CA2267291C - Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process - Google Patents

Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CA2267291C
CA2267291C CA002267291A CA2267291A CA2267291C CA 2267291 C CA2267291 C CA 2267291C CA 002267291 A CA002267291 A CA 002267291A CA 2267291 A CA2267291 A CA 2267291A CA 2267291 C CA2267291 C CA 2267291C
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
mixer
surfactant
process according
fine powders
detergent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CA002267291A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
CA2267291A1 (en
Inventor
Manivannan Kandasamy
Angela Gloria Del Greco
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Procter and Gamble Co
Original Assignee
Procter and Gamble Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Procter and Gamble Co filed Critical Procter and Gamble Co
Publication of CA2267291A1 publication Critical patent/CA2267291A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2267291C publication Critical patent/CA2267291C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
    • C11D11/0082Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
    • C11D11/0088Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads the liquefied ingredients being sprayed or adsorbed onto solid particles
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
    • C11D11/0082Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
    • C11D11/02Preparation in the form of powder by spray drying
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0039Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/06Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/06Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
    • C11D17/065High-density particulate detergent compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/02Anionic compounds
    • C11D1/12Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
    • C11D1/14Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
    • C11D1/146Sulfuric acid esters
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/02Anionic compounds
    • C11D1/12Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
    • C11D1/22Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aromatic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/02Anionic compounds
    • C11D1/12Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
    • C11D1/29Sulfates of polyoxyalkylene ethers

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
CA002267291A 1996-10-04 1996-10-04 Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process Expired - Fee Related CA2267291C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1996/015881 WO1998014549A1 (en) 1996-10-04 1996-10-04 Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2267291A1 CA2267291A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CA2267291C true CA2267291C (en) 2002-12-10

Family

ID=22255901

Family Applications (9)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA002267291A Expired - Fee Related CA2267291C (en) 1996-10-04 1996-10-04 Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268062A Expired - Fee Related CA2268062C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268060A Expired - Fee Related CA2268060C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268068A Expired - Fee Related CA2268068C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268063A Expired - Fee Related CA2268063C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268067A Expired - Fee Related CA2268067C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268055A Expired - Fee Related CA2268055C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002267424A Expired - Fee Related CA2267424C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268052A Expired - Fee Related CA2268052C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process

Family Applications After (8)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA002268062A Expired - Fee Related CA2268062C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268060A Expired - Fee Related CA2268060C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268068A Expired - Fee Related CA2268068C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268063A Expired - Fee Related CA2268063C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268067A Expired - Fee Related CA2268067C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268055A Expired - Fee Related CA2268055C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002267424A Expired - Fee Related CA2267424C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA002268052A Expired - Fee Related CA2268052C (en) 1996-10-04 1997-06-05 Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process

Country Status (12)

Country Link
EP (9) EP0929645A1 (zh)
JP (9) JP3305327B2 (zh)
CN (8) CN1133738C (zh)
AR (6) AR010510A1 (zh)
AT (5) ATE223476T1 (zh)
AU (9) AU7388196A (zh)
BR (7) BR9612732A (zh)
CA (9) CA2267291C (zh)
DE (5) DE69721287T2 (zh)
ES (5) ES2193386T3 (zh)
MX (2) MX219077B (zh)
WO (9) WO1998014549A1 (zh)

