der Kapillarporen mit Blasenbildungen bei den Folgearbeiten, welche die Anbringung von Ausgleichsmörtelschichten und Kunstharzbeschichtungen zum Gegenstand haben. If mechanical removal methods by grinding, milling, shot blasting, sand and slag blasting are used, whereby only the oily and greasy surface is removed, there is no deep cleaning of the capillary pores with blistering during the subsequent work, which has to do with the application of leveling mortar layers and synthetic resin coatings.
Die am meisten angewandte Methode der Reinigung von öl- und fettverschmutzten Zementböden ist das Flammstrahlen, wobei durch die Tiefenwirkung der Flamme die Öle und Fettsäuren verbrannt werden. Nachteilig ist hier, dass im Beton Crack-rückstände zurückbleiben, was wieder zu Haftungsschwierigkeiten bei den Folgearbeiten führt. Besonderer Nachteil des thermischen Verfahrens sind die Rückwirkungen des hohen Wärmeeintrags, der vermehrt zu Rissen und Gefügestörungen mit Gefügelockerungen durch Schädigungen der Bindungsmatrix im Zementstein führt. The most common method of cleaning oil and grease-soiled cement floors is flame blasting, whereby the depth of the flame burns the oils and fatty acids. The disadvantage here is that cracking residues remain in the concrete, which in turn leads to liability problems in the subsequent work. A particular disadvantage of the thermal process is the repercussions of the high heat input, which increasingly leads to cracks and structural disorders with loosening of the structure due to damage to the binding matrix in the cement block.
Bei der Reinigung mit Lösemitteln bzw. Lösemittelkombinationen besteht das Problem in der vollständigen Absaugung der gelösten Fette und Öle aus dem Beton. Es bleiben grössere Anteile davon im Beton. In geschlossenen Räumen tritt hier eine zusätzliche Explosionsgefahr und eine Gesundheitsgefährdung der in diesen Räumen arbeitenden Menschen auf. Die anfallende Schmutzflotte stellt ein besonderes Problem für die Entsorgung dar. When cleaning with solvents or solvent combinations, the problem is that the dissolved fats and oils are completely extracted from the concrete. Larger parts of it remain in the concrete. In closed rooms, there is an additional explosion risk and a health hazard for the people working in these rooms. The resulting dirty liquor is a particular problem for disposal.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die Schaffung eines Verfahrens und zugehöriger Vorrichtungen, welche die Nachteile der beschriebenen Reinigungsverfahren nicht haben und die ausserdem frei von entsorgungstechnischen Problemen sind. The object of the invention is to provide a method and associated devices which do not have the disadvantages of the cleaning methods described and which are also free from disposal problems.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe nach der Erfindung verfahrensgemäss durch Verteilen und Einbürsten einer wässrigen Bakteriennährlösung verschiedener lipophiler und hydrophiler Gruppen auf Stickstoff- und Phosphatbasis mit Zusätzen von oberflächenaktiven Enzymproteasen und einzelligen Bakterien der Art Pseudomonas putida zur Wachstumsanregung der auf der Reinigungsfläche schon angesiedelten aeroben Bakterienstämme, gleichzeitiges Zuführen von Druckluft durch die Bürsten unter Einstellung und Aufrechterhaltung einer Arbeitsfeldtemperatur von 20 bis 35°C mittels Warmwasserbehandlung in wiederholten - etwa vier - Arbeitsgängen, abschliessendes Spülen mit Wasser und Absaugen der Arbeitsflächen. This object is achieved according to the invention by distributing and brushing in an aqueous bacterial nutrient solution of various lipophilic and hydrophilic groups based on nitrogen and phosphate with additions of surface-active enzyme proteases and unicellular bacteria of the type Pseudomonas putida to stimulate the growth of the aerobic bacterial strains already located on the cleaning surface, simultaneous feeding of compressed air through the brushes while setting and maintaining a working area temperature of 20 to 35 ° C by means of hot water treatment in repeated - about four - work steps, final rinsing with water and suction of the work surfaces.
Bei einer Reinigung von Metallbearbeitungsölen auf Basis schwefelhaltiger Extreme-Pressure-Ad-ditive wird ein Zusatz von einzelligen Bakterien der Art Thiobacillus ferrooxidans und thiooxidans bei einer Temperatur bis 40°C verwendet. When cleaning metalworking oils based on sulfur-containing extreme pressure additives, an addition of unicellular bacteria of the species Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and thiooxidans is used at a temperature up to 40 ° C.
Es ist zweckmässig, auf der noch feuchten Arbeitsfläche nach ihrer Reinigung eine wasseremul-gierbare Epoxidharzbeschichtung aufzubringen bzw. nach Prüfung der Restfeuchte eine Beschich-tung mit iösemittelfreien Kunstharzen. It is advisable to apply a water-emulsifiable epoxy resin coating to the still wet work surface after cleaning or to coat with solvent-free synthetic resins after checking the residual moisture.
Das Verteilen und Einbürsten der aktivierten Bakterienemulsion erfolgt vorrichtungsmässig vorteilhaft mit Hilfe eines auf der Arbeitsfläche verfahrbaren Druckluftkompressors, der über Leitungen Druckluft an mitgeführte motorangetriebene Perlondraht-Bürstenscheiben abgibt, die die Reinigungsemulsion in die Schmutzsinterschicht einbürsten und intensiv mit ihnen vermischen. The activated bacterial emulsion is advantageously distributed and brushed in with the aid of a compressed air compressor which can be moved on the work surface and which delivers compressed air via lines to the motor-driven Perlond wire brush discs which brush in the cleaning emulsion and mix it intensively with them.