Families Citing this family (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996031510A1 (en) * 1995-04-03 1996-10-10 Novartis Ag Pyrazole derivatives and processes for the preparation thereof
GB9526097D0 (en) * 1995-12-20 1996-02-21 Unilever Plc Process
GB9712580D0 (en) * 1997-06-16 1997-08-20 Unilever Plc Production of detergent granulates
GB9712583D0 (en) 1997-06-16 1997-08-20 Unilever Plc Production of detergent granulates
GB9713748D0 (en) * 1997-06-27 1997-09-03 Unilever Plc Production of detergent granulates
US6355606B1 (en) 1997-07-14 2002-03-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a low density detergent composition by controlled agglomeration in a fluid bed dryer
CN1192091C (zh) 1997-07-14 2005-03-09 普罗格特-甘布尔公司 通过控制附聚颗粒大小制备低密度洗涤剂组合物的方法
EP1002044B1 (en) 1997-07-15 2004-05-06 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making high-active detergent agglomerates by multi-stage surfactant paste injection
US6440342B1 (en) 1998-07-08 2002-08-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a low density detergent composition by controlling nozzle height in a fluid bed dryer
US6492319B1 (en) 1998-08-20 2002-12-10 The Procter & Gamble Company High density detergent-making process involving a moderate speed mixer/densifier
US6794354B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2004-09-21 The Procter & Gamble Company Continuous process for making detergent composition
CA2346926A1 (en) * 1998-10-26 2000-05-04 Christopher Andrew Morrison Processes for making granular detergent composition having improved appearance and solubility
GB9825558D0 (en) * 1998-11-20 1999-01-13 Unilever Plc Granular detergent components and particulate detergent compositions containing them
GB9913546D0 (en) 1999-06-10 1999-08-11 Unilever Plc Granular detergent component containing zeolite map and laundry detergent compositions containing it
EP1187904B1 (en) * 1999-06-21 2004-08-11 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a granular detergent composition
US6894018B1 (en) 1999-06-21 2005-05-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making granular detergent in a fluidized bed granulator having recycling of improperly sized particles
GB0009877D0 (en) 2000-04-20 2000-06-07 Unilever Plc Granular detergent component and process for its preparation
EP2123742A1 (en) 2008-05-14 2009-11-25 The Procter and Gamble Company A solid laundry detergent composition comprising light density silicate salt
WO2011061045A1 (en) 2009-11-20 2011-05-26 Unilever Nv Detergent granule and its manufacture
CN114774206A (zh) 2014-04-10 2022-07-22 宝洁公司 复合洗涤剂颗粒和包含复合洗涤剂颗粒的衣物洗涤组合物
WO2019148090A1 (en) 2018-01-26 2019-08-01 Ecolab Usa Inc. Solidifying liquid amine oxide, betaine, and/or sultaine surfactants with a carrier
JP7485606B2 (ja) * 2018-01-26 2024-05-16 エコラボ ユーエスエー インコーポレイティド 液体アニオン性界面活性剤の固化
EP3743494A1 (en) 2018-01-26 2020-12-02 Ecolab Usa Inc. Solidifying liquid amine oxide, betaine, and/or sultaine surfactants with a binder and optional carrier

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3625902A (en) * 1968-10-11 1971-12-07 Stauffer Chemical Co Method of preparing agglomerated detergent composition
US4169806A (en) * 1978-08-09 1979-10-02 The Procter & Gamble Company Agglomeration process for making granular detergents
US4992079A (en) * 1986-11-07 1991-02-12 Fmc Corporation Process for preparing a nonphosphate laundry detergent
GB2209172A (en) * 1987-08-28 1989-05-04 Unilever Plc Preparation of solid particulate components for detergents
KR0170424B1 (ko) * 1990-07-05 1999-01-15 호르스트 헤를레,요한 글라슬 세제 및 청정제용 표면 활성제 과립의 제조방법
CA2096255C (en) * 1990-11-14 1998-01-20 Jeffrey D. Painter Nonphosphated automatic dishwashing compositions with oxygen bleach systems and process for their preparation
EP0555622B1 (en) * 1992-02-14 1997-07-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making detergent granules by neutralisation of sulphonic acids
DE69332270T3 (de) * 1992-06-15 2006-08-17 The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati Verfahren zum herstellen von kompakten waschmittelzusammensetzungen
DE69227311T2 (de) * 1992-07-15 1999-06-02 The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio Waschmittelzusammensetzungen
CA2173108A1 (en) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-20 Scott William Capeci Continuous process for making high density detergent granules
GB9322530D0 (en) * 1993-11-02 1993-12-22 Unilever Plc Process for the production of a detergent composition
PT663439E (pt) * 1994-01-17 2000-12-29 Procter & Gamble Processo para a preparacao de granulos de detergente
US5489392A (en) * 1994-09-20 1996-02-06 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a high density detergent composition in a single mixer/densifier with selected recycle streams for improved agglomerate properties
US5516448A (en) * 1994-09-20 1996-05-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making a high density detergent composition which includes selected recycle streams for improved agglomerate
US5554587A (en) * 1995-08-15 1996-09-10 The Procter & Gamble Company Process for making high density detergent composition using conditioned air

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2178778T3 (es) 2003-01-01
CA2268055A1 (en) 1998-04-09
ES2201305T3 (es) 2004-03-16
AU3478397A (en) 1998-04-24
JP3299984B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
CN1156562C (zh) 2004-07-07
CN1133738C (zh) 2004-01-07
DE69726440D1 (de) 2004-01-08
WO1998014558A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CA2268063A1 (en) 1998-04-09
AR010507A1 (es) 2000-06-28
CN1239991A (zh) 1999-12-29
JP2000503721A (ja) 2000-03-28
BR9713249A (pt) 1999-11-03
AU3478297A (en) 1998-04-24
AR010509A1 (es) 2000-06-28
DE69721287D1 (de) 2003-05-28
JP2000503719A (ja) 2000-03-28
WO1998014557A1 (en) 1998-04-09
WO1998014554A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CN1239994A (zh) 1999-12-29
DE69721287T2 (de) 2004-03-11
DE69726440T2 (de) 2004-09-09
EP0929648A1 (en) 1999-07-21
AR010511A1 (es) 2000-06-28
DE69726439D1 (de) 2004-01-08
JP2000504062A (ja) 2000-04-04
EP0929655A1 (en) 1999-07-21
JP3345022B2 (ja) 2002-11-18
MX219077B (en) 2004-02-10
AU3303197A (en) 1998-04-24
CN1239506A (zh) 1999-12-22
CN1133739C (zh) 2004-01-07
JP3299985B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
BR9712492A (pt) 1999-10-19
CA2268052A1 (en) 1998-04-09
BR9712490A (pt) 1999-10-19
EP0929648B1 (en) 2002-09-04
CA2268062C (en) 2002-11-12
AU3478497A (en) 1998-04-24
EP0929652A1 (en) 1999-07-21
BR9711861A (pt) 1999-08-24
CA2268060A1 (en) 1998-04-09
ATE223476T1 (de) 2002-09-15
JP3299982B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
WO1998014549A1 (en) 1998-04-09
BR9612732A (pt) 1999-08-24
CA2268052C (en) 2003-12-30
CA2268067A1 (en) 1998-04-09
JP2000507632A (ja) 2000-06-20
AU3568397A (en) 1998-04-24
ATE255159T1 (de) 2003-12-15
EP0929654A1 (en) 1999-07-21
EP0929649A1 (en) 1999-07-21
JP2000503715A (ja) 2000-03-28
CN1156561C (zh) 2004-07-07
CA2268063C (en) 2002-10-29
JP3299981B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
AU3378597A (en) 1998-04-24
CA2267424A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CN1239507A (zh) 1999-12-22
AR010510A1 (es) 2000-06-28
CA2268068A1 (en) 1998-04-09
EP0929653A1 (en) 1999-07-21
CA2267424C (en) 2004-01-06
DE69723986T2 (de) 2004-06-03
BR9711865A (pt) 1999-08-24
CA2268062A1 (en) 1998-04-09
ES2193386T3 (es) 2003-11-01
CN1239508A (zh) 1999-12-22
JP2000503720A (ja) 2000-03-28
JP3299987B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
AR010508A1 (es) 2000-06-28
CA2268068C (en) 2003-06-03
ES2210544T3 (es) 2004-07-01
JP2000503717A (ja) 2000-03-28
CA2268067C (en) 2004-01-06
CN1239993A (zh) 1999-12-29
CN1239995A (zh) 1999-12-29
DE69726439T2 (de) 2004-09-09
WO1998014553A1 (en) 1998-04-09
ATE255160T1 (de) 2003-12-15
JP3299986B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
WO1998014552A1 (en) 1998-04-09
EP0929649B1 (en) 2003-11-26
EP0929645A1 (en) 1999-07-21
ATE246726T1 (de) 2003-08-15
EP0929650A1 (en) 1999-07-21
CA2268055C (en) 2004-02-03
MX9903193A (en) 2000-01-31
AR010729A1 (es) 2000-07-12
CN1156563C (zh) 2004-07-07
AU3478597A (en) 1998-04-24
DE69723986D1 (de) 2003-09-11
ATE238409T1 (de) 2003-05-15
WO1998014556A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CA2267291A1 (en) 1998-04-09
CA2268060C (en) 2003-04-22
ES2212109T3 (es) 2004-07-16
JP2000503716A (ja) 2000-03-28
MX9903195A (en) 1999-09-30
AU7388196A (en) 1998-04-24
BR9713246A (pt) 1999-11-03
EP0929653B1 (en) 2003-04-23
DE69715224T2 (de) 2003-08-07
EP0929650B1 (en) 2003-08-06
JP3305327B2 (ja) 2002-07-22
AU3303097A (en) 1998-04-24
CN1156560C (zh) 2004-07-07
MX219076B (en) 2004-02-10
JP2000503718A (ja) 2000-03-28
DE69715224D1 (de) 2002-10-10
WO1998014551A1 (en) 1998-04-09
EP0929651A1 (en) 1999-07-21
WO1998014555A1 (en) 1998-04-09
JP3299983B2 (ja) 2002-07-08
CN1239992A (zh) 1999-12-29
EP0929651B1 (en) 2003-11-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2267291C (en) Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process
EP0783565A1 (en) Process for making a hihg density detergent composition which includes selected recycle streams
MXPA99003195A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
CA2268057C (en) Process for making a low density detergent composition
US6143711A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6211138B1 (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6391844B1 (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6136777A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6281188B1 (en) Process for making a low density detergent composition
US6211137B1 (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6150323A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6121229A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
US6156719A (en) Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process
US6172034B1 (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
MXPA99003202A (en) Process for making a low density detergent composition by non-tower process
MXPA99003201A (en) Process for making a detergent composition by non-tower process
MXPA99003210A (en) Process for making a detergent compositionby non-tower process

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
EEER Examination request
MKLA Lapsed