Nachfolgend wird anhand der Zeichnung ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Vorrichtung näher erläutert. Es zeigen: An exemplary embodiment of the device is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
Fig. 1: eine verfahrbare Einbürstvorrichtung in Seitenansicht und Fig. 1: a movable brushing device in side view
Fig. 2: den Gegenstand nach Fig. 1 in Draufsicht. Fig. 2: the object of Fig. 1 in plan view.
Die in Fig. 1 schematisch dargestellte Einbürsteinrichtung besteht im wesentlichen aus einem auf der Arbeitsfläche 1 verfahrbaren Druckluftkompressor, der ein Aggregat mit mehreren Perlondrahtbürstenscheiben 4 mit sich führt, denen über die Leitungen 3 Druckluft aus dem Kompressor 2 zugeführt wird. The brushing device shown schematically in FIG. 1 essentially consists of a compressed air compressor which can be moved on the work surface 1 and which carries an aggregate with a plurality of Perlon wire brush disks 4, to which compressed air is supplied from the compressor 2 via the lines 3.
Beim Verfahren der Einrichtung in Richtung des Pfeiles 6 versetzt der Drehstrommotor 5 die Perlondrahtbürstenscheiben 4, 4, 4, ... in Drehbewegung, so dass die auf die Arbeitsfläche 1 aufgebrachte aktivierte Bakterienemulsion in die Arbeitsfläche eingearbeitet und mit dieser intensiv vermischt wird. When moving the device in the direction of arrow 6, the three-phase motor 5 rotates the Perlond wire brush discs 4, 4, 4, ..., so that the activated bacterial emulsion applied to the work surface 1 is worked into the work surface and mixed intensively with it.
Wesentlich ist, dass eine gesicherte Entsorgung der verschmutzten Bakterienemulsion durch eine Emulsionsspaltanlage gewährleistet ist, welche eine Trennung des Schmutzwassers für eine Einleitung in die Kanalisation und eine Öl-Schmutzemulsion bewirkt, die nach ca. 21 Tagen sich biologisch abbaut und nach Eindickung und Eintrocknung in Fässer oder Säcke verpackt zur Sondermülldeponie bzw. Verbrennung transportiert werden kann. Das beschriebene Verfahren hat die Vorteile einer kapillartiefen Reinigung, einer kalten Arbeitsweise, einer fehlenden Explosionsgefahr und fehlenden Gesundheitsgefährdung. Das Verfahren arbeitet ohne mechanische Beschädigungen und ohne Flächenabtrag. Das beschriebene Verfahren ist ein sanftes Arbeitsverfahren, welches den gelösten organischen Kohlenstoff mit besonders grosser Tiefenwirkung biologisch abbaut. It is essential that a secure disposal of the contaminated bacterial emulsion is ensured by an emulsion splitting system, which separates the dirty water for discharge into the sewage system and an oil-dirty emulsion that biodegrades after approx. 21 days and after thickening and drying in barrels or bags packed can be transported to the hazardous waste landfill or incineration. The described method has the advantages of a capillary-deep cleaning, a cold working method, a lack of explosion risk and a lack of health hazard. The process works without mechanical damage and without surface erosion. The process described is a gentle working process that biodegrades the dissolved organic carbon with a particularly great depth effect.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4014854A DE4014854A1 (en) | 1990-05-09 | 1990-05-09 | Removing oil and fat from concrete, cement or stone floor - or other porous surface by brushing on nutrient soln. contg. Pseudomonas Putidans and feeding compressed air |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH681956A5 true CH681956A5 (en) | 1993-06-30 |
Family
ID=6406020
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1369/91A CH681956A5 (en) | 1990-05-09 | 1991-05-07 |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CH (1) | CH681956A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4014854A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2261316B (en) * | 1991-10-18 | 1995-04-12 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Decontamination of a cementitious surface |
| FR2709435B1 (en) * | 1993-09-01 | 1995-09-29 | Ceca Sa | Method for rehabilitating soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and other biodegradable substances. |
| DE4335117C2 (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1995-11-02 | Thomas Dietrich | Method and device for removing traces of oil on traffic areas, in particular roads or the like. |
| GB9415213D0 (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 1994-09-21 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | A method of decontaminating a cementitious or a metallic surface |
| FR2748676B1 (en) * | 1996-05-20 | 1998-07-31 | Dran Maurice | METHOD FOR CLEANING POROUS SURFACES WITH A WASHING LIQUID CONTAINING BACTERIA HAVING ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY |
| GB9917147D0 (en) * | 1999-07-21 | 1999-09-22 | Swan Adam | Cleaning system |
| DE102007004933B4 (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2009-10-15 | Wehner Metallbau Gmbh & Co. Kg | cleaning vehicle |
| EP3456882A1 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2019-03-20 | Aebi Schmidt Deutschland GmbH | Apparatus for the application of a substance to a ground surface |
| CN113000558B (en) * | 2021-02-25 | 2023-06-23 | 湛江盛晖建设工程有限公司 | Building rubbish classification preprocessing device |
-
1990
- 1990-05-09 DE DE4014854A patent/DE4014854A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1991
- 1991-05-07 CH CH1369/91A patent/CH681956A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE4014854A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased |